“希腊化”与“伊朗性”的反思——帕提亚帝国多元文化属性的合分之辨

在帕提亚帝国文化属性中,“希腊化”与“伊朗性”的关系表现出先合后分的阶段性特征。“希腊化”是帕提亚帝国前期体现出的表层文化,而“伊朗性”是帕提亚人自身文化中始终延续并且逐渐凸显的本体文化。“伊朗性”体现在帕提亚帝国的钱币、图像、铭文、建筑和王权观念等诸多方面。在帕提亚帝国前期,出于巩固统治的政治需要,“希腊化”与“伊朗性”之间呈现出融合并存的态势。帕提亚帝国后期,随着罗马—帕提亚两极格局对立形势的到来,帕提亚人逐渐走向去希腊化和全面复兴伊朗文化。从持续时间和文化性质来看,“伊朗性”应是理解帕提亚帝国文化属性和文明交往特征最重要的维度。帕提亚文化对中古伊朗文明和罗马帝国都产生了极为深远的影响,其价值不应被其表面的“希腊化”和“内亚性”特征所遮蔽。

The Thrips-attacking Genus Ceranisus (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae:Entedoninae) from Iran

Three thrips-attacking parasitoids,Ceranisus menes（Walker,1839）,C.planitianus Erds,1966 and C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009,are recorded from Iran for the first time.This also represents the first record of the genus Ceranisus Walker,1841 for Iran.Identification of the two sibling species,C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009 and C.udnamtak Tryapitsin,2005,is briefly discussed.

Blastability evaluation for rock mass fragmentation in Iran central iron ore mines

In this research, we investigated the influence of rock mass properties, blast design parameters and explosive properties on blast fragmentation. Rock mass properties were evaluated in 51 blasting blocks using engineering geological mapping of 1961 meters of the scanline, experiments on intact rock samples and measuring P-wave velocity(Vp) for 1771 meters of seismic profiles. The results indicate that increasing spacing, persistence, opening, roughness, waviness of discontinuities, and Vp and uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of intact rock as well as the increase of discontinuities angle with the bench face of blasting block will increase the size distribution of blasted rocks. In addition, evaluation of the influence of connector type, specific drilling and specific charge has shown that using the Nonel system will decrease the mean size of fragmentation. It is also demonstrated that increasing specific drilling and specific charge quantities will result in the increase of mean size of fragmentation.

Geochemical characteristics of Galandrud coal in central Alborz, Iran

This study focuses on the geochemistry of trace elements and parameters of coal quality of bituminous coal belonging to the upper Triassic-lower Jurassic era, collected from the Galandrud region in Central Alborz, northern Iran. Galandrud coal on an air-dried basis are characterized by broad variation in the amount of ash （ranging from 6.49g to 12.73%）, a high content of volatile matter （33,32-37.45%） and high gross calorific values （7430-8880 kcal/kg）. The mineral matter of the coal samples studied is made up of dolomite （〉909g）, quartz, sphalerite, galena, pyrite and clay minerals. Major elements are positively cor- related with ash content suggesting an association with inorganic constituents. Based on statistical anal- yses, concentrations of trace elements such as Co （51.3 ×10^-6-152.9× 10^-6）, Ba （368× 10^-6-3297.4×10^-6）, Cr （65.5 ×10^-6-194.2 × 10^-6）, Mo （5.6 × 10^-6-18.2× 10^-6）, Hi （72.9 × 10^-6-152.9 × 10^-6） and V （245.5 × 10^-6-520 ×10^-6） are higher than world coal averages. However, low concentration of some vol- atile elements such as As, Hg and U are present in low concentrations of the various types of coal studied.

Micromorphology and Quality Attributes of the Loess Derived Soils Affected by Land Use Change:A Case Study in Ghapan Watershed,Northern Iran

