The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family involvement and altruism on agency costs of equity and debt, as well on the performance of small family businesses. To achieve this objective, the authors revi...The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family involvement and altruism on agency costs of equity and debt, as well on the performance of small family businesses. To achieve this objective, the authors reviewed the literature on family business. Drawing from agency theory and stewardship theory, the authors also proposed a research model that highlights the links among the variables. In so doing, this paper makes some contributions to the literature in three ways. Firstly, it takes an integrative framework that may help to explain behaviors oriented towards maximizing potential performance within a context in which pro-organizational attitudes co-exist with self-serving motivations. Secondly, it advances the understanding of corporate governance mechanisms in small family businesses, and finally, it deepens the discussion of prior research by advancing a set of propositions based on two theoretical approaches. Thus, the authors believe that a systematic comparison of different contexts provides new insights into small family business governance. The implications and directions for future research are in the last section.展开更多
As "the greatest poet in the 20th century", Yeats is always a hot topic among academic community. The question whether Yeats is the "last romantic" or the first Modernist remains controversial for a long time in a...As "the greatest poet in the 20th century", Yeats is always a hot topic among academic community. The question whether Yeats is the "last romantic" or the first Modernist remains controversial for a long time in academic field. Whether critics term Yeats a modernist or not, they generally agree that the poems produced in his late creative period are definitively modernist works. This paper targets Yeats's realization of poetic modernization through his mask theory applied in "Crazy Jane" poems. It discusses the poetic movement in the beginning of the 20th century, the poetic theory Yeats proposed and instances Yeats's mask theory as the manifestation of his poetic modernization. The author argues that with his innovation in verse writing particularly demonstrated by application of mask theory in "Crazy Jane" poems, Yeats unquestionably played a very important role in Anglo-American modernist poetry.展开更多
The theory of scientific management exerts a far-reaching influence in the history of management. This paper challenges some one-sided comments on Taylorism and emphasizes more on its cultural implication. By analyzin...The theory of scientific management exerts a far-reaching influence in the history of management. This paper challenges some one-sided comments on Taylorism and emphasizes more on its cultural implication. By analyzing the key features and background of scientific management, we prove why it appeals to European avant-garde modernists. In the end I expose a forgotten cultural implication of this organizational theory by explaining scientific management' s "lost" aesthetic and make a conclusion.展开更多
In indigenous and contemporary societies, different elements of social and political institutions have come up with various inner mechanisms that are unique to their societies that can adjudicate in conflict situation...In indigenous and contemporary societies, different elements of social and political institutions have come up with various inner mechanisms that are unique to their societies that can adjudicate in conflict situations. In traditional, indigenous Yoruba societies, agba (elders) were usually relied upon as agents and institutions of conflict resolution in view of certain qualities possessed by this category of people. This paper focuses attention on the role of agba (elders) in conflict resolution at various levels of Yoruba life. We acknowledge that agba (elders) have performed these roles in traditional, indigenous Yoruba societies. The opinion expressed in this paper is that agba, as theoretical and practical conflict resolution mechanism, can be philosophically developed and used as an alternative model to the current means of resolving conflicts through wars and terrorism and other forms of violence by aggrieved individuals and groups in national and international arenas.展开更多
In the early 1950s, the Greek National Tourism Organization made a nation-wide attempt to develop tourism in Greece. For a period of two decades, it developed the hotel buildings' substructure, a project known as the...In the early 1950s, the Greek National Tourism Organization made a nation-wide attempt to develop tourism in Greece. For a period of two decades, it developed the hotel buildings' substructure, a project known as the "Xenia project". During this period, Greek architects, devoted to modernism, designed and supervised 53 hotel compounds, which spread throughout the country. Today, the Xenia Hotels are internationally recognized as part of Greece's modern cultural heritage, based on the simplicity, the definition of the form and the truth in materials use, besides the integration of the buildings in the natural environment, components which reveal themselves as a unique venture. This paper aims to reveal that, despite the efforts to retain the Xenia Hotels, these procedures remain incomplete. They rightly focus on architectural shells, morphological and functional standardization, proper utilization of the Greek environmental conditions, and the use of authentic local materials. However, the cultural evaluation of these settlements can only be completed by their holistic design, which also comprises their interior spaces, lightening and furniture design, all these detailed aspects that form an organic entirety and which are not included in these efforts.展开更多
