69个东北杏(Prunus mandshurica)无性系果实表型多样性及优良无性系筛选

【目的】深入探寻东北杏种质资源遗传多样性,筛选关键综合评价指标,提升育种效率,发掘优良东北杏无性系并高效利用。【方法】采用多样性分析、聚类分析、相关性分析和主成分分析,对69个东北杏无性系的45个果实表型性状(23个质量性状和22个数量性状)进行研究。【结果】41个表型性状变异系数大于0.1,数量性状的平均Shannon-wiener多样性指数(1.91)高于质量性状(0.62),数量性状的多样性较质量性状更丰富。聚类分析将69个东北杏无性系分为3类,A类适用于薄壳、出仁率高的品种类群;B类可用于选育高产、大仁型品种,属优良仁用杏品种类群;C类可作为高出核率和出仁率的重要育种材料。果肉薄、果小的无性系出核率更高;核壳薄、单核质量小的无性系出仁率更高;单核质量大的无性系产核量更高。5个主成分的累计贡献率达84.42%,能够反映22个数量性状的基本信息。结合相关性分析和主成分分析,22个数量性状可简化为果肉厚度、果纵径、单果质量、单核质量、单仁质量、出核率、出仁率、产核量共8个关键评价指标,筛选出10个果实经济性状表现优异的无性系。【结论】东北杏无性系的果实性状表现出丰富变异,经多指标综合评价筛选出的803、777、783、720、721、725、719、711、731和784号无性系可用于东北杏良种选育及开发利用。

Selection of Suitable Area and Analysis of Adaptability Difference of Prunus humilis

This paper delves into and assesses the differences in biological traits and fruit nutritional composition of 3 varieties of Prunus humilis introduced from 2 different regions.Results showed that(i)the contents of protein,total sugar,and calcium of No.5 variety were higher those of the other 2 varieties,which was recognized as the most suitable variety for fresh fruit;(ii)the comparison of leaf areas index and fruit shape index of 3 varieties shows that the fruit shape index and individual fruit weight of the introduced varieties were higher than those of the control,the diameter of individual fruit of the introduced varieties higher than that of the control indicated that they had a higher fruit hardness,more dry matter accumulation and better fruit quality,and that the introduction region was more suitable for scale-up of P.humilis;(iii)there was a positive correlation with the number of fruiting branches and there was a significant negative correlation with individual fruit weight,while the leaf area had a significant negative correlation with the number of fruiting branches.The introduced varieties can develop normally in the 2 testing areas,notably,No.5 variety performed better than No.4 and No.6.Improving management is the prerequisite for maintaining proper number of fruiting branches and high yield.

Supervised Learning Method: Critical Analysis and Updating of Cubing Rate Formulas for Determining Bark Masses of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae) in Cameroon

The stem barks of Prunus africana are used in the treatment of the benign prostate. Cameroon is one of the important exporters of the barks. Despite the important measures adopted in Cameroon for sustaining its harvesting, some many chalenges still remain. The objective of this work is to refine the forest management parameters in relation to P. africana in the regions of Adamaoua and the South-West by developing a volume rate which makes it possible to estimate the production for a new stem. The work took place in two phases: in the South-West in 2010 and in Adamaoua in 2011. Data collection used the semi-direct method, while the cubing equation was deduced by the multiple linear regression method. Two models for volume estimation and three models for mass prediction were developed. The predictive parameters retained are diameter, height of the bole and thickness of the bark. Results show that the average mass of the dry bark for a given P. africana tree species is 27.55 ± 14.44 kg and this varies according to the site. The strong adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) observed illustrates the reliability of the proposed models. These models provide a reliable tool that can be adopted as a standard in Cameroon for P. africana.

