伊斯坦布尔水资源管理

20世纪90年代初,伊斯坦布尔市缺水严重。10 a来,该市已投资36亿美元来改善和扩大供水与污水处理系统,并修建了几座大型输水工程。为了保护水库水域,采取了一些环境保护措施。

Comparison of Efficiencies of Enterprises Engaged in Food Sector in Turkey by Data Envelopment Analysis Taking Account of Their Efficiencies and Rantability Rates

Enterprises are in competition with other enterprises operating in their fields. In today＇s world, enterprises need to increase their efficiency and productivity, the values of which, if below market conditions, they need to raise. Data Envelopment Analysis, widely utilized in efficiency and productivity measurements is a method that measures the efficiency of one unit relatively, taking more than one input determines the efficiency of units with similar inputs and outputs and output simultaneously. DEA interactively Thus, not only the efficient units are determined, but an opinion is offered as to how the inefficient units can be improved. In this study, 12 enterprises that were among the first 500 enterprises in Turkey in 2008, active in Istanbul Stock Exchange and operating in food sector through Data Envelopment Analysis. In the model, activity rates were used as input values, rantability rates were used as output values. In conclusion of simultaneous analysis of input and output values, efficient and inefficient enterprises were determined.

Redefining/Reconstructing the ＂In-between＂： An Urban Transformation Scenario for the Haydarpasa Harbour, Istanbul

Istanbul as a ＂third world＂ metropolis is a dynamic open system, where complex and multiple economical, social and physical conditions are overlapped. Still the city is a focus point of social （economical, cultural, and ethnical） and spatial dualisms and their genuine contradictions--polarizations particularly in the last 30 years. Istanbul＇s natural characteristics such as geographical conditions （slope topography and the physical relationship with the sea）, and also the artificial urban properties that include the historical architectural monuments, the industrial heritage, the contemporary urban transformation applications, the harbours and docklands as borderlines or in-between zones also identify this fragmented, hybrid, and divided urban structure. The Haydarpasa Harbour as an artificial urban borderline between the ruined and peak zones lJskudar and Kadikoy on the Asian side of the city is a kind of representative in-between area, an isolate city in city, which triggers the social and physical collage and ＂deconstructs＂ the development process of lstanbul＇s morphology. This paper aims to analyze these social and spatial aspects, which endure urban polarization in Istanbul. The underlying reasons of these contradictions and eventual outcome of the peak and the ruined zones in lstanbul and their border districts typologies will be analyzed. This paper will also make a compared evaluation of Haydarpasa Harbour （intersection point of two adjacent districts in Istanbul） and the completed urban design transformation projects/scenarios on the harbor area regarding the creation of a sustainable urban development for the city by enabling a new productive public space in-between [Jskudar （＂ruined＂ zone） and Kadikoy （＂peak＂ zone） in Istanbul.

Orhan Pamuk＇s Istanbul

The paper is based on the autobiographic-essayistic book Istanbul： Memories of a City written by Orhan Pamuk. lstanbul as a typical old capital shapes the lives of its citizens by its spirit, culture, and imperial past. On the other hand, it is a city that lives with specific sentiments--the sense of defeat and loss, melancholy and pain because of the lost power and glory. The author analyzes Pamuk＇s vision of his native city created on the basis of the real scenes and imaginary, the truly lived experiences and fiction. The paper is also concentrated on the deeds of the Turkish and European writers that had made a great contribution in Pamuk＇s synthesis of the East and the West, the past and the present and authentic permeation of cultures he has achieved writing about Istanbul.

The Two Faces of Urbanity： Exploring Global and Local Values---Two Urban Studios in Taksim Square and along the Shores of the Golden Horn in Istanbul

Since the 18th century, the irritating but also fascinating scenes of urbanity--a complex phenomenon with cultural, social, political, economic, temporal, spatial, functional, and formal dimensions--have been described in literary works. Many seemingly opposite facts, such as individuality/society, freedom/loneliness/socialization, anonymity/strangeness/identity/belonging, diversity/chaos/segregation, indifferent city-dweller/initiative citizenship, have been revealed through literary works, travel and utopian writing, urban theories, scientific studies, manifestos, and newspaper articles. On the one hand, there are those who advocate a life outside the city because they consider the problems produced by the city and the phenomenon of density which they perceive merely in quantitative terms, as unsolvable problems. On the other hand, there are those who see the production of loose urban fabric as a solution or those who accept the （seemingly） opposite facts of urbanity as positive values and therefore support city life. All of these ideas are still as actual today as they were in the past. We are often unable to use our citizen rights to the city, to encounter different classes （social/etlmic/religious）, to experience heterogeneity as an aspect inherent in city life and in the route of our daily life--following the orders of the capitalist system mainly organized around work--and we are often drawn into the same districts on the same paths. Our perception of our urban environments may get monotonous and shallow, but the irritating yet fascinating features of the first big cities still exist and may be grasped and brought into consciousness. Throughout their architectural education, especially in urban design studios, students can be encouraged to investigate the rhythm of their daily life, the conditions of their urban environments, and discovering the city as an intellectual and sensual programme, so that the phenomenon of urbanity can be grasped not just on formal, but on various other dimensions as well. This study focuses on the process and outcomes of two urban studios located in Taksim Square and along the shores of the Golden Horn in Istanhul. Taking the multidimensional content of urbanity into account, acquired theoretically through literary works and studies on urban planning and its history, the main aim of these studios has been the phenomenological understanding of the dynamic content of urbanity by the students. Through creative analysis of permanent/temporary spaces engendered by the diversity of user profiles and actions discovered on phenomenological excursions, students examine the qualitative values of density and global and local dynamics. We believe that designing spaces as ＂prototypes＂ helps highlight the multidimensional content of urbanity. The present study aims not only to highlight the multidimensional content of urbanity, but also to encourage its discussion in architectural design education and to emphasize the positive contribution of theoretical readings and phenomenological studies to urban design studios. The present study also aims to emphasize the beneficial correlation of global and local dynamics as the two faces of urbanity; important more than ever for the big cities of the 21 st century if we advocate for a vivid and resilient city life and citizens.

