关于“企业家学”的断想

于光远先生首倡建立“企业家学”。我颇有同感。由于这一门学科的建立,对社会主义市场经济的发展确实具有极其重要的理论意义和实践意义,因而笔者不揣冒昧,把多年来对这一问题的思考公诸于众,以求正于光远先生和诸位专家。

Origin of beaded tafoni in cliffs of Danxia landscapes,Longhushan Global Geopark, South China

The tafoni that develop in sandstone cliffs have attracted the interest of both scientists and the general public. A necklace-like tafone system, referred to here as beaded tafoni, has developed in the prominent cliffs of the Danxia landscapes within the Longhushan Global Geopark in the subtropical zone of South China. This paper presents a new model of the formation of this system of extraordinary beaded tafoni. The cliffs of the Danxia landscapes of the study area are composed of an alluvial conglomerate(i.e.,red beds). These Danxia landscapes have subrounded summits that are covered by vegetation and experience a nearly vertical water flow induced by gravity. Erosion and collapse of the outsized gravels and concentrated pebbles in the red beds give rise to the initial development of the beaded tafoni. The tafoni then become rounded and beaded as a result of reworking and decay by fluvial outwash. During storms, intense water flows run vertically down the cliffs and generate a whirling motion in the tafoni.Consequently, the inside walls of the tafoni gradually become wider and smoother. During the late development stage, the beaded tafoni tend to become indistinct or disappear because of the interconnection of the tafoni and subsequent merging with the bedding-controlled cavities.

Empirical study on factors motivating business students to move to the entrepreneurial sector

This exploratory study is attempting to examine how employable individuals turn their focus to start-ups. Today, majority of employees still practice a more or less self-protective strategy. In this paper the authors have reported the results of an empirical study of factors motivating degreed potential employees to move to self-enterprising. The deciding factors to become an entrepreneur and of sustainable employment-oriented factors are analyzed in order to discover how they differ. Participants consisted of 200 students from Malaysia entered final year of business undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data on factors and types of relationships influencing career choice and entrepreneurial intention. The results will serve as a basis for improvement of employment practices and promising entrepreneurial curriculum in universities to support start-ups in creating sustainable businesses.

Hidden Crises and Communication： An Interactional Analysis of Hidden Crises

In this paper I describe the ways in which the communication discipline can make a hidden crisis transparent. For this purpose I examine the concept of crisis entrepreneurship from a communication point of view. Using discourse analysis, I analyse the discursive practices of crisis entrepreneurs in the domain of education in the Netherlands. This paper is part of my Ph.D. project in which I examine the dilemmas encountered by crisis entrepreneurs and the interactional solutions they choose in addressing a crisis. In my Ph.D. project I have analysed how crisis entrepreneurs use discursive practices： （1） to show thefactuality of the problem. For example, the way the problem is presented is too theoretical and is not a problem in reality; （2） to present the credibility of the messenger as an authentic, legitimate spokesman. Crisis entrepreneurs may be accused of wanting to attract attention to their own cause; （3） to create the accountability for the problem and the solution. For example, crisis entrepreneurs can be accused of nursing personal grievances or of drawing attention to the issue without actively attempting to solve it. The conclusion is that a communication professional is able to recognize a problem raised by crisis entrepreneurs. Knowledge of interactional dilemmas helps communication professionals understand the potential of crisis entrepreneurs. A communication professional can therefore contribute to the recognition of crises by acknowledging that a crisis entrepreneur is someone who can have a strong hand in the public agenda, i.e., public affairs that are important to the authorities.

Entrepreneurship Education in Malaysia： Nurturing Entrepreneurial Interest Amongst Students

In its effort towards becoming a developed nation in the next decade, Malaysia has incorporated its education system with National Higher Education Action Plan initiatives to produce a next generation of populace who are no more dependent on the government for various aids. For the past decade, creation of entrepreneurs through a formal education has become the mainstay of the local Higher Education Institutions （HEI）. Pursuing of an entrepreneurship education by means of a degree programme has emerged as one of the popular choice among undergraduates as an option for rewarding and full time career. Because of this. there has been an increased demand for entrepreneurship education and training in Malaysia to nurture entrepreneurial characteristics. The national agenda is to encourage the younger generations to be nurtured into becoming job-creators rather than job-seekers once they leave the educational system. Given this trend, HEIs need to undertake some policy changes, including faculty or school overall legislation and the development of alternative specialized programs, to be more accommodating to future entrepreneurs. This paper provides an insight into entrepreneurship education, as one of the programs that can generate interest among undergraduates to enhance entrepreneurial characteristics in order to create good entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial Mind-Set Among Female University Students： A Study of University of Jos Students, Nigeria

