[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as m...[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as materials for selecting the primary medium, subculture medium, rooting medium and acclimatization substrate during the tissue culture and rapid propagation. [Result] 6-BA was the optimal cytokinin for tissue culture of Lonicera edulis Turcz, compared with ZT; modified MS+1.0 mg/L of 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium as primary and subculture medium, modified MS+ 1.5 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium for rooting of Lonicera edulis Turcz, the rooting rate had achieved 100% after cultured for 30 d. The optimal substrate for transplanting plantlets of Lonicera edulis Turcz was composed of humus and perlite (1∶ 1, V/V), survival rate was as high as 95% after 30 d. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the rapid propagation of superior seedlings of Lonicera edulis Turcz, as well as the establishment of industrialized breeding technical system and the implementation of scale production.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to ascertain the fermentation conditions and medium formula of Bacillus subtilis B-332. [Method] Using single factor and orthogo- nal experimental designs, the fermentation medium and cultu...[Objective] The paper was to ascertain the fermentation conditions and medium formula of Bacillus subtilis B-332. [Method] Using single factor and orthogo- nal experimental designs, the fermentation medium and culture conditions for B. sub- i tills B-332 were optimized through shaking flask culture. [Result] The optimal culture and inoculation time was 18 h, and the optimized medium formula was as follows: soybean powder 0.60 g/L, sucrose 0.25 g/L, ammonium sulfate 0.07 g/L, trisodium citrate 0.03 g/L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.003 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.005 g/L, ferrous sulfate 0.000 5%; the fermentation condition was as follows: tem- perature 30 ℃, shaking bed speed 180 r/min, shaking bottle volume 80 ml/500 ml. In the optimal fermentation conditions, the fermented spore quantity was 1.43×10^11 cfu/ml, which was 34.48 times higher than the spore quantity of 4.03×10^9 cfu/ml in initial condition. [Result] The study laid the foundation for factory production of the strain.展开更多
[ Objective] This study was to improve the biomass of Navicula tenera, and thus to provide reference for achieving the industrial production of Navicula tenera. [Method] The feasibility of using sewage to cultivate Na...[ Objective] This study was to improve the biomass of Navicula tenera, and thus to provide reference for achieving the industrial production of Navicula tenera. [Method] The feasibility of using sewage to cultivate Navicula tenera was preliminarily investigated based on the consideration of regional characteristics; and a series of culture conditions including the nutrient source of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), iron(Fe), silicon( Si ) and the salinity in medium for culturing Navicula tenera, were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal design.[Result] The optimized conditions for cultivating Navicula tenera using sewage are as follows: the water from Xiaoerlou Artificial Lake of Nanjing University of Technology as basic solvent; 360 mg/L urea; 150 mg/L N2HPO4 · 12H2O; 50 mg/L ferric citrate; 2 000 mg/L Na2SiO3 · 9H2O; 2.0 mol/L salinity. Navicula tenera was strongly adaptive to sewage and could well uptake the nutrient sources in the sewage. Under the optimized conditions, the culture cost decreased, and meanwhile the biomass of Navicula tenera reached 4. 766 g/L which is 3.57 multiples over original medium and 1.9 multiples over optimized medium No. 1.[ Conclusion] This study laid a foundation for the combination of culturing Navicula tenera in large scale and sewage treatment.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality s...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality survey and phytoplankton sampling was conducted in Bailang Lake in September 2011, a total of four sam- pling points were set, to detect and analyze the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and permanganate index in water samples and further conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of the water quality factors using comprehensive nutritional state index method. [Result] Water in Bailang Lake was neutral to slightly alkaline with pH of 8.57. The average water trans- parency was 0.4 m, with relatively high content of dissolved oxygen. The content of total nitrogen was relatively high of 3.043 mg/L averagely. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation showed that the water quality of Bailang Lake belonged to moderate eu- trophication. As can be seen from various comprehensive nutritional state indices TLI, the contribution of transparency, chlorophyll a and total nitrogen to the eutrophi- cation in Bailang Lake was the greatest, followed by the permanganate index and total phosphorus. Statistical analysis showed that the average weight-biomass of phy- toplankton in Bailang Lake was 6.442 mg/L, and the average was 146.46x104 individuals/ml. There were eight dominant species in Bailang Lake, including Scenedesmus, Tetraedron, Merismopedia sinica, Phormidium, Merismopedia, Tribonema, Chroomonas and Synedra. [Conclusion] This study provided data informa- tion for the environmental protection and fisheries production in Bailang Lake.展开更多
Optimal stocking densities were investigated for the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in net enclosures for 333 d. Substantial weight loss occurred durin...Optimal stocking densities were investigated for the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in net enclosures for 333 d. Substantial weight loss occurred during the aestivation phase (AE). Decreased growth rates were also observed during the winter phase (WT). In contrast, sea cucumbers showed rapid growth during the spring (SP) and autumn (AU) phases. Feeding regimes considerably influenced the growtb performance, i.e., sea cucumbers grew faster under feed-supplement regime than under non-feed-supplement regime (P 〈 0.05). The average survival rates of sea cucumbers under feed-supplement regime were higher than those under non-feed-supplement regime for both the autumn phase and spring phase, but the differences were only significant for the latter phase (P〈 0.05). The fitted B-N curves showed that the optimal stocking densities, in terms of net production, were 22.3 ind. m^-2 for feed-supplement regime and 14.1 ind. m^-2 for non-feed-supplement regime.展开更多
Cultured Apostichopus japonicus in China suffers from a kind of skin ulceration disease that has caused severe economic loss in recent years. The disease,pathogens of which are supposed to be bacteria by most research...Cultured Apostichopus japonicus in China suffers from a kind of skin ulceration disease that has caused severe economic loss in recent years. The disease,pathogens of which are supposed to be bacteria by most researchers,is highly infectious and can often cause all individuals in the same culture pool to die in a very short time. The 16S rRNA gene phylogenesis of the culturable bacteria from the lesions of diseased individuals was conducted to study the biodiversity of the bacterial communities in the lesions and to identify probable pathogen(s) associated with this kind of disease. S. japonica samples were selected from a hatchery located in the eastern part of Qingdao,China. Bacterial universal primers GM5F and DS907R were used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria colonies,and touchdown PCR was performed to amplify the target sequences. The results suggest that γ-proteobacteria(Alteromonadales and Vibrionales) of CFB group,many strains of which have been also determined as pathogens in other marine species,are the predominant bacterial genera of the diseased Apostichopus japonicus individuals.展开更多
Strain improvement and medium optimization to increase the productivity of spiramycin were carried out. Of oil tolerant mutant strains screened, one mutant, Streptomyces ambofaciens XC 2-37, produced 9% more spiramyc...Strain improvement and medium optimization to increase the productivity of spiramycin were carried out. Of oil tolerant mutant strains screened, one mutant, Streptomyces ambofaciens XC 2-37, produced 9% more spiramycin than the parent strain S. ambofaciens XC 1-29. The effects of soybean oil and propyl alcohol on spiramycin production with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 were studied. The potency of S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was improved by 61.8% with addition of 2% soybean oil in the fermentation medium and 0.4% propyl alcohol at 24 hours after incubation. The suitable time for feeding propyl alcohol is at 24 hours after incubation in flask fermentation and at 20 hours after incubation in fermentor fermentation. The new process with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was scaled up for industrial scale production of spiramycin in a 60 m3 fermentor in Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhejiang Medicine Company, Ltd., China, and the potency and productivity of fermentation were improved by 42.9%.展开更多
Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observe...Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.展开更多