远缘杂交仁用杏新品种京仁5号的选育

京仁5号通过仁用杏品种龙王帽与扁桃品种意大利2号远缘杂交育成。果实卵圆形,果顶圆凸,在北京地区7月中下旬成熟;成熟时果皮底色黄色,阳面着片状红色,平均单果质量30.5 g;果核卵圆形,壳面较平滑,平均单核质量2.54 g,纵横侧径分别为3.28 cm、2.12 cm、1.23 cm;核仁饱满,离核,甜仁,平均单仁鲜质量1.05 g、干质量0.90 g,出仁率37.02%;杏仁脂肪含量(w,后同)435.63 g·kg^(-1),蛋白质含量269.84 g·kg^(-1),钙含量1.26 g·kg^(-1),铁含量24.08 mg·kg^(-1)。丰产稳产,适应性强,综合性状优良。

Molecular phylogeny and inflorescence evolution of Prunus(Rosaceae)based on RAD-seq and genome skimming analyses

Prunus is an economically important genus widely distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.Previous studies on the genus using a variety of loci yielded conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses.Here,we generated nuclear reduced representation sequencing data and plastid genomes for 36 Prunus individuals and two outgroups.Both nuclear and plastome data recovered a well-resolved phylogeny.The species were divided into three main clades corresponding to their inflorescence types,-the racemose group,the solitary-flower group and the corymbose group-with the latter two sister to one another.Prunus was inferred to have diversified initially in the Late Cretaceous around 67.32 million years ago.The diversification of the three major clades began between the Paleocene and Miocene,suggesting that paleoclimatic events were an important driving force for Prunus diversification.Ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the most recent common ancestor of Prunus had racemose inflorescences,and the solitary-flower and corymb inflorescence types were derived by reduction of flower number and suppression of the rachis,respectively.We also tested the hybrid origin hypothesis of the racemose group proposed in previous studies.Prunus has undergone extensive hybridization events,although it is difficult to identify conclusively specific instances of hybridization when using SNP data,especially deep in the phylogeny.Our study provides well-resolved nuclear and plastid phylogenies of Prunus,reveals substantial cytonuclear discord at shallow scales,and sheds new light on inflorescence evolution in this economically important lineage.

远缘杂交仁用杏新品种——京仁4号

“京仁4号”是从杏与扁桃远缘杂交后代中选出的仁用杏新品种,母本为仁用杏品种“龙王帽”,父本为从意大利引进的扁桃品种“意大利4号”。2022年12月获得国家林业和草原局植物新品种权,品种权号20220597。

Genome of tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) ‘Montmorency’ identifies three distinct ancestral Prunus genomes

Sour cherry(Prunus cerasus L.)is a valuable fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and a hybrid between progenitors closely related to extant Prunus fruticosa(ground cherry)and Prunus avium(sweet cherry).Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for sour cherry cultivar Montmorency,the predominant cultivar grown in the USA.We also generated a draft assembly of P.fruticosa to use alongside a published P.avium sequence for syntelog-based subgenome assignments for‘Montmorency’and provide compelling evidence P.fruticosa is also an allotetraploid.Using hierarchal k-mer clustering and phylogenomics,we show‘Montmorency’is trigenomic,containing two distinct subgenomes inherited from a P.fruticosa-like ancestor(A and A’)and two copies of the same subgenome inherited from a P.avium-like ancestor(BB).The genome composition of‘Montmorency’is AA’BB and little-to-no recombination has occurred between progenitor subgenomes(A/A’and B).In Prunus,two known classes of genes are important to breeding strategies:the self-incompatibility loci(S-alleles),which determine compatible crosses,successful fertilization,and fruit set,and the Dormancy Associated MADS-box genes(DAMs),which strongly affect dormancy transitions and flowering time.The S-alleles and DAMs in‘Montmorency’and P.fruticosa were manually annotated and support subgenome assignments.Lastly,the hybridization event‘Montmorency’is descended from was estimated to have occurred less than 1.61 million years ago,making sour cherry a relatively recent allotetraploid.The‘Montmorency’genome highlights the evolutionary complexity of the genus Prunus and will inform future breeding strategies for sour cherry,comparative genomics in the Rosaceae,and questions regarding neopolyploidy.

