The core function of anaphora is to serve as a substitute for a certain linguistic component in texts, but it actually has other missions such as creating the rhetorical effect--irony. However, anaphora alone cannot c...The core function of anaphora is to serve as a substitute for a certain linguistic component in texts, but it actually has other missions such as creating the rhetorical effect--irony. However, anaphora alone cannot contribute to ironic effect, and only by resorting to other resources like contextual information, can anaphora generate irony. Therefore, Yus＇ s classification of contextual sources is employed to analyze with examples how anaphora creates irony by the aid of context. Ultimately, the conclusion has been drawn that anaphora is able to produce irony with the help of six groups of contextual information classified by Yus except the category--speaker＇s nonverbal behavior and anapbora sometimes has to interact with several groups of contextual information in order to create irony.展开更多
Pluripotent stem cells(PSCs) are cells that can differentiate into any type of cells in the body, therefore have valuable promise in regenerative medicine of cell replacement therapies and tissue/organ engineering. PS...Pluripotent stem cells(PSCs) are cells that can differentiate into any type of cells in the body, therefore have valuable promise in regenerative medicine of cell replacement therapies and tissue/organ engineering. PSCs can be derived either from early embryos or directly from somatic cells by epigenetic reprogramming that result in customized cells from patients. Here we summarize the methods of deriving PSCs, the various types of PSCs generated with different status, and their versatile applications in both clinical and embryonic development studies. We also discuss an intriguing potential application of PSCs in constructing tissues/organs in large animals by interspecies chimerism. All these emerging findings are likely to contribute to the breakthroughs in biological research and the prosperous prospects of regenerative medicine.展开更多
Lead halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention in recent years because of their excellent photoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficients,carrier mobilities, defect tolerances, and photolu...Lead halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention in recent years because of their excellent photoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficients,carrier mobilities, defect tolerances, and photoluminescence efficiencies. However, a key issue hindering their commercial application is the toxicity of lead. Replacing lead with other nontoxic elements is a promising solution to this problem.Considering their atomic radii, relative atomic masses, and electron arrangements, perovskites based on Sn, Bi, Sb, and other elements instead of Pb have been widely synthesized.Here, we summarized the growth methods, photoelectric properties, and device applications of these lead-free perovskites. First, we introduced several common growth methods for lead-free perovskites, including solution methods,solid-state reaction, and chemical vapor deposition methods.Second, we discussed the photoelectric properties and methods for optimizing these properties of lead-free perovskites with different structure dimensions. Finally, the applications of lead-free perovskites in solar cells, light-emitting diodes,and X-ray detectors were examined. This review also provides suggestions for future research on lead-free perovskites.展开更多
文摘The core function of anaphora is to serve as a substitute for a certain linguistic component in texts, but it actually has other missions such as creating the rhetorical effect--irony. However, anaphora alone cannot contribute to ironic effect, and only by resorting to other resources like contextual information, can anaphora generate irony. Therefore, Yus＇ s classification of contextual sources is employed to analyze with examples how anaphora creates irony by the aid of context. Ultimately, the conclusion has been drawn that anaphora is able to produce irony with the help of six groups of contextual information classified by Yus except the category--speaker＇s nonverbal behavior and anapbora sometimes has to interact with several groups of contextual information in order to create irony.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471395)
文摘Pluripotent stem cells(PSCs) are cells that can differentiate into any type of cells in the body, therefore have valuable promise in regenerative medicine of cell replacement therapies and tissue/organ engineering. PSCs can be derived either from early embryos or directly from somatic cells by epigenetic reprogramming that result in customized cells from patients. Here we summarize the methods of deriving PSCs, the various types of PSCs generated with different status, and their versatile applications in both clinical and embryonic development studies. We also discuss an intriguing potential application of PSCs in constructing tissues/organs in large animals by interspecies chimerism. All these emerging findings are likely to contribute to the breakthroughs in biological research and the prosperous prospects of regenerative medicine.
基金Ministry of Science and Technology (2017YFA0205004, 2016YFA0200700)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB36000000)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61704038, 21673054, 11874130, 12074086, 61307120, 61704038 and 11474187)the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics (KF201902)the CAS Instrument Development Project (Y950291) for their support。
文摘Lead halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention in recent years because of their excellent photoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficients,carrier mobilities, defect tolerances, and photoluminescence efficiencies. However, a key issue hindering their commercial application is the toxicity of lead. Replacing lead with other nontoxic elements is a promising solution to this problem.Considering their atomic radii, relative atomic masses, and electron arrangements, perovskites based on Sn, Bi, Sb, and other elements instead of Pb have been widely synthesized.Here, we summarized the growth methods, photoelectric properties, and device applications of these lead-free perovskites. First, we introduced several common growth methods for lead-free perovskites, including solution methods,solid-state reaction, and chemical vapor deposition methods.Second, we discussed the photoelectric properties and methods for optimizing these properties of lead-free perovskites with different structure dimensions. Finally, the applications of lead-free perovskites in solar cells, light-emitting diodes,and X-ray detectors were examined. This review also provides suggestions for future research on lead-free perovskites.
