Objective: To investigate the predictability of MRI and the possiblebiological markers of cavernous sinus invasion of pituitary adenomas associated with fourphenomenas: angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and ...Objective: To investigate the predictability of MRI and the possiblebiological markers of cavernous sinus invasion of pituitary adenomas associated with fourphenomenas: angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase. Methods: Weevaluated 45 patients with pituitary adenoma according to the MRI, surgical findings and theimmunohistochemistry staining of tumor tissues. Results: The results have shown that the sensitivityof MRI for predicting cavernous sinus invasion in this prospective study was 60%, its specificity85%, its positive predictive value 83.33%, negative predictive value 62.96%. 45 specimens ofpituitary adenomas were analyzed for expression of F8, VEGF, Ki-67, c-myc, Bcl-2, nm23 and MMP-9immunoreactivity using immunoperoxidase staining. MVD was assessed using F8-related antigen. Theresults have shown that MVD of invasive pituitary adenomas was significantly higher than that ofnoninvasive (P 【 0.001). There was an association between the invasion of pituitary adenomas andKi-67 LI (P = 0.039) or the expression of VEGF (P 【 0.001) and MMP-9 (P 【 0.001). But c-myc LI andBcl-2 expression have no association with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas (P = 0.061 versus P =0.201). On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between nm23 expression and tumorinvasion (P 【 0.001). Conclusion: Parasellar extension of pituitary adenomas through the medial wallof the cavernous sinus is diagnosed at surgery, and with sensitive gadolinium-enhanced MRI, itsextent can be partly determined by radiology. Although our study has shown that MVD and theexpression of VEGF, Ki-67, nm23 and MMP-9 have associations with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas,they are lack of specificity. These markers can only provide some useful information.展开更多
The thesis statement, as an arguable statement that communicates the author＇s stance on a topic to the reader in one or two sentences, functions as an aid for the author to focus on the subject and the reader to unde...The thesis statement, as an arguable statement that communicates the author＇s stance on a topic to the reader in one or two sentences, functions as an aid for the author to focus on the subject and the reader to understand the main idea. After drafting a preliminary thesis statement, one should shape it from aspects of the structure, content and position. Structurally, an effective thesis statement includes one claim and several rea^ons. In content, consideration should be put in the author＇s stand, the value of debate, and clearness and concreteness of the main argument. The review and revising stage is indispensable after writing a thesis statement.展开更多
The debate between the theory of anti-value acts （Handlungsunwert） and the theory of anti-value consequences （Erfolgsunwert） is of great significance. The main defects of the former are that it focuses on crime as...The debate between the theory of anti-value acts （Handlungsunwert） and the theory of anti-value consequences （Erfolgsunwert） is of great significance. The main defects of the former are that it focuses on crime as a violation of norms, which runs counter to criminal law＇s aim of protecting legal interests; it highlights criminal law＇s function in regulating behavior, thus deviating from the essential principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime; and it gives wide acceptance to subjective elements of illegality, leading to a holistic determination of crime, thus confusing illegality with responsibility. It also blurs the distinction between attempted and unrealized offenses, and is not conducive to the application of the theory of the subordination of accomplices. Its focus on subjective legitimized elements not only fails to restrict the application of punishments, but actually expands their scope, and its adoption of rule utilitarianism leads to undue interference in citizens＇ conduct. The theory of anti-value consequences prevents undue interference and adopts the principle of liberalism, while at the same time taking as the target of its prohibitions those situations that contravene the aims of criminal law. This not only overcomes the shortcomings of the theory of anti-value conduct but also achieves general and special prevention while realizing retributive justice.展开更多
文摘Objective: To investigate the predictability of MRI and the possiblebiological markers of cavernous sinus invasion of pituitary adenomas associated with fourphenomenas: angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase. Methods: Weevaluated 45 patients with pituitary adenoma according to the MRI, surgical findings and theimmunohistochemistry staining of tumor tissues. Results: The results have shown that the sensitivityof MRI for predicting cavernous sinus invasion in this prospective study was 60%, its specificity85%, its positive predictive value 83.33%, negative predictive value 62.96%. 45 specimens ofpituitary adenomas were analyzed for expression of F8, VEGF, Ki-67, c-myc, Bcl-2, nm23 and MMP-9immunoreactivity using immunoperoxidase staining. MVD was assessed using F8-related antigen. Theresults have shown that MVD of invasive pituitary adenomas was significantly higher than that ofnoninvasive (P 【 0.001). There was an association between the invasion of pituitary adenomas andKi-67 LI (P = 0.039) or the expression of VEGF (P 【 0.001) and MMP-9 (P 【 0.001). But c-myc LI andBcl-2 expression have no association with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas (P = 0.061 versus P =0.201). On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between nm23 expression and tumorinvasion (P 【 0.001). Conclusion: Parasellar extension of pituitary adenomas through the medial wallof the cavernous sinus is diagnosed at surgery, and with sensitive gadolinium-enhanced MRI, itsextent can be partly determined by radiology. Although our study has shown that MVD and theexpression of VEGF, Ki-67, nm23 and MMP-9 have associations with invasiveness of pituitary adenomas,they are lack of specificity. These markers can only provide some useful information.
文摘The thesis statement, as an arguable statement that communicates the author＇s stance on a topic to the reader in one or two sentences, functions as an aid for the author to focus on the subject and the reader to understand the main idea. After drafting a preliminary thesis statement, one should shape it from aspects of the structure, content and position. Structurally, an effective thesis statement includes one claim and several rea^ons. In content, consideration should be put in the author＇s stand, the value of debate, and clearness and concreteness of the main argument. The review and revising stage is indispensable after writing a thesis statement.
文摘The debate between the theory of anti-value acts （Handlungsunwert） and the theory of anti-value consequences （Erfolgsunwert） is of great significance. The main defects of the former are that it focuses on crime as a violation of norms, which runs counter to criminal law＇s aim of protecting legal interests; it highlights criminal law＇s function in regulating behavior, thus deviating from the essential principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime; and it gives wide acceptance to subjective elements of illegality, leading to a holistic determination of crime, thus confusing illegality with responsibility. It also blurs the distinction between attempted and unrealized offenses, and is not conducive to the application of the theory of the subordination of accomplices. Its focus on subjective legitimized elements not only fails to restrict the application of punishments, but actually expands their scope, and its adoption of rule utilitarianism leads to undue interference in citizens＇ conduct. The theory of anti-value consequences prevents undue interference and adopts the principle of liberalism, while at the same time taking as the target of its prohibitions those situations that contravene the aims of criminal law. This not only overcomes the shortcomings of the theory of anti-value conduct but also achieves general and special prevention while realizing retributive justice.