A total of 126 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Among them, 11 isolates were found positive for amylase production. Strain YL produced the largest zone of clearance on plate assay. The isolate YL was...A total of 126 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Among them, 11 isolates were found positive for amylase production. Strain YL produced the largest zone of clearance on plate assay. The isolate YL was identified as Bacillus sp. based on morphological and physiochemical characterization. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, the closest phylogenetic neighbor of strain YL was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (99.54%). After that, an optimization of culture conditions was carried out for the improvement of a-amylase production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effect of medium components including wheat bran, cottonseed extract, yeast extract, starch, NaC1 and CaCl2. Three variables (wheat bran, cottonseed extract, and starch), which were identified to significantly affect amylase production by Plackett-Burman design were further optimized using response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal concentrations estimated for each variable related to the maximum of amylase activity (86 kU/mL) were 10.80 g/L wheat bran, 9.90 g/L cottonseed extract, 0.5 g/L starch, 2.0 g/L yeast extract, 5.00 g/L NaCl and 2.00 g/L CaC12. The fermentation using optimized culture medium allowed a significant increase in amylase production (by 3-fold). The improvement in the a-amylase production after optimization process can be considered adequate for large-scale applications.展开更多
An optimal medium (300 g·L^-1 initial glucose) comprising 6.3 mmol·L^-1 Mg2+, 5.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca2+, 15.0 g·L^-1 peptone and 21.5 g·L^-1 yeast extract was determined by uniform design to impr...An optimal medium (300 g·L^-1 initial glucose) comprising 6.3 mmol·L^-1 Mg2+, 5.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca2+, 15.0 g·L^-1 peptone and 21.5 g·L^-1 yeast extract was determined by uniform design to improve very high gravity (VHG) ethanol fermentation, showing over 30% increase in final ethanol (from 13.1% to 17.1%, by volume), 29% decrease in fermentation time (from 84 to 60 h), 80% increase in biomass formation and 26% increase in glucose utilization. Experiments also revealed physiological aspects linked to the fermentation enhancements. Compared to the control, trehalose in the cells grown in optimal fermentation medium increased 17.9-, 2.8-, 1.9-, 1.8- and 1.9-fold at the fermentation time of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, respectively. Its sharp rise at the early stage of fermentation when there was a considerable osmotic stress suggested that trehalose played an important role in promoting fermentation. Meanwhile, at the identical five fermentation time, the plasma membrane ATPase activity of the cells grown in optimal medium was 2.3, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.3 times that of the control, respectively. Their disparities in enzymatic activity became wider when the glucose levels were dramatically changed for ethanol production, suggesting this enzyme also contributed to the fermentation improvements. Thus, medium optimization for VHG ethanol fermentation was found to trigger the increased yeast trehalose accumulation and plasma membrane ATPase activity.展开更多
The production of cellulase in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UNPDV-22 was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the interactive effect of culture conditi...The production of cellulase in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UNPDV-22 was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the interactive effect of culture conditions (temperature, pH, and inoculum) on cellulase activity. Results suggested that temperature and pH all have significant impact on cellulase production. The use of RSM resulted in a 96% increase in the cellulase activity over the control of non-optimized basal medium. Optimum cellulase production of 13 U/mL was obtained at a temperature of 42.24 ℃, pH of 5.25, and inoculum size of 4.95% (v/v) in a fermentation medium containing wheat bran, soybean meal and malt dextrin as major nutritional factors.展开更多
