通过对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料经向和纬向截面的扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)照片的精确测量,获取了纤维束的几何参数和波动曲线,以四参数正弦函数为拟合函数,得到了纤维束纵、横截面的参数化曲线方程。并通过建立...通过对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料经向和纬向截面的扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)照片的精确测量,获取了纤维束的几何参数和波动曲线,以四参数正弦函数为拟合函数,得到了纤维束纵、横截面的参数化曲线方程。并通过建立的代表特征体元(representative volume element,RVE)得到纤维体积含量的计算值与试验测定值相比较,来检验模型的精确性。以MSC.PATRAN为平台,采用六面体单元进行分网,得到了RVE的三维有限元模型。通过在RVE模型中预制孔洞的方法,计算了平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的有效弹性模量,其中轴向拉伸模量与轴向剪切模量的计算值与试验值吻合较好,其它3个有效弹性模量还有待试验值的检验。展开更多
The definition of a drought index is the foundation of drought research.However,because of the complexity of drought,there is no a unified drought index appropriate for different drought types and objects at the same ...The definition of a drought index is the foundation of drought research.However,because of the complexity of drought,there is no a unified drought index appropriate for different drought types and objects at the same time.Therefore,it is crucial to determine the regional applicability of various drought indices.Using terrestrial water storage obtained from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment,and the observed soil moisture and streamflow in China,we evaluated the regional applicability of seven meteorological drought indices:the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI),modified PDSI(PDSI_CN) based on observations in China,self-calibrating PDSI(scPDSI),Surface Wetness Index(SWI),Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI),and soil moisture simulations conducted using the community land model driven by observed atmospheric forcing(CLM3.5/ObsFC).The results showed that the scPDSI is most appropriate for China.However,it should be noted that the scPDSI reduces the value range slightly compared with the PDSI and PDSI_CN;thus,the classification of dry and wet conditions should be adjusted accordingly.Some problems might exist when using the PDSI and PDSI_CN in humid and arid areas because of the unsuitability of empiricalparameters.The SPI and SPEI are more appropriate for humid areas than arid and semiarid areas.This is because contributions of temperature variation to drought are neglected in the SPI,but overestimated in the SPEI,when potential evapotranspiration is estimated by the Thornthwaite method in these areas.Consequently,the SPI and SPEI tend to induce wetter and drier results,respectively.The CLM3.5/ObsFC is suitable for China before 2000,but not for arid and semiarid areas after 2000.Consistent with other drought indices,the SWI shows similar interannual and decadal change characteristics in detecting annual dry/wet variations.Although the long-term trends of drought areas in China detected by these seven drought indices during 1961-2013 are consistent,obvious differences exist among the values of drought areas,which might be attributable to the definitions of the drought indices in addition to climatic change.展开更多
文摘通过对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料经向和纬向截面的扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)照片的精确测量,获取了纤维束的几何参数和波动曲线,以四参数正弦函数为拟合函数,得到了纤维束纵、横截面的参数化曲线方程。并通过建立的代表特征体元(representative volume element,RVE)得到纤维体积含量的计算值与试验测定值相比较,来检验模型的精确性。以MSC.PATRAN为平台,采用六面体单元进行分网,得到了RVE的三维有限元模型。通过在RVE模型中预制孔洞的方法,计算了平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的有效弹性模量,其中轴向拉伸模量与轴向剪切模量的计算值与试验值吻合较好,其它3个有效弹性模量还有待试验值的检验。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB956201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41275085,41530532 & 41305062)+1 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Grant No.2013BAC10B02)China Special Fund for Meteorological Research in the Public Interest(Grant No.GYHY201506001-1)
文摘The definition of a drought index is the foundation of drought research.However,because of the complexity of drought,there is no a unified drought index appropriate for different drought types and objects at the same time.Therefore,it is crucial to determine the regional applicability of various drought indices.Using terrestrial water storage obtained from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment,and the observed soil moisture and streamflow in China,we evaluated the regional applicability of seven meteorological drought indices:the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI),modified PDSI(PDSI_CN) based on observations in China,self-calibrating PDSI(scPDSI),Surface Wetness Index(SWI),Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI),and soil moisture simulations conducted using the community land model driven by observed atmospheric forcing(CLM3.5/ObsFC).The results showed that the scPDSI is most appropriate for China.However,it should be noted that the scPDSI reduces the value range slightly compared with the PDSI and PDSI_CN;thus,the classification of dry and wet conditions should be adjusted accordingly.Some problems might exist when using the PDSI and PDSI_CN in humid and arid areas because of the unsuitability of empiricalparameters.The SPI and SPEI are more appropriate for humid areas than arid and semiarid areas.This is because contributions of temperature variation to drought are neglected in the SPI,but overestimated in the SPEI,when potential evapotranspiration is estimated by the Thornthwaite method in these areas.Consequently,the SPI and SPEI tend to induce wetter and drier results,respectively.The CLM3.5/ObsFC is suitable for China before 2000,but not for arid and semiarid areas after 2000.Consistent with other drought indices,the SWI shows similar interannual and decadal change characteristics in detecting annual dry/wet variations.Although the long-term trends of drought areas in China detected by these seven drought indices during 1961-2013 are consistent,obvious differences exist among the values of drought areas,which might be attributable to the definitions of the drought indices in addition to climatic change.
