Objective： To determine the nature and extent of Iranian casualties by ballistic missile attacks during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war. Methods： The data collected about Iraqi missile strikes on Iranian citie...Objective： To determine the nature and extent of Iranian casualties by ballistic missile attacks during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war. Methods： The data collected about Iraqi missile strikes on Iranian cities included the following： date and time, number and type of missiles, cities targeted, and injuries and deaths resulting from impacts of missiles in civilian areas. The data were extracted from a database that was constructed by the army staff headquarters based on daily reports of Iranian army units during the war. Results： Over a period of eight years （1980-1988）, Iraqi army fired 533 ballistic missiles at Iranian territories. From those, 414 missiles （77.7%） landed on Iranian cities. The impacts of these missiles caused the deaths of 2 312 civilians and injured 11 625 others. Three types of ballistic missiles were used： FROG-7, Scud, and Al-Hussein （a modified version of the Scud missile）. Twenty-seven cities in Iran were struck by Iraqi ballistic missiles. The highest mortalities from ballistic missiles were in Dezful and Tehran. Iraqi missile attacks continued for 90 months （2 748 days）. Conclusion： Our results point to the necessity of investigating the psychological consequences of Iraqi ballistic missile attacks among survivors in 27 Iranian cities during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war.展开更多
Purpose： Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-lraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experie...Purpose： Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-lraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-lraq War. Methods： Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses＇ experiences in triage. Results： Four themes were extracted from the data, which were the development of triage, challenging environment to perform triage, development of mobile triage teams, and challenges of triage chemical victims for nurses. Conclusion： Triage is an important skill for nurses to manage critical situations such as disasters and wars. Nurses have to be competent in performing triage. Involvement in critical situations helps the nurses learn and gain more experience on how to manage unexpected events.展开更多
Objective： Sulfur mustard （SM） causes various systemic disturbances in human beings. This study aimed to assess paraclinical changes caused by exposure to SM gas in Iranian veterans during the war between lraq and ...Objective： Sulfur mustard （SM） causes various systemic disturbances in human beings. This study aimed to assess paraclinical changes caused by exposure to SM gas in Iranian veterans during the war between lraq and lran. Methods： A literature review was carried out in international and national medical databases including ISI, Medline, Scopus, lranmedex and lrandoc. Both Earsi and English literature were searched. Results： Search of the literature yielded 422 medical articles related to SM poisoning. Among them, 30 relevant articles were thoroughly reviewed. The most important reported complications were leuko- penia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, thromboc^topenia, increased bleeding time, positive C- reactive protein （CRP）, rheumatoid factor （RF）, antinuclear antibody （ANA）, decreased T helper cells, natural killer cells, IL6, and IL8 levels, elevation of serum immunoglobulins, decreased levels ofT3, T4 and cortisol, increased level of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH）, proteinuria, hematuria, and elevated liver enzymes. Also, there were some changes in chest assessments, Conclusions： SM causes profound systemic complications in victims, even years after exposure. The paraclinical changes can be observed in hematology, immune system, biochemistry, hormonal profile and some imaging studies.展开更多
文摘Objective： To determine the nature and extent of Iranian casualties by ballistic missile attacks during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war. Methods： The data collected about Iraqi missile strikes on Iranian cities included the following： date and time, number and type of missiles, cities targeted, and injuries and deaths resulting from impacts of missiles in civilian areas. The data were extracted from a database that was constructed by the army staff headquarters based on daily reports of Iranian army units during the war. Results： Over a period of eight years （1980-1988）, Iraqi army fired 533 ballistic missiles at Iranian territories. From those, 414 missiles （77.7%） landed on Iranian cities. The impacts of these missiles caused the deaths of 2 312 civilians and injured 11 625 others. Three types of ballistic missiles were used： FROG-7, Scud, and Al-Hussein （a modified version of the Scud missile）. Twenty-seven cities in Iran were struck by Iraqi ballistic missiles. The highest mortalities from ballistic missiles were in Dezful and Tehran. Iraqi missile attacks continued for 90 months （2 748 days）. Conclusion： Our results point to the necessity of investigating the psychological consequences of Iraqi ballistic missile attacks among survivors in 27 Iranian cities during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war.
文摘Purpose： Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-lraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-lraq War. Methods： Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses＇ experiences in triage. Results： Four themes were extracted from the data, which were the development of triage, challenging environment to perform triage, development of mobile triage teams, and challenges of triage chemical victims for nurses. Conclusion： Triage is an important skill for nurses to manage critical situations such as disasters and wars. Nurses have to be competent in performing triage. Involvement in critical situations helps the nurses learn and gain more experience on how to manage unexpected events.
文摘Objective： Sulfur mustard （SM） causes various systemic disturbances in human beings. This study aimed to assess paraclinical changes caused by exposure to SM gas in Iranian veterans during the war between lraq and lran. Methods： A literature review was carried out in international and national medical databases including ISI, Medline, Scopus, lranmedex and lrandoc. Both Earsi and English literature were searched. Results： Search of the literature yielded 422 medical articles related to SM poisoning. Among them, 30 relevant articles were thoroughly reviewed. The most important reported complications were leuko- penia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, thromboc^topenia, increased bleeding time, positive C- reactive protein （CRP）, rheumatoid factor （RF）, antinuclear antibody （ANA）, decreased T helper cells, natural killer cells, IL6, and IL8 levels, elevation of serum immunoglobulins, decreased levels ofT3, T4 and cortisol, increased level of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH）, proteinuria, hematuria, and elevated liver enzymes. Also, there were some changes in chest assessments, Conclusions： SM causes profound systemic complications in victims, even years after exposure. The paraclinical changes can be observed in hematology, immune system, biochemistry, hormonal profile and some imaging studies.