施用生物有机肥对仁用杏园土壤微生物结构及杏仁品质的影响

生物有机肥替代化肥不仅可以刺激作物生长,还可以减轻化肥对生态环境的污染。为进一步探究生物有机肥对杏园土壤微生物机制以及杏仁品质的影响。本试验以河北省张家口市蔚县细弦子村15 a生‘优一’仁用杏为材料进行施肥试验,以常规施肥(化肥)处理为对照,研究生物有机肥不同施肥量T_(1)(1 kg/株)、T_(2)(2 kg/株)、T_(3)(3 kg/株)处理在2020—2021年对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤理化性质与杏仁品质上的影响。与对照相比,生物有机肥不同施肥量均能提高杏仁品质;显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量,降低土壤pH;同时显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性。生物有机肥不同施肥量均能提高土壤真菌和细菌丰富度和多样性,改变土壤微生物群落结构和数量,提高放线菌门等有益菌的相对丰度。与CK相比,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)处理MND1属和T_(2)处理链霉菌属的相对丰度显著提高,并与产量呈显著正相关。与CK、T_(1)、T_(3)处理相比,T_(2)处理显著上调的类诺卡氏菌属也与产量呈显著正相关。生物有机肥通过改变土壤微生物群落结构,提高了微生物群落多样性,增加了土壤养分含量,提高了杏仁出仁率以及品质,且在本试验中,生物有机肥施用量为2 kg/株时效果最好。

Chromosome-scale genome assembly of Prunus pusilliflora provides novel insights into genome evolution, disease resistance, and dormancy release in Cerasus L.

Prunus pusilliflora is a wild cherry germplasm resource distributed mainly in Southwest China.Despite its ornamental and economic value,a high-quality assembled P.pusilliflora genome is unavailable,hindering our understanding of its genetic background,population diversity,and evolutionary processes.Here,we de novo assembled a chromosome-scale P.pusilliflora genome using Oxford Nanopore,Illumina,and chromosome conformation capture sequencing.The assembled genome size was 309.62 Mb,with 76 scaffolds anchored to eight pseudochromosomes.We predicted 33035 protein-coding genes,functionally annotated 98.27%of them,and identified repetitive sequences covering 49.08%of the genome.We found that P.pusilliflora is closely related to Prunus serrulata and Prunus yedoensis,having diverged from them∼41.8 million years ago.A comparative genomic analysis revealed that P.pusilliflora has 643 expanded and 1128 contracted gene families.Furthermore,we found that P.pusilliflora is more resistant to Colletotrichum viniferum,Phytophthora capsici,and Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Pst)DC3000 infections than cultivated Prunus avium.P.pusilliflora also has considerably more nucleotide-binding site-type resistance gene analogs than P.avium,which explains its stronger disease resistance.The cytochrome P450 and WRKY families of 263 and 61 proteins were divided into 42 and 8 subfamilies respectively in P.pusilliflora.Furthermore,81 MADS-box genes were identified in P.pusilliflora,accompanying expansions of the SVP and AGL15 subfamilies and loss of the TM3 subfamily.Our assembly of a high-quality P.pusilliflora genome will be valuable for further research on cherries and molecular breeding.

Post Debarking Response of Prunus africana (Hook. F) Kalkman (Rosaceae) Trees at Two Exploitation Sites in North Kivu (Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)

Prunus africana is a species of great economic, medicinal and ecological importance. Due to its multiple uses, unsustainable exploitation methods and low regeneration capacity in tropical rainforests, this species is threatened with extinction. Present and exploited in the eastern part of DR Congo, knowledge of the dynamics of post-bark regeneration of Prunus africana remains fragmentary and poorly known. In North Kivu province, this species thrives in both afromontane forest and lowland tropical rainforest habitats. In order to contribute to the rational and sustainable exploitation of Prunus africana in this province, this paper was carried out with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of the dynamics of the regeneration of post-harvest bark of Prunus africana in two exploitation sites (low and high altitude). To achieve this objective, the inventory was conducted on 16 plots of 25 hectares each, with 8 plots per site. Dendrometric parameters (diameter at breast height (DBH), total tree height) and tree growth and regeneration parameters, i.e., stem bark thickness of the unharvested and harvested portions of the trees (bark reconstitution) were measured. A total of 716 barked stems of Prunus africana in 2016 in 25 hectares constituted the study sample. Results show that sites do not influence diameter at breast height of P. africana trees (p > 0.05) or total tree height. The bark diameter of harvested trees and the bark diameter of unharvested trees varied significantly by site (p 0.05). In contrast, the annual growth rate of bark differed with altitude;the highest rate was observed in trees growing at high altitude (2.97 ± 0.9 mm/yr) compared to 2.23 ± 0.74 mm/yr at low altitude. In view of these results, this study indicates that a half-rotation of 7 years could allow an effective reconstitution of the bark of Prunus africana at the second passage on the remaining side of the same stem.