Happiness, as much a poetic as a philosophical, sociological, and psychological concept, has been, through the ages, at the heart of the needs each individual seeks to fulfil. But today, in a world dominated by techno...Happiness, as much a poetic as a philosophical, sociological, and psychological concept, has been, through the ages, at the heart of the needs each individual seeks to fulfil. But today, in a world dominated by technology, driven by productivity and dictated by efficiency, what about Happiness? Does it feature in works of fiction in any significant way? May it not have adopted different guises? ls that "duty of happiness" that Pascal Bruckner was talking about present in the French novel of the 20th-21th centuries? And if it is, has its force strengthened or weakened? This article will discuss the French Novels (of the 20th-21th centuries) that are devoted to or associated with Happiness in a direct or indirect manner. It will contextualize and analyze the transformation of Happiness, within the context of the historical and social events that influenced that period: the Holocaust, consumerism, postmodernism, structural social changes, the various as yet unarticulated new modes of life they created, and so on. To that end, this article will explore the discursive philosophical concept of happiness and its influence on the formation of the French novel. In so doing it will focus on the explicit discourse behind the motifs, the choices made in the process of writing, and the attitudes taken, considering the theme of happiness. Doing so, a significant discussion will be included regarding the paths of happiness, its agents, and the nature of the motifs and metaphors linked to the theme of happiness. The author will also address the dialectical role of the happiness theme in the constitution of an emerging literary discourse reflected in the French novel. By exploring the manifestation of the dogmas, ideas of the intellectual leaders of the 20th century (e.g., Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone De Beauvoir, Albert Camus) as well as the ones of the 21th century (e.g., Pascal Bruckner, Andr6 Comte-Sponville, Gilles Lipovetsky) new insights concerning the hybrid nature of the supposedly "authentic happiness" will be revealed. The author intend to inspect the theme of Happiness around four dialectical axes as a relevant ethical basis for delimiting the various fields of research: (1) Love, passion, and conjugality; (2) Ageing; (3) "The experience of everydayness"; and (4) "The era of emptiness". Focusing on the narratives, the article takes into account their specificity in the four distinct fields, all connected to existential and ethical issues, Finally, this article will attempt to analyse the assumed role of literature as a conduit of cultural awareness.展开更多
In this paper, we research on the higher education management mode of China and America based on the perspective of operation mechanism, separation of school and the government. As the thought of higher education mana...In this paper, we research on the higher education management mode of China and America based on the perspective of operation mechanism, separation of school and the government. As the thought of higher education management theory or a form, we jump out of the labyrinth of modernism manages view and the introduction of totally different from the modernist paradigm, from the angle of the theory research of postmodernism manages view. The paper is organized as the follows. In the first section, we generally introduce the basic concepts of higher education management and the relationship of the schools and government. Then, by comparing the pattern of the Chinese and the American, we analyze the difference in detail. Finally, we set up the prospect and the conclusion. In conclusion, our method combines the advantages of the American higher education management model which will be meaningful.展开更多
As a literary slogan given to a special meaning by history, ‘reality' has constituted a dominant clue in the evolution of the ideological trend of realism in 20th Century Chinese Literature. In the ‘New Literature ...As a literary slogan given to a special meaning by history, ‘reality' has constituted a dominant clue in the evolution of the ideological trend of realism in 20th Century Chinese Literature. In the ‘New Literature Movement' of May 4th Movement,‘reality', as the characterization of scientific rationality spirit and an imposition on the description of the objective reality, has been incorporated into the perspective of Modern Chinese literature: In the 1950s and 1960s, it protested to obtain an independent literary discourse as a saving weapon; in the early 1980s, it‘restored' realism as a theory starting point of ‘re-enlightenment'. In the late 1980s, with the conversion of historical context, and the subversion and reconstruction of Western ‘refer to' concept to "reality" concept of traditional epistemology, ‘reality' ended its historic mission, and thus to retire展开更多