In order to study the effects of different land vegetative covers on soil quality attributes, a loess hill slope was selected in eastern Golestan Province, Ghapan watershed, Iran. Four profiles in four land uses, including Quercus natural forest; Pinus artificial forest; Cupressus artificial forest and a cultivated land, were studied. Results showed that MWD was significantly different in the studied land uses, and it varied between 1.6 mm in Quercus natural forest and o.31 mm in cultivated land use. The lowest CEC, microbial respiration rate and organic carbon were 28.4 cmol·kg^1, 177 μgCO2·g^-1·day^-1 and 1.32 % found in cultivated land use, respectively. The organic matter was considerably higher content in the forest areas than that of cultivated land use. The studies on soil profile development revealed that the natural forest soils were highly developed. The soils of the Quercus natural forest were classified as Calcic Haploxeralfs with a well developed argillie horizon unlike the cultivated soils which showed the minimum development and classified as Typic Xerorthents. The soils of the artificial forests had both mollic epipedons and were classified as Typic Calcixerolls with moderate profile development. Micromorphological studies revealed that argillic horizons had speckled and partly crystallitic b-fabric in the natural forest indicating the high landscape stability. In contrast, the crystallitic b-fabric of other land uses shows the absence of enough leaching of carbonate and the subsequent migration of clay particles indicating the unstable conditions and high soil erosion. Intense erosion of the surface horizons of cultivated land use has resulted in the outcropping of the subsurface carbonate rich horizons preventing soil development.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome in children: Experience with 181 cases from southern Iran

AIM： To evaluate the clinical presentation, response to prophylactic therapy and outcome of children with cyclic vomiting syndrome （CVS） in Shiraz, Iran. METHODS： During a period of 11 years （March 1994 to March 2005）, 181 consecutive children with a final diagnosis of CVS were evaluated, treated and followed in our center. Patients were randomized to receive either amitriptyline or propranolol as prophylactic treatments. RESULTS： There were 88 boys and 93 girls with mean age of onset of symptoms of 4.9 ± 3.3 years （range, neonatal period to 14 years）, the mean age at final diagnosis was 6.9 years （range, 1.5 to 14）, and the mean duration between the onset of the first attack and the final diagnosis of CVS was 2 ± 1.81 years （range, 1/6 to 8）. The mean duration of each attack was 4.26 days （range, from few hours to 10 d） and the mean interval between the attacks was 1.8 mo （range, 1 wk to 12 too）. The time of onset of the attacks was midnight to early morning in about 70% of cases. Amitriptyline was effective in 46 out of 81 （56%） patients （P 〈 0.001）. Propranolol appeared to have a superior action and was effective in 74 out of 83 （92%） patients （P 〈 0.0001）. CONCLUSION： There is a significant lag time between the onset of clinical symptoms and the final diagnosis of CVS in our area. In patients with typical clinical presentations of CVS, who are examined by an experienced physician, invasive workup is not necessary. Propranolol appears more effective than arnitriptyline for prophylactic use in children with CVS.

Investigating the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Personality Types Among Nursing Candidates in Ardebil University, in Iran

Personality characteristics of each people are unique. It seems that these features of personality have an impact on emotional intelligence and ability to interact with people in a social environment. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and personality types of nursing students. The research was descriptive and correlative. The study population consisted of Ardebil University of senior nursing candidates in 2011-2012. The study sample included 125 people. Assessment tools were the Bar-on Emotional Intelligence Inventory and MBTI （Myers-Briggs Type Indicator） personality type questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20 （T-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and multiple regression with significant level P〈0 .05）. Pearson correlation coefficients showed there is a significant inverse between variables extroversion-introversion and emotional intelligence with level of .01 （r=-522）. Therefore, personality characteristics impact on emotional intelligence of students. Thus, more research of emotional intelligence and personality characteristics is necessary at different levels to selection for nursing profession.

Rethinking Iranian Urban Housing -- A Review on the Housing Attributes under the Current Development of Tehran

Housing in the private sector in the metropolitan of Tehran in the past decades has been very much tied to the economical considerations, The current urban and building standards and regulations are believed to have very much contributed to the undermining the many social, environmental and visual potentials of the neighborhoods and to what we face today as congested apartment atmosphere where and the monotonous character of most of the neighborhoods as a result of the very same plans and regulations applied to their development namely the setbacks, land coverage ratios and floor to land area ratios with no regard to the very different characters many of these neighborhoods once had, either traditional and long-established or scenic and natural. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the current state and trend of urban housing in Tehran and search for practical measures to improve the environment and character of urban housing in the city.