NaA zeolite membranes were prepared by secondary growth method on the outer surface of α-Al2O3 hollow fiber supports. Vacuum seeding method was used for planting zeolite seeds on the support surfaces. Hydrothermal cr...NaA zeolite membranes were prepared by secondary growth method on the outer surface of α-Al2O3 hollow fiber supports. Vacuum seeding method was used for planting zeolite seeds on the support surfaces. Hydrothermal crystallization was then carried out in a synthesis solution with molar ratio of Al2O3:SiO2:Na2O:H2O = 1:2:2:120 at 100 ℃ for 4 h. Effects of seeding conditions on preparation of hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes were extensively investigated. Moreover, hollow fiber membrane modules with packing membrane areas of ca. 0.1 and 0.2 m2 were fabricated to separate ethanol/water mixture. It is found that the thickness of seed layer is obviously affected by seed suspension concentration, coating time and vacuum degree. Close-packing seed layer is required to obtain high-quality membranes. The optimized seeding conditions (seed suspension mass concentration of 0.5%-0.7% coating time of 5 s and vacuum degree of 10 kPa) lead to dense NaA zeolite layer with a thickness of 6-8 gin. Typically, an as-synthesized hollow fiber NaA zeolite membrane exhibits good pervaporation performance with a permeation flux of 7.02 kg· m^- 2· h^- 1 and separation factor 〉 10000 for sepa- ration of 90%; (by mass) ethanol/water mixture at 75 ℃ High reproducibility has been achieved for batch-scale production of hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes by the hydrothermal synthesis approach.展开更多
The influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of lion Panthera leo cubs was investigated at three sites. In this study, stimulus objects such as sticks, grass, fresh dung (elephant Loxondota africana, ze...The influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of lion Panthera leo cubs was investigated at three sites. In this study, stimulus objects such as sticks, grass, fresh dung (elephant Loxondota africana, zebra Equus quagga, impala Aepyceros melampus, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus) and cardboard boxes, were utilized in an enrichment program aimed at encouraging active behaviors of captive lion cubs at Antelope Park and Masuwe. Lion cubs at Chipangali were not behaviorally enriched. Activity patterns were recorded for 10 days at each site. We recorded moving, resting, playing, grooming, visual exploration and display of hunting instincts. We found that behavioral enrichment enhanced the active behaviors of captive lion cubs. Orphan-raised cubs spent more time moving, playing and displaying hunting instincts than mother-raised cubs, but the time spent grooming was similar across areas and suggests that grooming is not influenced by enrichment. Mother-raised cubs spent more time engaged in visual exploration than orphan-raised cubs and this could be a behavior acquired from mothers or a result of confidence to explore because of their presence. Activity patterns were different among time treatments across our three study sites. Based on these findings, we suggest that lion cubs raised in captivity could benefit from behavioral enrichment to encourage active behaviors essential for eventual reintroduction into the wild展开更多
The aim was to optimize the roller bottle culture system of IBRS-2 cells for cultivation of porcine parvovirus (PPV) N strain using a four-factor three-level or- thogonal test (cell culture medium pH value: 7.0, 7...The aim was to optimize the roller bottle culture system of IBRS-2 cells for cultivation of porcine parvovirus (PPV) N strain using a four-factor three-level or- thogonal test (cell culture medium pH value: 7.0, 7.2 and 7.4; inoculation time: 0, 24 and 48 h; inoculation dose: 0.10%, 1.00% and 10.00%; harvest time: 48, 72 and 96 h). The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: cell culture medium pH value of 7.2, synchronous inoculation, inoculation dose of 0.10% and culture time of 96 h. Among the four factors, culture time was the most important factor affectina the virulence titer of PPV N strain.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(30960231)Project of the State Forestry Administration(2005-06)~~
文摘[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as materials for selecting the primary medium, subculture medium, rooting medium and acclimatization substrate during the tissue culture and rapid propagation. [Result] 6-BA was the optimal cytokinin for tissue culture of Lonicera edulis Turcz, compared with ZT; modified MS+1.0 mg/L of 6-BA + 0.2 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium as primary and subculture medium, modified MS+ 1.5 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium for rooting of Lonicera edulis Turcz, the rooting rate had achieved 100% after cultured for 30 d. The optimal substrate for transplanting plantlets of Lonicera edulis Turcz was composed of humus and perlite (1∶ 1, V/V), survival rate was as high as 95% after 30 d. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the rapid propagation of superior seedlings of Lonicera edulis Turcz, as well as the establishment of industrialized breeding technical system and the implementation of scale production.