This article is about the methods and techniques used in the building "retrofit" in modernist style designed by the architect Affonso Eduardo Reidy in the fifties, and also about the project of the new Rio de Janeir...This article is about the methods and techniques used in the building "retrofit" in modernist style designed by the architect Affonso Eduardo Reidy in the fifties, and also about the project of the new Rio de Janeiro MIS (Museum of Image and Sound), under construction, by The North-American office Diller Scofidio + Renfro, both located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. These constructions present a wide view of the concept of sustainability, not commonly used in public buildings in Brazil. In the building designed by Reidy, which belongs to the State of Rio de Janeiro, the regeneration to host the new headquarters of the State Department of Taxation and Finance respected its original characteristics and used smart and sustainable design techniques, as well as recyclable materials. On the other hand, the project of the new museum at Copacabana Beach was entirely planned on sustainable bases and it includes the application of building techniques concerning that purpose. This article presents a study of these two cases and evaluates the techniques and materials used in one another. Observing the principles of sustainability in construction is a pioneering initiative of the State Government. This article aims at making the scientific community aware of the needs of immediate adoption of sustainability techniques in Civil Engineering, not only in the construction of new buildings, but also in the regeneration of the existing ones, as well as the need of imperious adoption of sustainable techniques when it comes to maintainability.展开更多
Public economics is a science of studying government economic behaviors, and an interdiscipline of politics and economics. As China is at the primary stage of socialism and the development of various domestic causes i...Public economics is a science of studying government economic behaviors, and an interdiscipline of politics and economics. As China is at the primary stage of socialism and the development of various domestic causes is still in a period of exploration, it is very important for the reform of the socialist modernization to strengthen domestic administrative management. Society is the subject of national reform and development in the long run, and thus maintaining the stability of domestic social order is not only the prerequisite for the long-term survival and development of China, but also the key requirement of ensuring people to live and work in peace and contentment. This thesis, first of all, introduces the management concept of public economy and the necessity of government's involvement in supervising economy. And on the basis of these, the thesis put forward the direction of transforming government economic functions and several precautions that should be noticed in government economic behaviors.展开更多
The rapid development of multimedia network technology, multimedia teaching English provides a technology platform. The constructivist theory and modern information technology are two pivot multimedia teaching system....The rapid development of multimedia network technology, multimedia teaching English provides a technology platform. The constructivist theory and modern information technology are two pivot multimedia teaching system. Only to unite the two together as one, it can form a reasonable and effective teaching system. Accordingly, this paper discusses the theory of multimedia teaching, design and multimedia network technology of a modem information technology education in English teaching and other related issues.展开更多
Based on the 1997-2007 panel data of 676 listed companies and in-depth interviews with the senior executives, independent directors, fund managers and securities analysts of these companies, this paper tries to analyz...Based on the 1997-2007 panel data of 676 listed companies and in-depth interviews with the senior executives, independent directors, fund managers and securities analysts of these companies, this paper tries to analyze the relationship between corporate govemance and firm performance from a sociological perspective. The results show that the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance in the Chinese institutional environment is sharply different from the predictions of the agency theory. The empirical findings from China lend strong support to the new institutional argument that "besf' corporate governance practices are socially "constructed" by various social forces and interests groups in specific social, political and cultural contexts, and how "good" a corporate governance practice is depends to a large extent on whether it fits in with the institutional environment in which it is embedded. There exists no universally "best" model of corporate governance across the world. Our empirical sociological study based on Chinese experience offers new perspectives and evidence for deconstructing the global myth ofcoroorate ~ovemance.展开更多
