In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-s...In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-sharing contract(RC). The results of implementing the three contracts are discussed and compared. The results reveal that as long as the government levies carbon taxations, all the three contracts can effectively stimulate the manufacturer to invest in carbon emission reduction. Among the three contracts, RC can achieve the highest level of carbon emission reduction of products and the maximum profits for both the manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain. However, the RC fails to reach the level of the centralized supply chain(CSC), thus it cannot coordinate the supply chain. The supply chain members’ contract choices are consistent. Both members prefer RC to the other two contracts. In order to effectively reduce the manufacturer’s carbon emission levels, the government should impose the highest carbon taxation level under RC, the medium carbon taxation level under CC, the lowest carbon taxation level under WC, and the same carbon taxation level as RC under the CSC.展开更多
With diminishing population divident, rising labor costs＇ will become a medium- to long-term trend and this change will significantly affect price formation and the direction of development in China. This paper uses ...With diminishing population divident, rising labor costs＇ will become a medium- to long-term trend and this change will significantly affect price formation and the direction of development in China. This paper uses a New Keynesian Phillips Curve （NKPC） model to conduct empirical analysis on all possible drivers of inflation in China. The authors conclude that while monetary expansion and expectation on inflation both have significant, driving impacts on China＇s inflation, rising labor costs have also become an important driver of China＇s rising prices. They argue that the solution to China＇s inflation problem lies not in currency policy and currency controls alone; it must be complemented by other policies that address the root causes of inflation.展开更多
Types of industry are manifold, patterns used in the determination of the cost of production can also vary. Elements of the cost of production are raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Value of raw materi...Types of industry are manifold, patterns used in the determination of the cost of production can also vary. Elements of the cost of production are raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Value of raw materials used in aquaculture industry in particular needs to calculate the cost of feed consumed by fish, thus greatly affect the price of fish feed cost of production. The calculation of the value of raw materials in fish production cost element to consider is the calculation of the value of raw material components, namely, （1） biomass of harvestable fish as the basic multiplication cost of production per kilogram or per fish harvested fish; （2） the ratio of fish feed intake by the amount of fish produced or often called the Feed Conversion Ratio （FCR）; and （3） the average purchase price of feed on fish harvest period is used as the basis for calculating the cost of production as well. This research is applied research that uses data archive aquaculture companies. The results in the observed period, the value FCR is 0.80, which means to fish have been consumed as much as 0.80 kg of fish feed. Biomass of fish that are harvested at 47,399.95 kg or 1,869,647 individuals. The average purchase price of fish feed on the observation period amounted to IDR 4,855.79. So the price of raw materials contained in harvested fish in the observation period calculates the value of multiplying all the components of raw materials （i.e., IDR 184,131,362.57）. Method of calculating the cost of production companies is process method and charging method used is the full costing method.展开更多
Technology plays a key role in today＇s business environment. Many companies greatly rely on computers and software to provide accurate information to effectively manage their business processes. It is becoming increa...Technology plays a key role in today＇s business environment. Many companies greatly rely on computers and software to provide accurate information to effectively manage their business processes. It is becoming increasingly necessary for all businesses to incorporate information technology solutions to operate successfully. One way for many corporations to adopt information technology （IT） on a large scale is by installing enterprise resource planning （ERP） systems to accomplish their business transactions and data-processing needs. ERP systems are software packages that enable the integration of business processes throughout an organization. This study aims to determine the effect of the ERP system on the cost of auditing period compared with traditional computerized （non-ERP） systems. According to cost analysis, the study also points out the changes in audit price. The methodology used in this research is survey-based data collection. The questionnaires are sent to auditors who are working with companies with ERP systems. The answers are processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS） 20. The data are performed using the statistical test to determine the effect of ERP usage on the cost of auditing process and pricing policy of auditors. The findings of this study are： （1） Companies with ERP systems are reducing their auditing costs; and （2） Auditing companies are not implying a low rate of price to their customers using ERP.展开更多
Do risingfactor prices promote technical efficiency （TE） in China＇s manufacturing sectors？ This topic has not yet been thoroughly studied in any literature. Using panel data from 1993 to 2007 of Chinese provinces...Do risingfactor prices promote technical efficiency （TE） in China＇s manufacturing sectors？ This topic has not yet been thoroughly studied in any literature. Using panel data from 1993 to 2007 of Chinese provinces＇ manufacturing industries, this paper calculated the TE by data envelopment analysis （DEA）. The result shows that China＇s manufacturing TE remained stagnate in the mid- and late-1990s and increased after 2000. Using a Pooled Regression Model, Fixed-effects Regression Model and Panel Corrected Standard Error （PCSE） to obtain robust parameters and the standard error, we find that rising factor prices have an obvious positive effect on the TE of the manufacturing industry and that this effect reaches its peak three to five years later. Therefore, the assumption of a ＂cost-Push TE＂ in China＇s manufacturing sectors can now be statistically proven. It has verified the significance of reforming China＇s faetor price system. Governments should value resource-allocating ej^iciency, implement policies that promote industrial transition and upgrading and transform the economic development pattern through technical innovation.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71531004)
文摘In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-sharing contract(RC). The results of implementing the three contracts are discussed and compared. The results reveal that as long as the government levies carbon taxations, all the three contracts can effectively stimulate the manufacturer to invest in carbon emission reduction. Among the three contracts, RC can achieve the highest level of carbon emission reduction of products and the maximum profits for both the manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain. However, the RC fails to reach the level of the centralized supply chain(CSC), thus it cannot coordinate the supply chain. The supply chain members’ contract choices are consistent. Both members prefer RC to the other two contracts. In order to effectively reduce the manufacturer’s carbon emission levels, the government should impose the highest carbon taxation level under RC, the medium carbon taxation level under CC, the lowest carbon taxation level under WC, and the same carbon taxation level as RC under the CSC.