基金Supported by Major Science and Technology Project of National Water Pollution Control and Management "Pollution Control against Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution into River and Ecological Restoration Technology and Engineering Demonstration Project"(2009ZX07103-002) "the Eleventh Five-Year" National Key Technology Support Program "Control Technology and Demonstration of Overall Planning of Urban and Rural Life Rubbish Pollution" (2009BADC2B00-02)~~
文摘[Objective] The paper was to ascertain the fermentation conditions and medium formula of Bacillus subtilis B-332. [Method] Using single factor and orthogo- nal experimental designs, the fermentation medium and culture conditions for B. sub- i tills B-332 were optimized through shaking flask culture. [Result] The optimal culture and inoculation time was 18 h, and the optimized medium formula was as follows: soybean powder 0.60 g/L, sucrose 0.25 g/L, ammonium sulfate 0.07 g/L, trisodium citrate 0.03 g/L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.003 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.005 g/L, ferrous sulfate 0.000 5%; the fermentation condition was as follows: tem- perature 30 ℃, shaking bed speed 180 r/min, shaking bottle volume 80 ml/500 ml. In the optimal fermentation conditions, the fermented spore quantity was 1.43×10^11 cfu/ml, which was 34.48 times higher than the spore quantity of 4.03×10^9 cfu/ml in initial condition. [Result] The study laid the foundation for factory production of the strain.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China(973 Pro-gram)(2003CB71600)~~
文摘[ Objective] This study was to improve the biomass of Navicula tenera, and thus to provide reference for achieving the industrial production of Navicula tenera. [Method] The feasibility of using sewage to cultivate Navicula tenera was preliminarily investigated based on the consideration of regional characteristics; and a series of culture conditions including the nutrient source of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), iron(Fe), silicon( Si ) and the salinity in medium for culturing Navicula tenera, were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal design.[Result] The optimized conditions for cultivating Navicula tenera using sewage are as follows: the water from Xiaoerlou Artificial Lake of Nanjing University of Technology as basic solvent; 360 mg/L urea; 150 mg/L N2HPO4 · 12H2O; 50 mg/L ferric citrate; 2 000 mg/L Na2SiO3 · 9H2O; 2.0 mol/L salinity. Navicula tenera was strongly adaptive to sewage and could well uptake the nutrient sources in the sewage. Under the optimized conditions, the culture cost decreased, and meanwhile the biomass of Navicula tenera reached 4. 766 g/L which is 3.57 multiples over original medium and 1.9 multiples over optimized medium No. 1.[ Conclusion] This study laid a foundation for the combination of culturing Navicula tenera in large scale and sewage treatment.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project in Anhui Province(11070303016)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality survey and phytoplankton sampling was conducted in Bailang Lake in September 2011, a total of four sam- pling points were set, to detect and analyze the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and permanganate index in water samples and further conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of the water quality factors using comprehensive nutritional state index method. [Result] Water in Bailang Lake was neutral to slightly alkaline with pH of 8.57. The average water trans- parency was 0.4 m, with relatively high content of dissolved oxygen. The content of total nitrogen was relatively high of 3.043 mg/L averagely. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation showed that the water quality of Bailang Lake belonged to moderate eu- trophication. As can be seen from various comprehensive nutritional state indices TLI, the contribution of transparency, chlorophyll a and total nitrogen to the eutrophi- cation in Bailang Lake was the greatest, followed by the permanganate index and total phosphorus. Statistical analysis showed that the average weight-biomass of phy- toplankton in Bailang Lake was 6.442 mg/L, and the average was 146.46x104 individuals/ml. There were eight dominant species in Bailang Lake, including Scenedesmus, Tetraedron, Merismopedia sinica, Phormidium, Merismopedia, Tribonema, Chroomonas and Synedra. [Conclusion] This study provided data informa- tion for the environmental protection and fisheries production in Bailang Lake.
基金supported by the National Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs (Grant Nos. 2006BAD09A01, 2006BAD09A06)the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China (Grant No. 2006AA10Z409)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30871931)
文摘Optimal stocking densities were investigated for the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in net enclosures for 333 d. Substantial weight loss occurred during the aestivation phase (AE). Decreased growth rates were also observed during the winter phase (WT). In contrast, sea cucumbers showed rapid growth during the spring (SP) and autumn (AU) phases. Feeding regimes considerably influenced the growtb performance, i.e., sea cucumbers grew faster under feed-supplement regime than under non-feed-supplement regime (P 〈 0.05). The average survival rates of sea cucumbers under feed-supplement regime were higher than those under non-feed-supplement regime for both the autumn phase and spring phase, but the differences were only significant for the latter phase (P〈 0.05). The fitted B-N curves showed that the optimal stocking densities, in terms of net production, were 22.3 ind. m^-2 for feed-supplement regime and 14.1 ind. m^-2 for non-feed-supplement regime.