This paper investigates Chinese cosmopolitanism advocated by Wang Yang-ming(1472-1529) , a famous Confucian philosopher, and its implications for contemporary global governance and China's soft-power build-up. It a...This paper investigates Chinese cosmopolitanism advocated by Wang Yang-ming(1472-1529) , a famous Confucian philosopher, and its implications for contemporary global governance and China's soft-power build-up. It aims to provide a more inclusive perception of world order, and calls for a less nationalistic and hegemonic understanding of Confucianism in contemporary China's intellectual or ideological projections, which has been used to envision China's foreign policies recently. For the political use of the word " harmony" today seems similar to instrumentalization of Confucianism in history. I focus on his idea of "being one body with the cosmos" and its socio-political dimensions of the world as one family, and then bring them into dialogue with the recent Western theorizing of liberal cosmopolitanism -- an idea of world citizenship which bases global governance on a universally rational foundation. I argue that Wang bases his cosmopolitanism upon graded care and a particular sense of sympathy. It is a sort of moral sentiment of embodied oneness and a cosmic psyche in caring for Heaven, earth, and the myriad creatures like caring for one's own body. It also accommodates " integral pluralism" which urges one to sincerely and properly construe others' cultures and traditions without blindly embracing or rejecting them. Such cosmopolitanism is not an abstract love based on human rationality, but an allinclusive care with graded sympathy to others.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family involvement and altruism on agency costs of equity and debt, as well on the performance of small family businesses. To achieve this objective, the authors reviewed the literature on family business. Drawing from agency theory and stewardship theory, the authors also proposed a research model that highlights the links among the variables. In so doing, this paper makes some contributions to the literature in three ways. Firstly, it takes an integrative framework that may help to explain behaviors oriented towards maximizing potential performance within a context in which pro-organizational attitudes co-exist with self-serving motivations. Secondly, it advances the understanding of corporate governance mechanisms in small family businesses, and finally, it deepens the discussion of prior research by advancing a set of propositions based on two theoretical approaches. Thus, the authors believe that a systematic comparison of different contexts provides new insights into small family business governance. The implications and directions for future research are in the last section.
文摘As "the greatest poet in the 20th century", Yeats is always a hot topic among academic community. The question whether Yeats is the "last romantic" or the first Modernist remains controversial for a long time in academic field. Whether critics term Yeats a modernist or not, they generally agree that the poems produced in his late creative period are definitively modernist works. This paper targets Yeats's realization of poetic modernization through his mask theory applied in "Crazy Jane" poems. It discusses the poetic movement in the beginning of the 20th century, the poetic theory Yeats proposed and instances Yeats's mask theory as the manifestation of his poetic modernization. The author argues that with his innovation in verse writing particularly demonstrated by application of mask theory in "Crazy Jane" poems, Yeats unquestionably played a very important role in Anglo-American modernist poetry.
文摘The theory of scientific management exerts a far-reaching influence in the history of management. This paper challenges some one-sided comments on Taylorism and emphasizes more on its cultural implication. By analyzing the key features and background of scientific management, we prove why it appeals to European avant-garde modernists. In the end I expose a forgotten cultural implication of this organizational theory by explaining scientific management' s "lost" aesthetic and make a conclusion.
文摘In indigenous and contemporary societies, different elements of social and political institutions have come up with various inner mechanisms that are unique to their societies that can adjudicate in conflict situations. In traditional, indigenous Yoruba societies, agba (elders) were usually relied upon as agents and institutions of conflict resolution in view of certain qualities possessed by this category of people. This paper focuses attention on the role of agba (elders) in conflict resolution at various levels of Yoruba life. We acknowledge that agba (elders) have performed these roles in traditional, indigenous Yoruba societies. The opinion expressed in this paper is that agba, as theoretical and practical conflict resolution mechanism, can be philosophically developed and used as an alternative model to the current means of resolving conflicts through wars and terrorism and other forms of violence by aggrieved individuals and groups in national and international arenas.
文摘In the early 1950s, the Greek National Tourism Organization made a nation-wide attempt to develop tourism in Greece. For a period of two decades, it developed the hotel buildings' substructure, a project known as the "Xenia project". During this period, Greek architects, devoted to modernism, designed and supervised 53 hotel compounds, which spread throughout the country. Today, the Xenia Hotels are internationally recognized as part of Greece's modern cultural heritage, based on the simplicity, the definition of the form and the truth in materials use, besides the integration of the buildings in the natural environment, components which reveal themselves as a unique venture. This paper aims to reveal that, despite the efforts to retain the Xenia Hotels, these procedures remain incomplete. They rightly focus on architectural shells, morphological and functional standardization, proper utilization of the Greek environmental conditions, and the use of authentic local materials. However, the cultural evaluation of these settlements can only be completed by their holistic design, which also comprises their interior spaces, lightening and furniture design, all these detailed aspects that form an organic entirety and which are not included in these efforts.
