贸易便利化、出口国内增加值与企业出口行为选择——基于地级市工业企业数据的分析

贸易便利化对企业出口国内增加值和企业出口行为选择具有多重影响。研究发现:贸易便利化通过中间品进口和企业研发显著促进企业出口国内增加值,而且贸易便利化主要通过扩大中间品进口的集约边际和扩展边际而实现中间品进口渠道对企业出口国内增加值的影响作用。考虑企业异质性,贸易便利化对生产率高的企业出口国内增加值的提升作用更大;考虑企业贸易方式,贸易便利化对一般贸易企业出口国内增加值的促进作用较加工贸易企业更强;考虑产品异质性,贸易便利化更能促进企业核心产品出口国内增加值。贸易便利化对企业出口行为选择具有重要影响,贸易便利化显著促进企业出口决策,提升产业集聚程度较强地区企业的出口国内增加值,同时贸易便利化显著促进企业出口产品质量、扩大企业出口规模和拓展产品种类,以及增强企业出口的市场扩张效应。

出口退税、贸易方式与企业出口行为

根据异质性企业贸易模型,若出口退税率降低,出口市场中一般贸易和进料加工贸易的企业数量和出口数量均会较少,而且一般贸易减少得更多。将2004年1月1日我国下调部分机电产品出口退税率这一事件作为外生政策冲击,使用倍差法进行实证检验,分析表明:降低出口退税率显著地减少了产品的出口数量,这种抑制作用对一般贸易影响更大,而对进料加工贸易和来料加工贸易的影响较小;出口退税对出口的调控作用主要通过对一般贸易集约边际的影响来实现;降低出口退税率对私营企业、贸易中间商以及低效率企业一般贸易的影响更加明显;降低出口退税率将使一般贸易企业的出口产品价格上升、出口金额下降。应有步骤、合理地确定出口退税的产品范围和退税率,对不同贸易方式的企业采取不同的退税政策,并实施更加中性的出口退税政策。

RMB Appreciation, Corporate Behavior and Export Trade：

This paper sets up a simplified dynamic discrete selection model to analyze two-stage decision of corporate export behavior and influence of exchange rate under the framework of profit maximization. Then we adopt Heckman selection model to estimate general effects and structural effects of RMB appreciation on export based on the sample data of China Industrial Enterprises from 2005 to 2009. Findings reveal that RMB appreciation has exerted a significant negative impact to corporate export through extensive margins and intensive margins. Meanwhile, due to different corporate strategies of heterogeneous enterprises, RMB appreciation cannot achieve the expected effect of ＂survival of the fittest＂ and is instead unfavorable to the optimization of export structure. RMB appreciatiou drives industry structure of export to evolve towards advanced levels to a certain extent. However, such a positive effect mainly derives from the contribution of foreign-funded enterprises while restricting development space of indigenous firms in the sector of advanced manufacturing.