Housing in the private sector in the metropolitan of Tehran in the past decades has been very much tied to the economical considerations, The current urban and building standards and regulations are believed to have v...Housing in the private sector in the metropolitan of Tehran in the past decades has been very much tied to the economical considerations, The current urban and building standards and regulations are believed to have very much contributed to the undermining the many social, environmental and visual potentials of the neighborhoods and to what we face today as congested apartment atmosphere where and the monotonous character of most of the neighborhoods as a result of the very same plans and regulations applied to their development namely the setbacks, land coverage ratios and floor to land area ratios with no regard to the very different characters many of these neighborhoods once had, either traditional and long-established or scenic and natural. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the current state and trend of urban housing in Tehran and search for practical measures to improve the environment and character of urban housing in the city.展开更多
Nowadays, public participation is one of the most important factors to improve the feasibility, legitimacy and quality of urban plans. In Iran, due to lack of comprehensive understanding about the participation notion...Nowadays, public participation is one of the most important factors to improve the feasibility, legitimacy and quality of urban plans. In Iran, due to lack of comprehensive understanding about the participation notion and its necessary socio-economic and political infrastructures, participatory decision-making has faced with some serious challenges in both processes of preparing and implementing. The present paper focuses on providing practical strategies for preparing collaborative urban plans in Iran＇s conditions. Also it seeks to answer this question： What is the role of planners to prepare a real collaborative plan？ It is assumed that a conceptual model for collaborative planning can be fitted with Iran＇s conditions by means of integrating the fundamental philosophic ideas of participatory planning such as theories of Paul Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas, given the fact that the present situation of collaborative planning in Iran needs a supportive theory which is compatible with power structures of Iranian urban planning system. In this regard, the Habermas＇ theory of “communicative action” and the Foucault＇s theory of “power structures” are reviewed by a comparative analysis methodology to present an integrated conceptual model for collaborative planning in Iran＇s condition. At the end, the CDS （City Development Strategy）---making process of Anzali City of Iran is analysed to examine this claim in the practice. The results yield that enabling urban planners to act as communication facilitators during planning can direct the collaborative planning in Iran from theory to a real practice by means of integrating the positive aspects of communication and power.展开更多
The phenomenon of disproportional expansion of urbanized areas into undeveloped area or ＂urban sprawl＂ has become a very a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl i...The phenomenon of disproportional expansion of urbanized areas into undeveloped area or ＂urban sprawl＂ has become a very a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl is the popular media as the source of numerous social, environmental, and economic ills. One of the most evident consequences of urban sprawl is destroying agricultural lands around cities. One of the extreme expanded cities in Iran is Tehran megalopolis and cities around it. Tehran is expanding in all dimensions especially toward western side where Karaj city is located. The area of study for this research is Tehran and Karaj cities where the event of urban sprawl is happening. Materials used for achieving goal are aerial photographs, satellite images, thematic map of degree of soil and GIS software. The result of analysis shows that Tehran area has expanded from 10000 in 1956 to 80835 hectares in 2006. Area of Karaj city increased from 125 to 26000 hectare in the same period and the population density of two cities together decreased from 116 to 43 people per hectare. Sixty five percent of areas of these two cities are consisted of good fertile agricultural lands with irrigation potential. Twenty four percent of this land （14900 hectares） is classified as rank or class 1, 38.1 percent （23725 hectares） has rank 2, and 37.9 percent （23605） has rank 3 in terms of fertile land. Based on soil class and potential of production of wheat, it is estimated that if urban sprawl and expansion of these cities decreased or the direction of expansion changed to unfertile lands （class 4, 5 and 6）, and the cultivation of land had continued, 270,000,000 kilos of wheat could be produced yearly. So, urban sprawl is seen as one of the potential challenge to urban sustainable development and cannot be urban sustainable form.展开更多
Objective： To determine the nature and extent of Iranian casualties by ballistic missile attacks during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war. Methods： The data collected about Iraqi missile strikes on Iranian citie...Objective： To determine the nature and extent of Iranian casualties by ballistic missile attacks during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war. Methods： The data collected about Iraqi missile strikes on Iranian cities included the following： date and time, number and type of missiles, cities targeted, and injuries and deaths resulting from impacts of missiles in civilian areas. The data were extracted from a database that was constructed by the army staff headquarters based on daily reports of Iranian army units during the war. Results： Over a period of eight years （1980-1988）, Iraqi army fired 533 ballistic missiles at Iranian territories. From those, 414 missiles （77.7%） landed on Iranian cities. The impacts of these missiles caused the deaths of 2 312 civilians and injured 11 625 others. Three types of ballistic missiles were used： FROG-7, Scud, and Al-Hussein （a modified version of the Scud missile）. Twenty-seven cities in Iran were struck by Iraqi ballistic missiles. The highest mortalities from ballistic missiles were in Dezful and Tehran. Iraqi missile attacks continued for 90 months （2 748 days）. Conclusion： Our results point to the necessity of investigating the psychological consequences of Iraqi ballistic missile attacks among survivors in 27 Iranian cities during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war.展开更多
文摘Housing in the private sector in the metropolitan of Tehran in the past decades has been very much tied to the economical considerations, The current urban and building standards and regulations are believed to have very much contributed to the undermining the many social, environmental and visual potentials of the neighborhoods and to what we face today as congested apartment atmosphere where and the monotonous character of most of the neighborhoods as a result of the very same plans and regulations applied to their development namely the setbacks, land coverage ratios and floor to land area ratios with no regard to the very different characters many of these neighborhoods once had, either traditional and long-established or scenic and natural. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the current state and trend of urban housing in Tehran and search for practical measures to improve the environment and character of urban housing in the city.