文摘Happiness, as much a poetic as a philosophical, sociological, and psychological concept, has been, through the ages, at the heart of the needs each individual seeks to fulfil. But today, in a world dominated by technology, driven by productivity and dictated by efficiency, what about Happiness? Does it feature in works of fiction in any significant way? May it not have adopted different guises? ls that "duty of happiness" that Pascal Bruckner was talking about present in the French novel of the 20th-21th centuries? And if it is, has its force strengthened or weakened? This article will discuss the French Novels (of the 20th-21th centuries) that are devoted to or associated with Happiness in a direct or indirect manner. It will contextualize and analyze the transformation of Happiness, within the context of the historical and social events that influenced that period: the Holocaust, consumerism, postmodernism, structural social changes, the various as yet unarticulated new modes of life they created, and so on. To that end, this article will explore the discursive philosophical concept of happiness and its influence on the formation of the French novel. In so doing it will focus on the explicit discourse behind the motifs, the choices made in the process of writing, and the attitudes taken, considering the theme of happiness. Doing so, a significant discussion will be included regarding the paths of happiness, its agents, and the nature of the motifs and metaphors linked to the theme of happiness. The author will also address the dialectical role of the happiness theme in the constitution of an emerging literary discourse reflected in the French novel. By exploring the manifestation of the dogmas, ideas of the intellectual leaders of the 20th century (e.g., Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone De Beauvoir, Albert Camus) as well as the ones of the 21th century (e.g., Pascal Bruckner, Andr6 Comte-Sponville, Gilles Lipovetsky) new insights concerning the hybrid nature of the supposedly "authentic happiness" will be revealed. The author intend to inspect the theme of Happiness around four dialectical axes as a relevant ethical basis for delimiting the various fields of research: (1) Love, passion, and conjugality; (2) Ageing; (3) "The experience of everydayness"; and (4) "The era of emptiness". Focusing on the narratives, the article takes into account their specificity in the four distinct fields, all connected to existential and ethical issues, Finally, this article will attempt to analyse the assumed role of literature as a conduit of cultural awareness.
文摘In this paper, we research on the higher education management mode of China and America based on the perspective of operation mechanism, separation of school and the government. As the thought of higher education management theory or a form, we jump out of the labyrinth of modernism manages view and the introduction of totally different from the modernist paradigm, from the angle of the theory research of postmodernism manages view. The paper is organized as the follows. In the first section, we generally introduce the basic concepts of higher education management and the relationship of the schools and government. Then, by comparing the pattern of the Chinese and the American, we analyze the difference in detail. Finally, we set up the prospect and the conclusion. In conclusion, our method combines the advantages of the American higher education management model which will be meaningful.
文摘As a literary slogan given to a special meaning by history, ‘reality' has constituted a dominant clue in the evolution of the ideological trend of realism in 20th Century Chinese Literature. In the ‘New Literature Movement' of May 4th Movement,‘reality', as the characterization of scientific rationality spirit and an imposition on the description of the objective reality, has been incorporated into the perspective of Modern Chinese literature: In the 1950s and 1960s, it protested to obtain an independent literary discourse as a saving weapon; in the early 1980s, it‘restored' realism as a theory starting point of ‘re-enlightenment'. In the late 1980s, with the conversion of historical context, and the subversion and reconstruction of Western ‘refer to' concept to "reality" concept of traditional epistemology, ‘reality' ended its historic mission, and thus to retire
文摘This article is about the methods and techniques used in the building "retrofit" in modernist style designed by the architect Affonso Eduardo Reidy in the fifties, and also about the project of the new Rio de Janeiro MIS (Museum of Image and Sound), under construction, by The North-American office Diller Scofidio + Renfro, both located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. These constructions present a wide view of the concept of sustainability, not commonly used in public buildings in Brazil. In the building designed by Reidy, which belongs to the State of Rio de Janeiro, the regeneration to host the new headquarters of the State Department of Taxation and Finance respected its original characteristics and used smart and sustainable design techniques, as well as recyclable materials. On the other hand, the project of the new museum at Copacabana Beach was entirely planned on sustainable bases and it includes the application of building techniques concerning that purpose. This article presents a study of these two cases and evaluates the techniques and materials used in one another. Observing the principles of sustainability in construction is a pioneering initiative of the State Government. This article aims at making the scientific community aware of the needs of immediate adoption of sustainability techniques in Civil Engineering, not only in the construction of new buildings, but also in the regeneration of the existing ones, as well as the need of imperious adoption of sustainable techniques when it comes to maintainability.
