Uyghur Turkic Women and Cultural Expectations： Moslem Society in Change

Profound cultural changes are transforming the Moslem world of Central Asia, partly as a response to dramatic events in the Middle East and partly to the great economic development in the region. These changes in the Moslem world especially affect the lives of women, since the cultural norms involving the protection of women are an important facet of Moslem life. The goal of this investigation is to show the importance of the ethnographic contribution to anthropological and sociological theory in investigating the new aspects of life in Central Asia. The first concept is the cultural identity of the Uyghur population of China. The second concept is that of Uyghur women, namely, the varied range of women from their role in a conservative, and patriarchal family structure to that of independent actors in a contemporary urban society. We understand that young Uyghur women face a more different set of choices than those of women in other Moslem cultures or in the rest of China. If they identify with their culture as Uyghur and Moslem, their culture restricts their opportunities as Chinese citizens. As students at Minorities University of China （MUC） in 13eijing, the relative freedom of Beijing influences them a great deal. Education and employment are the vehicles for integration into the larger Chinese group. Institutions, such as schools of ethnic studies, and the college competitive exam （the gaokao）, provide opportunities as well as obstacles for Uyghur women as part of the dynamic change in the Moslem world.

Identity and Belonging： Insider/Outsider in Ed Husain＇s The Islamist

Since the events of 9/11 and the so-called ＂war on terror＂, ＂Muslim＂ has been used synonymously with ＂terrorist＂ dividing particularly those Muslims living in the West into either ＂good＂ Muslims or ＂bad＂ Muslims. Ed Husain in his memoir The Islamist uses this dichotomy as well as that of the ＂witness＂ in presenting himself as a credible analyst in answering why some young Muslims become attracted to fundamentalist Islamist groups hostile to the West. Ed Husain is a second generation of British Asian Muslim who rejected the Sufi political quietism of his parents for the revolutionary ideologies of Islamic ＂ideologues＂ such as Abul A＇la Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, and particularly Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, joining Hizb-ut-Tahrir as an active member. Ed Husain＇s story is one of a fractured past, manhood, the search for an authentic Islam, and becoming British.

Mechanism for Coping With Moments of Grief in Islam

This paper offers pragmatic religious approach to handling moments of grief. It examines the mechanism for coping with distress in Islam. Though inferences were drawn from the Muslim Scripture （i.e. the Glorious Qur＇an） and the experiences of the prophets of God, the paper posits that every human being in today＇s world experiences moments of grief that are similar to those experienced by those prophets and as such, strategies adopted by them could still be found useful in the contemporary times. The paper has six parts. The introduction forms part one and this is followed by an examination of the causes of distress. In part three, the different signs and manifestations of distress in individuals are discussed while part four looks at the conventional or scientific ways of coping with moments of grief. The section that follows critically discusses the lslamic paradigm for coping with moments of grief. Thereafter the conclusions were drawn and some recommendations were offered.

Islam and Girls＇ Education： Obligatory or Forbidden

＂Acquisition of knowledge is binding on all Muslims＂ （al-Sunan 1：81 ~224）. This Hadith, sayings or actions of the prophet Muhammad （MPBUH）l, indicates that there is no preference based on sex in getting access to education in Islam; however, there is a growing misconception among the people of other religions that Islam constrains Muslim girls from getting education. This paper reviews literature and two authentic sources of Islamic scriptures, which are the Holy Qura＇an and the Ahadith to position the girls＇ education in purview of Islam. It further examines the possible reasons for conflicting interpretations of Islamic teachings. It concludes that Islam does not restrict girls from getting education. It recommends further systematic studies for exploring the reasons for the projection of distorted images of Islam.

The Relation between Theory and Practice in Muslim Sages＇ Thoughts in the Third and Fourth Hijra Centuries and Its Effects on Concept of Craft （Sana＇at） and Art in Islamic Civilization

Farabi defines ＂Ilm al-Hiyal＂ （mechanic） in Ihsa al-Ulum as ＂knowing a way by which, human can adjust all of the concepts that have been proved in mathematics with verification to exotic objects, and helps their states in exotic objects to be carried＂. He believes this will be recognized and be attained by craft （sana＇at, art）. This was the common view in Islamic wisdom and philosophy in third and fourth Hijra centuries （9 ＆ 10 CE）. Researchers believe that the unique emphasis on parallelism between theoretical science and practical work is an important feature of Baghdad school and affected Islamic visual culture. Baghdad school had been affected by translation. In this way, Ikhwan-al-Safa, whom wrote the first encyclopedia of science in Islamic culture, had a very efficient role. They devised geometry into intellectual and sensual ones in the second part of their book, al-Rasa-el, and considered intellectual geometry as one of the middle philosophy and recognition and understanding factor for meaning of sensual geometry evidences. They insisted on basic situation of intellectual geometry in guidance of whom, want to learn intellectual things from sensual ones. They knew intellectual geometry as the factor for requiring skill in scientific crafts （sana＇at）, and sensual geometry as the factor of practical crafts, and made a vast relation between them. They also defined end of intellectual geometry understanding the base of all sciences and the main factor of wise, essence of self （nafs）. Important feature of Ikhwan-al-Safa＇s wisdom is omitting the gap between theory and practice, making a vast relation between them, which affected the meaning of crafts in Islamic culture, and rendered a spiritual feature to crafts and arts. It seems this relation has created the concept of traditional arts, and integrating wisdom and crafts in Iranian-Islamic culture constructed all of the Fotowat-Nam e （book of Chivalry）. This article reviews the concept, which affiliates theory and practice in third and fourth centuries and has a deep effect on recognition of art and craft in Islamic culture.

Green Product Purchase Behaviour： Relevance for Muslims

Recent climate change phenomenon and other prevailing environmental problems have marked a need for human beings to rethinking their way of life, particularly in their relationship with the environment. In Islam, human beings are made responsible at his/her best efforts in preserving the environment including practising pro-environmental behaviour. Due to strong pressures by Western public movements since past decades, the emergence of green products in marketplace has provided an alternative and better way of consumption in reducing adverse environmental impacts. However, little attention has been paid on relating green product purchase behaviour with Islamic teachings. Therefore, the paper discusses the role of green products purchase behaviours in reducing adverse environmental impacts and its relationship with Islamic teachings as mentioned in AI-Quran and As-Sunnah. Besides, the importance of green product knowledge in determining green product purchase behaviour is also discussed. Implications from the study would provide some insights on links between green product purchase behaviours and Islamic teachings as well as improving understanding on the influence of knowledge on pro-environmental behaviours both in empirical manner and as being outlined in Islam.

日本对我国甘青地区特有民族的研究

本文主要综述了日本学术界对我国甘肃青海一带特有的东乡族、保安族、撒拉族、土族和裕固族的研究情况，全文分为作为突厥民族进行的历史研究、作为蒙古语系民族进行的语言研究、作为伊斯兰-穆斯林民族进行的文化研究、作为变迁中的民族进行的社会和文化研究等四个部分。