The Impact of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluents on Water Quality of Koohrang River, Iran

The aim ,of this study was to assess the potential impact of trout farm effluents on water quality of Koohrang river （Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province-Iran） where seven trout farms are localized and to determine the some physico-chemichal parameters of the farms. Monthly samples were taken from inflow, outflow and 1,500 meter lower than these farms have been measured and avaluated during 6 months. Measured physico-chemical water quality parameters were DO, BOD5, PO4, NO3, NO2, NH3, TH, PH, TDS, TSS. Monthly data were converted to mean values （-4- standard error） for comparison. Data on water quality parameters of inflow and outflow water and 1,500 meters lower than trout farms are given. Amount of outflow BOD5 in farms has significant difference with inflow water and again has been decreased in 1,500 meters, DO amount in outflow rather than inflow water decreased and in distance of 1,500 meters significant statistically increased （P 〈 0.01）. TSS amount between inflow and outflow of farms has not difference but in 1,500 meters distance has been increased （P 〈 0.01）. PH in inflow and outflow and 1,500 meters lower has not so statistical difference. TH in outflow rather than inflow has been increases and in 1,500 meters distance, its amount has been higher than outflow, too. But this difference has not been significant （P 〉 0.01）. Ammonia in farms outflow rather than inflow has been significant difference （P 〈 0.01）. In flow-through aquaculture systems like raceways and tanks, effluents are discharged to the environment with enhanced concentrations of nutrients and solids. Such effluents may have a serious negative impact on the quality of the receiving water when discharged untreated. The results of this study indicated that trout farm effluents had a impact on the water quality of Koohrang river, but in 1,500 meters distance these parameters modified and suitable for fish farming, as river self purified the environment.

Determination of 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol compounds in various types of wastewater and their removal rates in different treatment processes in nine wastewater treatment plants of Iran

Alkylphenols(APs), considered as xenoestrogenic compounds, mainly exist as 4-nonylphenol(4-NP) and 4-tertoctylphenol(4-t-OP) in environments. The high stability and accumulation of APs in aquatic systems have caused endocrine disruption. In this study we measured APs in the wastewater influent and effluent samples, from the urban, rural, livestock, commercial and hospital wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in Iran. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction(DLLME) combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) was used for the extraction and determination of 4-NP and 4-t-OP. In these treatment plants, various processes such as activated sludge, aerated lagoon, moving bed biofilm reactor and activated sludge along with wetland were applied. The highest concentration of 4-NP and 4-t-OP was observed in commercial and livestock sewages. The activated sludge along with wetland and then the MBBR process showed the highest removal rates of pollutants. The rates of biodegradability and accumulation in sludge were determined and also the specific adsorption coefficient Kdand the organic carbon–water partition coefficient kOCof the sludge for APs were calculated.

First Report of an Outbreak of Contagious Ecthyma in Camels （Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus） in Iran

Camel contagious ecthyma （CCE） has been reported in Mongolia, Kenya, Somalia and Sudan. CCE is caused by a Parapoxvirus affecting young animals by producing lesions around the lips and nostrils. The generalized form of CCE is uncommon. The aim of this study was to submit the first report of contagious ecthyma in Iran and also to help clinician to diagnose this disease with heavy economic losses easier. In the paper, an outbreak of CCE in dromedary and bactrian camels in Qom province of Iran was described and clinical signs were observed in one camel herd in October 2009. Nodules and scabs from seven affected animals were collected for virus identification. Total extracted DNA was used for polymerase chain reaction （PCR） to amplify a fragment of Parapoxvirus B2L gene. Results showed that camel calves （n = 27） less than one year old and one male bactrian camel were affected （no adult female camels were found to be infected）. The prevalence of the disease in the herd, adult camels and camel calves was 30.33%, 1.5% and 100%, respectively. Affected animals showed the swelling of head with nodular lesion around the lips. It then developed to pustules and fissured crusts. Previous involvement with this disease, history of contact with sheep or goats, food resources and season all can have a role in epidemiology of the disease.