文摘Public economics is a science of studying government economic behaviors, and an interdiscipline of politics and economics. As China is at the primary stage of socialism and the development of various domestic causes is still in a period of exploration, it is very important for the reform of the socialist modernization to strengthen domestic administrative management. Society is the subject of national reform and development in the long run, and thus maintaining the stability of domestic social order is not only the prerequisite for the long-term survival and development of China, but also the key requirement of ensuring people to live and work in peace and contentment. This thesis, first of all, introduces the management concept of public economy and the necessity of government's involvement in supervising economy. And on the basis of these, the thesis put forward the direction of transforming government economic functions and several precautions that should be noticed in government economic behaviors.
文摘The rapid development of multimedia network technology, multimedia teaching English provides a technology platform. The constructivist theory and modern information technology are two pivot multimedia teaching system. Only to unite the two together as one, it can form a reasonable and effective teaching system. Accordingly, this paper discusses the theory of multimedia teaching, design and multimedia network technology of a modem information technology education in English teaching and other related issues.
基金the Shum Fellowship of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard Universitythe Young Scholar Start-up Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences+1 种基金the MIT-Harvard Economic Sociology Seminarthe participants provided helpful comments and suggestions
文摘Based on the 1997-2007 panel data of 676 listed companies and in-depth interviews with the senior executives, independent directors, fund managers and securities analysts of these companies, this paper tries to analyze the relationship between corporate govemance and firm performance from a sociological perspective. The results show that the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance in the Chinese institutional environment is sharply different from the predictions of the agency theory. The empirical findings from China lend strong support to the new institutional argument that "besf' corporate governance practices are socially "constructed" by various social forces and interests groups in specific social, political and cultural contexts, and how "good" a corporate governance practice is depends to a large extent on whether it fits in with the institutional environment in which it is embedded. There exists no universally "best" model of corporate governance across the world. Our empirical sociological study based on Chinese experience offers new perspectives and evidence for deconstructing the global myth ofcoroorate ~ovemance.
文摘This paper investigates Chinese cosmopolitanism advocated by Wang Yang-ming(1472-1529) , a famous Confucian philosopher, and its implications for contemporary global governance and China's soft-power build-up. It aims to provide a more inclusive perception of world order, and calls for a less nationalistic and hegemonic understanding of Confucianism in contemporary China's intellectual or ideological projections, which has been used to envision China's foreign policies recently. For the political use of the word " harmony" today seems similar to instrumentalization of Confucianism in history. I focus on his idea of "being one body with the cosmos" and its socio-political dimensions of the world as one family, and then bring them into dialogue with the recent Western theorizing of liberal cosmopolitanism -- an idea of world citizenship which bases global governance on a universally rational foundation. I argue that Wang bases his cosmopolitanism upon graded care and a particular sense of sympathy. It is a sort of moral sentiment of embodied oneness and a cosmic psyche in caring for Heaven, earth, and the myriad creatures like caring for one's own body. It also accommodates " integral pluralism" which urges one to sincerely and properly construe others' cultures and traditions without blindly embracing or rejecting them. Such cosmopolitanism is not an abstract love based on human rationality, but an allinclusive care with graded sympathy to others.