Corporate Governance Principles Introduced by the Capital Markets Board of Turkey and an Investigation About Internal Audit in Companies Listed on Borsa Istanbul

Today＇s global trends need to be clearly explained to enable the efficient functioning of capital markets for the purpose of the country＇s economic development. Promotion of a strong internal audit function plays a key role in assisting the board to discharge its governance responsibilities. The internal audit needs to exert its important function for refining corporate governance procedures, improving internal control, and strengthening risk management. The rules concerning internal auditing issued by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency, Capital Markets Board of Turkey, and other public societies have contributed to the development of internal auditing in Turkey. The Capital Markets Board of Turkey published “Communiqu6 Serial： IV, Noi 56 on Identification and Application of Corporate Governance Principles” （Official Gazette dated December 30, 2011, No. 28158）. In Part 4.2.4 of these principles, it was stated that “The board of directors supervise the efficiency of risk management and internal control systems at least once a year. Information about existence, operation, and efficiency of internal control and internal audit is given by annual report”. The objective of this study is to analyze the structure of internal audit function-related information on the annual reports of companies that are included in the Borsa Istanbul. Annual reports of 192 manufacturing companies listed on Borsa Istanbul were examined by content analysis method.

Investigation of Relationship with Health Problems and Environmental Problems in the Silivri District of Istanbul

The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between health and environmental problems in the district of Istanbul. This study is a cross-sectional questionnaire study that was conducted in the Silivri among the dates of 25th May-24th July, 2015. Questionnaires were conducted from 221 people living in Silivri with face to face interviews by researchers. Most of participants （82.4%） thought the presence of hazardous environmental factors deteriorated their health （n = 182）. Water pollution （48.4%, n = 107） and absence of free water （50.7%, n = 112） were the most common complaints of the participants. Analyzing distribution of factors which disrupt health and history of chronic disease to urban and rural areas revealed more complaints about those factors and diseases in the rural areas than urban areas. The most common chronic diseases diagnosed were hypertension （15.8%, n = 35）, chronic lung diseases （10.4%, n = 23）, diabetes and coronary artery disease. Silivri people reported a lot of environmental problems which impair the public health. People living in villages close to industrial zone and seas which have marine pollution have more history of diseases and report more factors that negatively influence the health than people living in urban area.

Urban Transformation and Nostalgia in Merdivenkoy, Istanbul

In this paper the author will try to discuss the experiences and narratives of three different categories of families living in Merdivenkoy, Fikirtepe, the oldest settlement and suburban area of the Anatolian side of Istanbul, on the backdrop of urban transformation that will change the area soon. In life story narratives, these three examples give us information about the history, economic linkage, and life styles of neighboring families. The first category basically consists of the families that live in the area for a very long time, over some decades or more. Even one of them mentioned that, their family is living there for hundreds of years. The second category, which represents the biggest group living in the area, consists of families migrated from Sivas, a central Anatolian city, in the 1950s. Third category consist of Kurds migrated from eastern Anatolian villages and cities such as Mardin. Each category has different kinds of nostalgia about the past. Interviewees from the first category talk about family narratives related to the small village Merdivenk6y, Fikirtepe and the area. Mostly, they have a story of a ＂well off＂ family, structured and detailed narratives about the family history, including relations with the Ottoman Palace such as doing some sort of production for it. They seem very sensitive about the local cultural characteristics and what＇s going on in the area; realistic about and reconciled with what will happen as a result of slum clearance. Interviewees from the second category mostly emphasize the hardship of settling in a muddy suburban area, where once ＂muddy lands＂ now turned out to become valuable urban properties on which new and modem neighborhoods, shopping malls and office buildings will be built. They are expecting to get maximum gain out of the exchange of their small property, since they are desperately in need, because of the financial crisis situation. Although their houses with small gardens near the small industrial area are small, old, and neglected for years, they expect the most. Relatively newcomers, Kurdish people in the area talk about the good old days on the one hand and the painful stories about migration and settling on the other hand. They do not think about going back to their native lands, since here it is easier for them to find jobs in the informal economy as they live very close to central parts of the city. As a part of a larger research study focused on the experience of urban transformation, we made more than 50 interviews, trying to make a general outlook of the area, working on the dynamics of change before and after the urban transformation that had been started in June 2010. By using oral history research techniques and social science methodology, we conducted in-depth interviews with the people living in the neighborhood, made observations in the neighborhood and took photographs. The author＇s work is about the reflections of nostalgia in their family histories and experiences of different categories of families living in the area referring life story narratives. As far as the author can see in each group he works on, there are different contradictions related to their position in the city and conception of the area. The urban transformation presented and is perceived as a fortune for all of them, but it will have contradictory outcomes in reality for each as indicated in other examples in the world.