学生向师性的缺失与重建

学生向师性的实质是依赖性、趋爱性和仿效性;学生向师性缺失的主要原因是教师自身素质相对滞后,重建学生的向师性应从提高教师综合素质、做好功能角色转换等方面进行。

A METHOD OF SHAPE ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL

A method of shape encoding and retrieval is proposed in this letter, which uses centripetal code to encode shape and extracts shape's convex for retrieval. For the rotation invariance and translation invariance of the centripetal code and the normalization of convex,the proposed retrieval method is similarity transform resistant, Experimental results confirm this capability.

Multi-motor Drive System Based on Adjacent Coupling Error Strategy

A new control strategy named adjacent coupling error strategy is proposed to multi-motor drive system. The adjacent coupling error control scheme is developed considering the tracking speed error in one motor and the synchronous error among adjacent motors simultaneously. In the strategy, due to non-linear effects of the two mentioned errors to the motion control of motor i, an adaptive fuzzy logic controller is designed to decide the control variable of the motor drive system. The multi-motor drive system is modeled and simulated by SIMULINK. The simulated researches show that the proposed strategy improves the synchronization, stabilization, and convergence of the multi-motor system.

Overview of Concentrated Solar Power

CSP （concentrated solar power） has been viewed as the technology that if properly developed could lead to a large scale conversion of solar energy into electricity. CSP is a type of solar energy converter that is classified as thermal converter because the output power produced is a function of the operating temperature. The main components of a CSP plant are the solar field which is made up of the heliostat arrays, the receiver tower, the heat transfer fluid, the molten salt thermal energy storage tanks and the power conversion unit, which is made up of the turbine and the generator. The main advantage of CSP is that of a cheap thermal storage （i.e., molten salt storage） which makes it possible to dispatch power at a cost comparable to the grid electricity. Simulations run with the SAM （systems advisory model） developed by NREL （National Renewable Energy Laboratory） showed that CSP is capable of delivering electricity at the cost of 17UScents per kWh for the 30-year life of the plant. The main disadvantage of CSP however, is that of low efficiency （8%-16%）. There are ongoing research works to improve the efficiency of the CSP. One way to improve the efficiency is to increase the operating temperature of the system. In this paper, the authors discussed different modules of the CSP plant and suggested ways to improve on the conversion efficiencies of individual modules. Finally, an overall systems performance simulation is carried using SAM and the simulation results show that electricity can be produced using CSP at the cost of RI.05 per kWh.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison between Glucophage~? and a generic metformin in a rat model

In the present study, we aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between Glucophage~? and a generic metformin formulation in a diabetic rat model in order to assess the bioequivalence of the generic formulation. Adult male Zucker diabetes fatty rats received Glucophage~? or the generic metformin through gastric gavage at a dose of 180 mg/kg(n = 6 per condition). Both pharmacokinetic parameters(AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Cmax) of metformin and plasma glucose levels were compared between the two groups. For pharmacodynamics, rats received Glucophage~? or the generic metformin at doses of 180 and 300 mg·kg–1·d–1 for 6 weeks. The measurements included body weight, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated serum protein(GSP) and serum insulin. Data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and Prism 7. The level of statistical significance was set at P<0.05. In single dosing experiments, pharmacokinetic parameters(t1/2, AUC0–t and Cmax) did not differ between Glucophage~? and the generic metformin(P>0.05). However, plasma glucose was significantly higher in the generic metformin group at 2 h(P = 0.03) and 4 h(P = 0.04) after drug treatment. In repeated dosing experiments, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and body weight in rats receiving high-dose Glucophage~? were significantly lower at the end of the 6-week treatment period than those in rats receiving high-dose generic metformin(P<0.05 for all). GSP and serum insulin did not differ significantly between the two groups. In rats receiving low-dose metformin, fasting glucose was lower in the Glucophage~? group. HOMA-IR and body weight did not differ between the two groups. Moreover, blood lipids did not differ significantly between the two groups. The generic metformin used in the current study did not differ significantly in pharmacokinetic characteristics with Glucophage~?. However, Glucophage~? was superior in terms of glucose control, body weight loss and insulin sensitivity in repeated administration.

