秦简所见“从户”新诠——兼论新地的“编户化”治理

秦简所见“从户”与“从人”关系密切。“从户”并非“从人”中具有户籍身份的户籍,而是受“从人”牵连的“从人属、舍人”中的不当收者、迁者以及除罪者编制而成的户籍。随着“徙输坐从人者为口”诏令颁布,“坐从人”可变为承担租赋之“口”,其编制的户籍也为“从户”。“从户”即“从人”的跟从者、随从者之户,秦通过构建这一户籍类别,逐步将受“从人”牵连的相关人员纳入新地户籍管理,“从户”成为秦代洞庭郡迁陵县承担租赋的主体。“从户”短暂存在于秦代,随着户籍制度逐渐完善,这一户籍类别最终消失。

Motivation Factors： Impact on Sales Commission Plan Employees in a Telecommunication Company in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to uncover factors of motivation among account executives in a telecommunication company after the improvement of sales commission plan program in year 2014. Factors of motivation, such as monetary reward, recognition, affiliation, job security, and work environment that influence account executives motivation have been highlighted. Quantitative method was used in this study with the help of questionnaire data collection. The questionnaires were distributed among one of the telecommunication company account executives. The study found that there are significant differences in motivation level between gender, age, year of service, salary, and workplace of account executives. Monetary reward, job security, and work environment were found as the significant drivers to motivate account executives. The study also found that improvement on public recognition and affiliation factors failed to bring positive impact towards account executives motivation. Consistently, the findings can conclude that there is a relationship between account executives and sales commission plan that can lead to increase in motivation. Despite the positive result, the study can suggest the company to improve its bottom-line where sales commission plan program needs further revision in accordance with account executives factors of motivation.

Affective and Interpersonal Correlates of Relationship Satisfaction

Healthy relationships are important to functioning in daily life and across the life-span （e.g., Burman and Margolin 1992）. Personality factors could predict relationship satisfaction through the influence of individuals＇ relationship schemas （Fiske and Taylor 1991） and perceptions of their partners （Simpson and Rholes 1998）. Given the potential importance of attachment styles to relationship mechanisms and the well-established relationship between attachment and interpersonal behavior （Bartholomew and Horowitz 1992; Hazan and Shaver 1987）, interpersonal traits may influence relationship satisfaction directly. According to Leary＇s （1957） interpersonal reflex theory, any interpersonal act elicits responses from the other person that verify, validate, or otherwise reinforce the actor＇s own self-image and self-presentation, and thus increase the probability that the actor will emit similar interpersonal acts in future interactions. The Impact Message Inventory （IMI） attempts to measure individuals＇ perceptions of how others impact them by evoking interpersonal acts such as dominance and affiliation. This study examined the influence of perceived partner-evoked behavior and individuals＇ own interpersonal styles on relationship satisfaction. This study used IMI measures of evoked Dominance and Affiliation as well as revised Liking and Loving measures to predict relationship satisfaction using three different satisfaction outcome measures. The final analyses included 291 participants （134 men and 157 women） who completed a scantron survey. Partner impact, or the interpersonal behaviors, evoked from the individual during interaction, predicted relationship satisfaction well. Evoked affiliation was the most consistently strong predictor of satisfaction across all three outcome measures. Liking （distinct here from affiliation） is a stronger predictor of relationship satisfaction than is loving （distinct here from passion）, and it is significant across all three outcome measures. The liking measure appears to reflect a relatively high level of reward in the relationship and intrinsic enjoyment of the partner＇s company without the comparative cost of loving. Future research should examine interactions between couples, moving beyond intrapsychic self-reports of perceived experiences and feelings, although these are important in their own right.