仁用杏的价值及我国仁用杏产业发展现状与分析

仁用杏是食品工业和医药工业的重要原料,也是口味独特的鲜食果品,具有很高的经济、生态和社会价值,是我国北方栽植最普遍的果树之一,是我国重要的经济林树种和木本粮油资源,但我国仁用杏产业的发展与世界平均水平相比还是比较落后。从食用、药用、美容保健、活性炭产业和出口创汇等几方面分析了仁用杏的应用价值和存在的主要问题,并给出相应的对策,以期对果农有所启发和帮助。

仁用杏果脯加工工艺研究

为更好地提高仁用杏果肉利用率,本试验选用仁用杏‘超仁’果肉为果脯加工原材料,研究仁用杏明矾溶液浓度、糖煮时间、柠檬酸溶液浓度和烘烤时间(60℃)对果脯加工的影响,以感官评价为指标,通过正交试验,分析仁用杏果脯在试验条件下的最佳加工工艺。结果表明,糖煮时间10 min,在60℃下烘烤7 h,加入0.30%明矾溶液进行硬化处理,加入0.4%柠檬酸溶液浓度保持酸甜度为该试验条件下仁用杏果脯加工最佳工艺。该工艺下所得仁用杏果脯产品酸甜可口,口感较佳。

仁用杏优良品种及丰产高效栽培技术

仁用杏是指以生产杏仁为目的的杏树,为我国特有的经济林树种,它以适应性强的特点,在石质山区、丘陵沙地广泛栽培。栽培仁用杏具有较大的生态、社会、经济效益。本文介绍了仁用杏优良品种及丰产高效栽培技术,包括仁用杏优良品种的选择、园地选择、苗木定植技术、整形修剪、土肥水管理、保花保果、病虫害防治等内容,以期为仁用杏栽培提供技术参考,提高其产量品质,增加经济效益。

巴林左旗“四链”推动仁用杏产业高质量发展

仁用杏是以杏仁为主要产品的杏属果树的总称,主要包括生产甜杏仁的大扁杏和生产苦杏仁的山杏。仁用杏是我国重要的经济林树种,仁用杏产业的综合开发利用涉及食品、油料、饮料、中药、化工、化妆品等多个领域,具有广阔的开发利用空间。目前,多数果农还是以生产为中心,市场观念淡薄.

仁用杏生产中存在的问题及管理措施

张家口市属于温带大陆性季风气候,四季气候特点分明,昼夜温差大,春季干旱,风沙大,气候凉爽,但水资源不足,属于半干旱地区,且耕地面积大,地域辽阔,适合种植林木及果树,在当地政府和农业部门的支持下建成了多个果树生产基地,促进了农村经济的发展,提高了农业的整体效益和农民的收入,主要的杏树品种有优一、龙王帽和一窝蜂等。但是随着杏树产业的发展以及产量的提高,在生产中也出现了处于结果期的部分杏树死亡的现象。本文通过分析仁用杏生产中存在的问题,总结其影响因素,并提出相对应的果园管理措施,以期为果园管理者提供参考。

甘肃平凉仁用杏优质高产栽培技术

仁用杏是以生产杏仁为主的经济树种,具有抗旱、耐瘠薄、易管理、适应性强的特点。杏仁含多种营养物质,是高营养保健食品,同时还可入药,具有广阔的市场前景。目前,仁用杏在甘肃省平凉市被广泛栽植,成为当地农民经济收入的重要来源。本文重点总结归纳了平凉仁用杏栽培管理技术,以期更好地指导当地仁用杏生产。