基金This paper was made possible by grants from the National Social Science Foundation, the Ministry of Education, the 985 Project, and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Nanjing University.
文摘With diminishing population divident, rising labor costs＇ will become a medium- to long-term trend and this change will significantly affect price formation and the direction of development in China. This paper uses a New Keynesian Phillips Curve （NKPC） model to conduct empirical analysis on all possible drivers of inflation in China. The authors conclude that while monetary expansion and expectation on inflation both have significant, driving impacts on China＇s inflation, rising labor costs have also become an important driver of China＇s rising prices. They argue that the solution to China＇s inflation problem lies not in currency policy and currency controls alone; it must be complemented by other policies that address the root causes of inflation.
文摘Types of industry are manifold, patterns used in the determination of the cost of production can also vary. Elements of the cost of production are raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead. Value of raw materials used in aquaculture industry in particular needs to calculate the cost of feed consumed by fish, thus greatly affect the price of fish feed cost of production. The calculation of the value of raw materials in fish production cost element to consider is the calculation of the value of raw material components, namely, （1） biomass of harvestable fish as the basic multiplication cost of production per kilogram or per fish harvested fish; （2） the ratio of fish feed intake by the amount of fish produced or often called the Feed Conversion Ratio （FCR）; and （3） the average purchase price of feed on fish harvest period is used as the basis for calculating the cost of production as well. This research is applied research that uses data archive aquaculture companies. The results in the observed period, the value FCR is 0.80, which means to fish have been consumed as much as 0.80 kg of fish feed. Biomass of fish that are harvested at 47,399.95 kg or 1,869,647 individuals. The average purchase price of fish feed on the observation period amounted to IDR 4,855.79. So the price of raw materials contained in harvested fish in the observation period calculates the value of multiplying all the components of raw materials （i.e., IDR 184,131,362.57）. Method of calculating the cost of production companies is process method and charging method used is the full costing method.
文摘Technology plays a key role in today＇s business environment. Many companies greatly rely on computers and software to provide accurate information to effectively manage their business processes. It is becoming increasingly necessary for all businesses to incorporate information technology solutions to operate successfully. One way for many corporations to adopt information technology （IT） on a large scale is by installing enterprise resource planning （ERP） systems to accomplish their business transactions and data-processing needs. ERP systems are software packages that enable the integration of business processes throughout an organization. This study aims to determine the effect of the ERP system on the cost of auditing period compared with traditional computerized （non-ERP） systems. According to cost analysis, the study also points out the changes in audit price. The methodology used in this research is survey-based data collection. The questionnaires are sent to auditors who are working with companies with ERP systems. The answers are processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS） 20. The data are performed using the statistical test to determine the effect of ERP usage on the cost of auditing process and pricing policy of auditors. The findings of this study are： （1） Companies with ERP systems are reducing their auditing costs; and （2） Auditing companies are not implying a low rate of price to their customers using ERP.
文摘Do risingfactor prices promote technical efficiency （TE） in China＇s manufacturing sectors？ This topic has not yet been thoroughly studied in any literature. Using panel data from 1993 to 2007 of Chinese provinces＇ manufacturing industries, this paper calculated the TE by data envelopment analysis （DEA）. The result shows that China＇s manufacturing TE remained stagnate in the mid- and late-1990s and increased after 2000. Using a Pooled Regression Model, Fixed-effects Regression Model and Panel Corrected Standard Error （PCSE） to obtain robust parameters and the standard error, we find that rising factor prices have an obvious positive effect on the TE of the manufacturing industry and that this effect reaches its peak three to five years later. Therefore, the assumption of a ＂cost-Push TE＂ in China＇s manufacturing sectors can now be statistically proven. It has verified the significance of reforming China＇s faetor price system. Governments should value resource-allocating ej^iciency, implement policies that promote industrial transition and upgrading and transform the economic development pattern through technical innovation.