文摘Cultured Apostichopus japonicus in China suffers from a kind of skin ulceration disease that has caused severe economic loss in recent years. The disease,pathogens of which are supposed to be bacteria by most researchers,is highly infectious and can often cause all individuals in the same culture pool to die in a very short time. The 16S rRNA gene phylogenesis of the culturable bacteria from the lesions of diseased individuals was conducted to study the biodiversity of the bacterial communities in the lesions and to identify probable pathogen(s) associated with this kind of disease. S. japonica samples were selected from a hatchery located in the eastern part of Qingdao,China. Bacterial universal primers GM5F and DS907R were used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria colonies,and touchdown PCR was performed to amplify the target sequences. The results suggest that γ-proteobacteria(Alteromonadales and Vibrionales) of CFB group,many strains of which have been also determined as pathogens in other marine species,are the predominant bacterial genera of the diseased Apostichopus japonicus individuals.
文摘Strain improvement and medium optimization to increase the productivity of spiramycin were carried out. Of oil tolerant mutant strains screened, one mutant, Streptomyces ambofaciens XC 2-37, produced 9% more spiramycin than the parent strain S. ambofaciens XC 1-29. The effects of soybean oil and propyl alcohol on spiramycin production with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 were studied. The potency of S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was improved by 61.8% with addition of 2% soybean oil in the fermentation medium and 0.4% propyl alcohol at 24 hours after incubation. The suitable time for feeding propyl alcohol is at 24 hours after incubation in flask fermentation and at 20 hours after incubation in fermentor fermentation. The new process with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was scaled up for industrial scale production of spiramycin in a 60 m3 fermentor in Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhejiang Medicine Company, Ltd., China, and the potency and productivity of fermentation were improved by 42.9%.
基金Foundation items: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31160422, 30960084) the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2013M542379), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12- 1079), and the Key Subject of Wildlife Conservation and Utilization in Yunnan Province. Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Prof. R.-J. ZOU at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for support Mr. Y.-Z. LU (animal keeper) for his assistance during data-collection and to three anonymous reviewers for valuable suggestions.
文摘Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.
基金Project(31000350) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2010CB630902) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘A total of 126 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Among them, 11 isolates were found positive for amylase production. Strain YL produced the largest zone of clearance on plate assay. The isolate YL was identified as Bacillus sp. based on morphological and physiochemical characterization. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, the closest phylogenetic neighbor of strain YL was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (99.54%). After that, an optimization of culture conditions was carried out for the improvement of a-amylase production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effect of medium components including wheat bran, cottonseed extract, yeast extract, starch, NaC1 and CaCl2. Three variables (wheat bran, cottonseed extract, and starch), which were identified to significantly affect amylase production by Plackett-Burman design were further optimized using response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal concentrations estimated for each variable related to the maximum of amylase activity (86 kU/mL) were 10.80 g/L wheat bran, 9.90 g/L cottonseed extract, 0.5 g/L starch, 2.0 g/L yeast extract, 5.00 g/L NaCl and 2.00 g/L CaC12. The fermentation using optimized culture medium allowed a significant increase in amylase production (by 3-fold). The improvement in the a-amylase production after optimization process can be considered adequate for large-scale applications.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (E0810018)
文摘An optimal medium (300 g·L^-1 initial glucose) comprising 6.3 mmol·L^-1 Mg2+, 5.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca2+, 15.0 g·L^-1 peptone and 21.5 g·L^-1 yeast extract was determined by uniform design to improve very high gravity (VHG) ethanol fermentation, showing over 30% increase in final ethanol (from 13.1% to 17.1%, by volume), 29% decrease in fermentation time (from 84 to 60 h), 80% increase in biomass formation and 26% increase in glucose utilization. Experiments also revealed physiological aspects linked to the fermentation enhancements. Compared to the control, trehalose in the cells grown in optimal fermentation medium increased 17.9-, 2.8-, 1.9-, 1.8- and 1.9-fold at the fermentation time of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, respectively. Its sharp rise at the early stage of fermentation when there was a considerable osmotic stress suggested that trehalose played an important role in promoting fermentation. Meanwhile, at the identical five fermentation time, the plasma membrane ATPase activity of the cells grown in optimal medium was 2.3, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.3 times that of the control, respectively. Their disparities in enzymatic activity became wider when the glucose levels were dramatically changed for ethanol production, suggesting this enzyme also contributed to the fermentation improvements. Thus, medium optimization for VHG ethanol fermentation was found to trigger the increased yeast trehalose accumulation and plasma membrane ATPase activity.