Brief introduction for application of the USA national drug code

The reference listed drug (RLD) adopted in the USA orange book is the important source of the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products. Therefore, its availability has the vital significanee for pharmaceutical enterprise to carry out the re-evaluation of gen eric medici nal products and study of generic medicinal products. The nati onal drug code (NDC) is the unique, 3-segment number for each drug product in USA, and it serves as a universal product identifier for drugs. While the NDC directory adopts the infbrmation of drug products in the current commercial distribution, including all of the prescription drug and over the counter (OTC) drug products. The composition and configuration of the NDC number are systemically elaborated in this paper, as well as the data source, development history and supporting measures of the NDC directory. At the same time, by taking drugs, which are adopted in the Chinese comparator product directory of generic medicinal product (first batch) and sourced from USA orange book, as example, it introduces the application of the NDC directory in the availability aspect of the Chinese comparator products to facilitate the Chinese or foreign pharmaceutical manufacturers to search, identify and purchase the suitable RLD sourced from USA orange book. Moreover, it can provide referenee for Chinese drug regulatory to prepare the Chinese comparator product directories of generic medicinal products.

The introduction of therapeutic equivalence evaluation codes and its influence on the selection of the reference listed drugs in China

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations(commonly known as the Orange Book)includes the products approved by Food and Drug Administration(FDA)to be marketed in the USA,and it is an essential source for the selection of suitable reference listed drugs(RLD)for a chemical generic medicinal product.The Orange Book assigns a therapeutic equivalence(TE)evaluation code for approved multisource prescription drug products to serve as public information in the area of medicinal product selection.In the present study,we introduced the TE coding system and its influence on the selection of the RLD in China by taking the Topiramate Extended-release Capsules as an example.As a result,it was suggested to determine its TE evaluation code in the Orange Book previously when we choose an RLD and select suitable RLD the first letter of whose TE evaluation code is A to carry out the research and development of a generic medicinal product,which can improve the probability of success of clinical bioequivalence(BE)test and reduce the risk of generic medicinal product development.

Brief introduction for application of USA authorized generic drugs

The authorized generic drugs(AGs)are drug products marketed in the USA with the permission of sponsor or holder of the approved brand name drug(usually refers to an innovator drug).Other than the fact that it does not have the brand name on its label,it is the exact same drug product as the brand name product.In China,for those published comparator products of generic drug products,the market availability is the first question to affect the smooth development and investigation for the process of the re-evaluation of the generic drugs.In the present paper,we systemically elaborated the definition,classification and relevant background of the AGs,as well as their differences to the generic drugs.At the same time,by taking drug products,which are adopted in the Chinese comparator product directories for generic medicinal products(first batch)and sourced from USA orange book,as examples,we introduced the searching process of the AGs with the integration of FDA listing of AGs,the USA orange book and the USA national drug code directory.It can facilitate the domestic and foreign pharmaceutical enterprises to search,identify and purchase the corresponding AGs of the designated comparator product when question emerges to its market availability.

Brief introduction for search and determination of the comparator product for generic medicinal product application in the EU

It is vital segment to choose the right comparator product during the development and study of generic medicinal product, and this is also definitely specified in the relevant documents from the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA)that the comparator product should be innovator product or internationally recognized same medicinal product,which is used in the re-evaluation of generic medicinal product or marketed authorization application of the generic medicinal product.To facilitate the domestic and foreign pharmaceutical enterprises to choose and determine comparator product,four medicinal product evaluation procedures,as well as the corresponding marketed medicinal product list,are detailed elaborated in this paper.At the same time, by taking the Mifepristone Tablet (200mg)as example,the search and determination process of the comparator product for generic medicinal product application in the EU is illustrated with the combination of different marketed medicinal product lists.