The Research on the Distribution, Abundance and Some Ecological Characteristics of Neuroterus Species （Hymenoptera： Cynipidae） in Oak Forest of West Azerbaijan （Iran）

Oak gall wasps （Hymenoptera： Cynipidae）, with more than 1300 species, represent one of the largest radiations of gall inducing insects. Many studies have documented galling species lists and richness, especially gall wasps, but few studies have been directed toward understanding how the gall-inducing species are locally distributed. In this survey, the oak gall wasps were collected from April to November （2009 and 2010） in West Azerbaijan of Iran. Among these collected galls, five species of oak gall wasps which belonged to the genus Neuroterus sp. were identified as： Neuroterus lanuginosus Giraud, N. numismalis Geoffroy, N. saliens Kollar, N. laeviusculus Schenck and N. quercus-baccarum Linnaeus. All of the galls in this survey are leaf galls. These galls were produced by the asexual reproduction and were collected in summer and fall seasons. The highest species richness was recorded in Ghabre-hossein and Vavan stations. Also, the highest density of gall formation was recorded at the southern direction. The multiple-sites similarity measures indicated that similarity in gall composition and community between collecting sites was generally between 0.57 and 0.90. The highest multiple site similarity was recorded between Vavan vs Rabat vs Dare-ghabr station. The authors showed that the very cold and humidity climate is not appropriate to Neuroterus species activity and the south direction is the best side for their survival.

Impact of Rainfall Temporal Heterogeneity on Relationship between Curve Number and Rainfall Depth in the Zagros Mountain Region,Iran

The impact of temporal variation of rainfall on the relationship between rainfall and catchment response is investigated in a catchment with high temporally variable rainfalls and a high percentage of permeable soils in the southwest of Iran.Twenty-nine storm events are classified into two classes, High Temporal heterogeneous(HT) and Low Temporal heterogeneous(LT) events using the variogram technique and the storm events of each class are analyzed to detect the relationship between Curve Number(CN) and rainfall depth. It is found that there is not a similar correlation between CN values and rainfall depths for both temporally variable classes, and hence, two different responses can be observed in the catchment according to rainfall temporal heterogeneities. For HT events, a complacent behavior is detected in which the CNs decline as rainfall depth increases while a different response, violent behavior, is observed for LT events in which the CNs rise and asymptotically approach a constant value with increasing storm size. This considerable difference between CN-P relationships derived from the two temporally variable classes of rainfall is attributed to the provocation of different runoff generation mechanisms, infiltration-excess and saturation-excess caused by rainfall temporal heterogeneities. Moreover, the results support the validity of variogram technique to classify storm events into two LT and HT classes.

Relationships between Soil Depth and Terrain Attributes in a Semi Arid Hilly Region in Western Iran

Soil depth generally varies in mountainous regions in rather complex ways.Conventional soil survey methods for evaluating the soil depth in mountainous and hilly regions require a lot of time,effort and consequently relatively large budget to perform.This study was conducted to explore the relationships between soil depth and topographic attributes in a hilly region in western Iran.For this,one hundred sampling points were selected using randomly stratified methodology,and considering all geomorphic surfaces including summit,shoulder,backslope,footslope and toeslope;and soil depth was actually measured.Eleven primary and secondary topographic attributes were derived from the digital elevation model(DEM) at the study area.The result of multiple linear regression indicated that slope,wetness index,catchment area and sediment transport index,which were included in the model,could explain about 76 % of total variability in soil depth at the selected site.This proposed approach may be applicable to other hilly regions in the semi-arid areas at a larger scale.

Investigating Iranian Test-takers＇ Performance Over Taking Different Modalities of Listening Comprehension Test

Visual and pictorial materials are extensively used in teaching listening comprehension textbooks. Although the use of still image is currently implemented in some distinguished testing systems, video test is not a popular modality due to the fact that this kind of test may result in test-takers＇ confusion during the test. In the present study, a sample of 80 Iranian EFL （English as a Foreign Language） students was selected to compare their performance on three different modalities of listening test： audio-only test, pictorial （listening with still image test）, and visual （video） listening test. The analysis of one-way repeated measure ANOVA （Analysis of Variance） was used to compare the students＇ scores. The results of Bonferroni Post Hoc Test confirm that there were significant differences in scores among audio-only, pictorial, and visual tests. The results of this study highlight the greater performance of students in pictorial listening test which is statistically significant.

An Investigation of Iranian Students＇ English Proficiency Test Scores in Relation to Socio-Economic Status and Gender

Every day many students apply for and enroll in language-teaching courses to achieve their aims through learning another language. However, learning another language does not occur identically among all students. Some students learn a language, even their own mother tongue earlier but some others may need to spend more time acquiring a language. Seeking out for the probable reasons for such a difference, the current study following the constructivist approach to language learning and bearing in mind the role of society and human communities in language learning, was concluded to investigate the probable impact（s） of some social variables （social status, attitudinal and motivational status of learners） on language learning outcomes of Iranian adult learners assessed through a standardized English proficiency test. The findings have revealed that the social milieu in which learners live may play a decisive role as far as learning opportunities, input and resources are concerned.