文摘Nowadays, public participation is one of the most important factors to improve the feasibility, legitimacy and quality of urban plans. In Iran, due to lack of comprehensive understanding about the participation notion and its necessary socio-economic and political infrastructures, participatory decision-making has faced with some serious challenges in both processes of preparing and implementing. The present paper focuses on providing practical strategies for preparing collaborative urban plans in Iran＇s conditions. Also it seeks to answer this question： What is the role of planners to prepare a real collaborative plan？ It is assumed that a conceptual model for collaborative planning can be fitted with Iran＇s conditions by means of integrating the fundamental philosophic ideas of participatory planning such as theories of Paul Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas, given the fact that the present situation of collaborative planning in Iran needs a supportive theory which is compatible with power structures of Iranian urban planning system. In this regard, the Habermas＇ theory of “communicative action” and the Foucault＇s theory of “power structures” are reviewed by a comparative analysis methodology to present an integrated conceptual model for collaborative planning in Iran＇s condition. At the end, the CDS （City Development Strategy）---making process of Anzali City of Iran is analysed to examine this claim in the practice. The results yield that enabling urban planners to act as communication facilitators during planning can direct the collaborative planning in Iran from theory to a real practice by means of integrating the positive aspects of communication and power.
文摘The phenomenon of disproportional expansion of urbanized areas into undeveloped area or ＂urban sprawl＂ has become a very a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl is the popular media as the source of numerous social, environmental, and economic ills. One of the most evident consequences of urban sprawl is destroying agricultural lands around cities. One of the extreme expanded cities in Iran is Tehran megalopolis and cities around it. Tehran is expanding in all dimensions especially toward western side where Karaj city is located. The area of study for this research is Tehran and Karaj cities where the event of urban sprawl is happening. Materials used for achieving goal are aerial photographs, satellite images, thematic map of degree of soil and GIS software. The result of analysis shows that Tehran area has expanded from 10000 in 1956 to 80835 hectares in 2006. Area of Karaj city increased from 125 to 26000 hectare in the same period and the population density of two cities together decreased from 116 to 43 people per hectare. Sixty five percent of areas of these two cities are consisted of good fertile agricultural lands with irrigation potential. Twenty four percent of this land （14900 hectares） is classified as rank or class 1, 38.1 percent （23725 hectares） has rank 2, and 37.9 percent （23605） has rank 3 in terms of fertile land. Based on soil class and potential of production of wheat, it is estimated that if urban sprawl and expansion of these cities decreased or the direction of expansion changed to unfertile lands （class 4, 5 and 6）, and the cultivation of land had continued, 270,000,000 kilos of wheat could be produced yearly. So, urban sprawl is seen as one of the potential challenge to urban sustainable development and cannot be urban sustainable form.
文摘Objective： To determine the nature and extent of Iranian casualties by ballistic missile attacks during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war. Methods： The data collected about Iraqi missile strikes on Iranian cities included the following： date and time, number and type of missiles, cities targeted, and injuries and deaths resulting from impacts of missiles in civilian areas. The data were extracted from a database that was constructed by the army staff headquarters based on daily reports of Iranian army units during the war. Results： Over a period of eight years （1980-1988）, Iraqi army fired 533 ballistic missiles at Iranian territories. From those, 414 missiles （77.7%） landed on Iranian cities. The impacts of these missiles caused the deaths of 2 312 civilians and injured 11 625 others. Three types of ballistic missiles were used： FROG-7, Scud, and Al-Hussein （a modified version of the Scud missile）. Twenty-seven cities in Iran were struck by Iraqi ballistic missiles. The highest mortalities from ballistic missiles were in Dezful and Tehran. Iraqi missile attacks continued for 90 months （2 748 days）. Conclusion： Our results point to the necessity of investigating the psychological consequences of Iraqi ballistic missile attacks among survivors in 27 Iranian cities during the eight years of the Iraq-Iran war.