In today＇s world, entrepreneurship is seen as the vital source for economic growth, and education in the creation and development of entrepreneurial attitudes. It is, therefore, natural to consider female students as the primary resource of future entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship as a career option is becoming increasingly desirable. Responding to this need, many colleges and universities around the world have significantly increased their offerings of entrepreneurship courses over the past 25 years. Entrepreneurship courses are not only offered by Business Institutes, but other faculties like Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Engineering, and Information Technology are also offering these courses in their syllabus. The problem under focus was to examine entrepreneurial mindset among female university students, a study of University of Jos. The study also ascertained the rate at which variables like： perception of entrepreneurship, role model and university＇s role to promote entrepreneurship are translated into entrepreneurial mindset of female students of University of Jos. A sample size of about 400 was adopted from the three Faculties of Management Science, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences which were selected at random. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using simple percentage and presented in tables and charts, the hypothesis which states that there is no significant relationship between the teaching of entrepreneurship and university female students＇ entrepreneurial mindset which was tested using z-test analyses of population proportion earlier conducted. This implies a weak relationship between the teaching of entrepreneurship and university female students＇ entrepreneurial mindset. Based on the above inference, the research recommended that, as providers of entrepreneurship trainings, universities must create entrepreneurship supportive environment that could encourage entrepreneurial activity which would in turn help develop an enterprise culture among the female students.

Corporate governance mechanisms and performance： Analysis of Malaysian family and non-family controlled companies

Most study concentrating on family and non-family companies is conducted overseas with little research carried out in Malaysia. This study examined the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on family and non-family controlled companies＇ performance. The sample size of this study is 730 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia from 2003 to 2007. The findings reveal that corporate governance mechanisms influence the family and non-family controlled companies＇ performance. But not all corporate governance mechanisms are significant. The significant variables differ between family and non-family controlled companies. Thus, regulators need to be vigilant that family and non-family controlled companies practise differently and to set different code needed for each type of families.

Female Entrepreneurship in Switzerland： Specificities and Differences

Women entrepreneurs are increasingly representing an underexploited potential of the Swiss economy. Although entrepreneurship represents a rapidly expanding phenomenon, women meet specific difficulties that explain this lack of exploitation by the economy, The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor （GEM）, a not-for-profit academic research consortium, published its annual report which mentioned in particular a difference between female and male entrepreneurship. According to these results, it can be noticed that the typical profile of the female entrepreneur differs from that of her male counterpart. In Switzerland, those differences can be situated at three levels： （I） In the first place, a natural difference of the female entrepreneurship at the level of activities （service activities, low-added value, and low potential of job creation）; （2） Secondly, a difference in motivation/commitment （part-time work, start-up funds available, skills, received opportunities, and fear of failure）; and （3） Thirdly, a difference at the level of insertion （revealing the importance of networking, access to financing and structures of encouragement）. The present communication points up a typical profile of the woman entrepreneur in Switzerland. The authors also intend to identify the kind of obstacles female entrepreneur is likely to meet as well as the existing initiatives to exceed stereotypes by taking into account her specificities. There are several supports and measures intended to help women entrepreneurship concerning the following aspects： better time management; adapted following and training structures; access to easier financing; and better visibility and networking.

Belgian Emrepreneurs＇ Motivations： Proposition of a Typology

The aim of this paper is to perform a typology of Belgian entrepreneurs based on their motivations and to determine whether they are ＂motivated＂ or ＂forced＂ to create their firms. The authors used the methodology of the principal component analysis followed by an algorithm of classification to categorize groups of entrepreneurs. These groups were characterized by qualitative and quantitative variables. If the quantitative data were extracted from the firms＇ financial report and financial statements, the qualitative data were collected by means of a survey of Belgian entrepreneurs. The empirical study, made from a sample of 94 firms （representative of 10,728 firms）, confirms that the main motivations of Belgian entrepreneurs are positive （the need for autonomy, achievement, power, etc.） and are the same as in the literature. The study identifies five groups of entrepreneurs from the most highly-motivated one （46.81% of the entrepreneurs） to the ones （3.19%） who are forced into the entrepreneurship.

Does School Enterprise Cooperation Promote Students＇ Occupation Career Planning： On the Inspirational Experience of School-enterprise Cooperation from Developed Countries

This paper systematically introduces the advantages of several developed countries, i.e., in Britain, Germany, the USA and other developed countries. The author mainly discusses some advanced school enterprise cooperation models and in combination with China＇s national conditions, the author examines what we should do and in what ways we should learn from them and improve, in order to facilitate the cooperation education in line with the development of China, thus contributing to the students＇ occupation career planning in vocational colleges. Therefore, this article has certain reference values.