Evaluation of Human Papillomavirus Infection among Women Using Pap Smear and PCR in Shiraz, Iran

Human papillomaviruses （HPVs） infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia and cause malignancy and neoplastic lesions. These viruses cause 25,000 deaths per year from cervical cancer most often in developing countries. This major public health problem makes them important targets in the researches of papillomavirus detection methods. Since the early diagnosis of this virus infection would prevent neoplasia and cervical cancer, therefore in this study the combination of molecular and cytological methods were used to show the occurrence of the infection in women referred to Baghiatollah clinic of Shiraz. The results showed out of 110 cases, two samples were positive by PCR using GP5/6 primers but Pap smears showed only one sample of abnormal cytology. The rest 108 samples were negative by PCR and had normal cytology. The samples （1.82%） in evaluated women. present study showed a low occurrence of HPV infection in cervical

Impact of Financial Development on the Environmental Quality in Iran

In recent decades, undesirable environmental changes, such as global warming and greenhouse gases emission, have raised worldwide concerns. In order to achieve higher growth rate, environmental problems emerged from economic activities have turned into a controversial issue. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of financial development on environmental quality in Iran. For this purpose, the statistical data over the period from 1970 to 2011 were used. Also by using the Auto Regression Model Distributed Lag （ARDL）, short-term and long-term relationships among the variables of model were estimated and analyzed. The results show that financial development accelerates the degradation of the environment; however, the increase in trade openness reduces the damage to environment in Iran. Error correction coefficient shows that in each period, 53% of imbalances would be justified and will approach their long-run procedure. Structural stability tests show that the estimated coefficients were stable over the period.

An Iranian male with syringoid eccrine carcinoma misdiagnosed as basal cell carcinoma:a case report

Syringoid carcinoma (syringoid eccrine carcinoma,or eccrine epithelioma) is a rare cutaneous tumor with some controversy regarding its correct definition.This tumor shows a slow growth and has often been for many years,some decades before diagnosis.It may also be difficult to differentiate from its benign counterpart (syringoma) or other adnexal carcinoma and cutaneous metastasis.There have been limited case reports of syringoid carcinoma in foreign literatures but none from Iran.Here we report a case of syringoid carcinoma in a 52 year-old Iranian man.Syringoid eccrine carcinoma is a very rare and uncommon diagnosed tumor thought to be derived from eccrine sweat apparatus.It locally invasive,destructive and often shows recurrence.It may also be difficult to differentiate from metastatic adenocarcinoma.

Clinical, virologic and phylogenetic features of hepatitis B infection in Iranian patients

AIM： To characterize the clinical, serologic and virologic features of hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection in Iranian patients with different stages of liver disease.METHODS： Sixty two patients comprising of 12 inactive carriers, 30 chronic hepatitis patients, 13 patients with liver cirrhosis and 7 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） were enrolled in the study. The HBV S, C and basal core promoter （BCP） regions were amplified and sequenced, and the clinical, serologic, phylogenetic and virologic characteristics were investigated.RESULTS： The study group consisted of 16 HBeAgpositive and 46 HBeAg-negative patients. Anti-HBepositive patients were older and had higher levels of ALT, ASL and bilirubin compared to HBeAg-positive patients. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all patients were infected with genotype D （mostly ayw2）. The G1896A precore （PC） mutant was detected in 58.1% patients. HBeAg-negative patients showed a higher rate of PC mutant compared to HBeAg-positive patients （2,2 = 9.682, P = 0.003）. The majority of patients with HCC were HBeAg-negative and were infected with PC mutant variants. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of BCP mutation between the two groups, while the rate of BCP plus PC mutants was higher in HBeAg-negative patients （2,2 = 4.308, P = 0.04）. In the HBV S region, the genetic variability was low, and the marked substitution was P120T/S, with a rate of 9.7% （n = 6）.CONCLUSION： In conclusion, HBV/D is the predominant genotype in Iran, and the nucleotide variability in the BCP and PC regions may play a role in HBV disease outcome in HBeAg-negative patients.