桃(Prunus persica(L.) Batsch.)品种核心种质的构建与评价

为构建桃品种核心种质,通过对56份桃（Prunus persica（L.） Batsch.）初级核心种质的形态农艺性状数据（MOR）和SSR等位基因数据的分析,研究了不同聚类取样方法和完全随机取样方法下9种取样比例的遗传多样性指数、保留比例及各频率段等位基因的丢失比例。结果表明：聚类取样的方法优于完全随机取样,并以在80%的取样比例下MOR结合SSR数据聚类取样的效果最好,利用此方案构建的桃品种核心种质共包括45份材料,该核心种质的基因遗传多样性指数最高,保留了初级核心种质100%的形态农艺性状和96.6%的SSR等位基因,在出现频率低于0.05的等位基因中共丢失了2个等位变异,保留了出现频率在0.05-0.10的所有等位基因;利用6个数量性状对所构建的核心种质的代表性检测表明所构建的核心种质很好地代表558份桃原始种质的遗传变异。

普通杏(Prunus armeniaca)种质资源数量性状的遗传多样性分析

【目的】种质资源的遗传多样性研究是资源工作的核心，了解和掌握种质资源资源多样性，对于资源收集、管理、发掘、利用方面具有重要意义。【方法】对219份普通杏种质资源的11个性状进行了相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】普通杏种质资源各性状变异系数的变幅为15．7％。42．2％，其中可溶性固形物含量的变异系数最小，平均单果质量的变异系数最大。相关性分析得出：平均单果质量与叶柄长度、叶片长度和叶片宽度呈极显著正相关；可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖呈极显著正相关：维生素C含量与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关．与1a生枝粗度呈显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明：11个性状可以综合为4个主成分，前4个主成分累计贡献率达58．65％．第1主成分反映叶片因子，第2主成分反映枝条因子，第3、第4主成分反映的是品质因子。根据聚类分析把219份杏种质资源划分为6大类群：第1类种质群的主要特点是叶片较大：第Ⅱ类种质群的特点是果实品质性状较好．但是果实平均单果质量小；第Ⅲ类种质群的特点是果实平均单果质量大：第V类种质群的特点是果实品质好：第Ⅵ类种质群的特点是叶片较大且1a生枝又粗又长。【结论]普通杏种质资源的主要数量性状的变异较大，遗传多样性较丰富。

基于优化LDSS法的中国李(Prunus salicina)初级核心种质构建

核心种质的构建不仅能够提高种质资源的保存效率、方便资源管理,而且有利于种质资源的深入研究和种质创新。以国家果树种质熊岳李杏圃中保存的405份中国李为材料,依据46个农艺性状的鉴定数据,在按品种类群和杂交类型分组的基础上采用S策略和优化后的最小距离逐步取样法(ILDSS)经2次抽样构建出中国李初级核心种质。该核心种质样本集由97份种质材料组成,占总体样本比例约24%。对核心种质群体的代表性进行检测,结果表明该核心种质群体能够代表中国李原种质资源的遗传多样性及其群体结构。平均多态位点百分率、平均Nei’s遗传多样性指数、平均Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、极差符合率、变异系数变化率、均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率和主成分分析(散点分布图)等8项指标能够有效地评价核心种质的遗传多样性和代表性。

普通杏(Prunus armeniaca)初级核心种质资源的构建及评价

核心种质的构建不仅能够提高种质圃资源的保存效率、方便资源的管理,而且有利于种质资源的深入研究和种质创新。以国家果树种质熊岳李杏圃中保存的447份普通杏为材料,利用40个农艺性状的鉴定数据,对核心种质构建的几种聚类取样方案进行比较,明确了杏初级核心种质构建的最佳取样方案。在按品种类群分组的基础上,采用S策略经过多次聚类抽样,获得由111份种质材料组成的初级核心样本集,占总体样本比例25%。对该初级核心种质遗传多样性进行检测和评价,结果表明本研究所构建的初级核心种质能够很好地保留普通杏种质资源的遗传多样性。