文摘The production of cellulase in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UNPDV-22 was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the interactive effect of culture conditions (temperature, pH, and inoculum) on cellulase activity. Results suggested that temperature and pH all have significant impact on cellulase production. The use of RSM resulted in a 96% increase in the cellulase activity over the control of non-optimized basal medium. Optimum cellulase production of 13 U/mL was obtained at a temperature of 42.24 ℃, pH of 5.25, and inoculum size of 4.95% (v/v) in a fermentation medium containing wheat bran, soybean meal and malt dextrin as major nutritional factors.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB623403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21176117,21222602)+3 种基金the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(212060)the Outstanding Young Fund of Jiangsu Province(BK2012040)the"Six Top Talents"of Jiangsu Province,the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(09KJA530002)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘NaA zeolite membranes were prepared by secondary growth method on the outer surface of α-Al2O3 hollow fiber supports. Vacuum seeding method was used for planting zeolite seeds on the support surfaces. Hydrothermal crystallization was then carried out in a synthesis solution with molar ratio of Al2O3:SiO2:Na2O:H2O = 1:2:2:120 at 100 ℃ for 4 h. Effects of seeding conditions on preparation of hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes were extensively investigated. Moreover, hollow fiber membrane modules with packing membrane areas of ca. 0.1 and 0.2 m2 were fabricated to separate ethanol/water mixture. It is found that the thickness of seed layer is obviously affected by seed suspension concentration, coating time and vacuum degree. Close-packing seed layer is required to obtain high-quality membranes. The optimized seeding conditions (seed suspension mass concentration of 0.5%-0.7% coating time of 5 s and vacuum degree of 10 kPa) lead to dense NaA zeolite layer with a thickness of 6-8 gin. Typically, an as-synthesized hollow fiber NaA zeolite membrane exhibits good pervaporation performance with a permeation flux of 7.02 kg· m^- 2· h^- 1 and separation factor 〉 10000 for sepa- ration of 90%; (by mass) ethanol/water mixture at 75 ℃ High reproducibility has been achieved for batch-scale production of hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes by the hydrothermal synthesis approach.
文摘The influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of lion Panthera leo cubs was investigated at three sites. In this study, stimulus objects such as sticks, grass, fresh dung (elephant Loxondota africana, zebra Equus quagga, impala Aepyceros melampus, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus) and cardboard boxes, were utilized in an enrichment program aimed at encouraging active behaviors of captive lion cubs at Antelope Park and Masuwe. Lion cubs at Chipangali were not behaviorally enriched. Activity patterns were recorded for 10 days at each site. We recorded moving, resting, playing, grooming, visual exploration and display of hunting instincts. We found that behavioral enrichment enhanced the active behaviors of captive lion cubs. Orphan-raised cubs spent more time moving, playing and displaying hunting instincts than mother-raised cubs, but the time spent grooming was similar across areas and suggests that grooming is not influenced by enrichment. Mother-raised cubs spent more time engaged in visual exploration than orphan-raised cubs and this could be a behavior acquired from mothers or a result of confidence to explore because of their presence. Activity patterns were different among time treatments across our three study sites. Based on these findings, we suggest that lion cubs raised in captivity could benefit from behavioral enrichment to encourage active behaviors essential for eventual reintroduction into the wild
基金Supported by Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of Guangxi Province(GK15-2,GK16-2)Guangxi Aquatic Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Project(GYMK201528030,201633034)~~
文摘The aim was to optimize the roller bottle culture system of IBRS-2 cells for cultivation of porcine parvovirus (PPV) N strain using a four-factor three-level or- thogonal test (cell culture medium pH value: 7.0, 7.2 and 7.4; inoculation time: 0, 24 and 48 h; inoculation dose: 0.10%, 1.00% and 10.00%; harvest time: 48, 72 and 96 h). The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: cell culture medium pH value of 7.2, synchronous inoculation, inoculation dose of 0.10% and culture time of 96 h. Among the four factors, culture time was the most important factor affectina the virulence titer of PPV N strain.