明代武官优养制度述略

档案资料记载表明代武官及其家属的优养,主要包括对老疾武官、残疾应袭舍人及故官遗母、妻、女等人的优养。明朝在前代的基础上,建立健全了武官优养体系,取得了良好的效果,但也表现出明显的历史局限性,永乐元年新旧官的划分,人为地造成武官之间的不平等,导致军队内部的分化,其影响深远。

秦汉国家对于老幼人群的优养政策

秦汉国家以法令和诏书的形式,对老幼人群实行优养。王杖制度的实行,一定程度上保护了老年人权益。对王杖授予者的资格,除年龄外,应尚有其他要求。对老幼犯罪者刑罚上的宽贷,秦汉的规定是有变化的。总体趋势是宽免年龄的扩大和需承担法律责任的罪行的减少。

谈宋瓷中的“多子”“宜子”与“优养”

童子题材的瓷器在宋代广泛流行,反映了特定历史背景下的社会审美和追求。文章通过分析宋代耀州窑与湖田窑、磁州窑以及建宁窑瓷器的特点及背后的思想文化,指出其和当时的商品经济以及不倚重劳动力的职业的出现有直接关系。对于宋代社会中产生的忽略“优养”的陋俗,当时相关机构进行了有效介入,加之宣传画般的瓷器润物无声的影响,使平常百姓的思想发生了转变,“优养”的观念逐渐深入两宋百姓的生活当中。

Research on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation Technology of Superior Individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz

[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as materials for selecting the primary medium, subculture medium, rooting medium and acclimatization substrate during the tissue culture and rapid propagation. [Result] 6-BA was the optimal cytokinin for tissue culture of Lonicera edulis Turcz, compared with ZT; modified MS＋1.0 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium as primary and subculture medium, modified MS＋ 1.5 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium for rooting of Lonicera edulis Turcz, the rooting rate had achieved 100% after cultured for 30 d. The optimal substrate for transplanting plantlets of Lonicera edulis Turcz was composed of humus and perlite （1∶ 1, V/V）, survival rate was as high as 95% after 30 d. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the rapid propagation of superior seedlings of Lonicera edulis Turcz, as well as the establishment of industrialized breeding technical system and the implementation of scale production.

Research on the Fermentation Conditions of Bacillus subtillus B-332

[Objective] The paper was to ascertain the fermentation conditions and medium formula of Bacillus subtilis B-332. [Method] Using single factor and orthogo- nal experimental designs, the fermentation medium and culture conditions for B. sub- i tills B-332 were optimized through shaking flask culture. [Result] The optimal culture and inoculation time was 18 h, and the optimized medium formula was as follows： soybean powder 0.60 g/L, sucrose 0.25 g/L, ammonium sulfate 0.07 g/L, trisodium citrate 0.03 g/L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.003 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.005 g/L, ferrous sulfate 0.000 5%; the fermentation condition was as follows： tem- perature 30 ℃, shaking bed speed 180 r/min, shaking bottle volume 80 ml/500 ml. In the optimal fermentation conditions, the fermented spore quantity was 1.43×10^11 cfu/ml, which was 34.48 times higher than the spore quantity of 4.03×10^9 cfu/ml in initial condition. [Result] The study laid the foundation for factory production of the strain.

水库水质之时间数列分析研究

本研究将以德基水库中总磷资料计算 TSI(Trophic Status Index)优养指数 ,并利用相乘性分解方法 (m ultiplicative decom position m ethod)进行德基水库水质优养化时间数列分析研究 ,用以了解德基水库水质之优养化变化情形。研究显示 ,德基水库季节变化 (S )之水质优养化变动情形每年有一高峰期 ,从 4～ 10月 ,总长度达 7个月之久。此外 ,德基水库优养指数长期趋势 (T)乃显示随时间 (t)呈缓慢成长状态 ,其间的关系可表示为 T =51.4 2 31+ 0 .0 60 5t,其中 t=:1,2 ,3…… ,161。至于在循环变动 (C )的研究中则发现 ,循环变动周期自早期的 2～ 3年 ,逐渐缩减至 1年左右。由此可知 ,德基水库水质优养化的情形有日益严重的趋势。

以地域特色传统文化构建高职院校创新型育人体系

在高职院校的发展和竞争中,核心校园文化理念的形成与确立可以增强学校的凝聚力和影响力,而围绕核心校园文化理念打造校园文化品牌又会推动学校育人体系的优化和改革。本文以海南工商职业学院打造以“养优文化”为核心的创新型育人体系为例,展示了高职院校如何以具有地域特色的传统文化建设为突破口,创建出符合新时代职业教育理念的育人模式,并倾力打造具有地域风格与特色的校园文化品牌。

Optimization of the Conditions for Using Sewage to Cultivate Navicula tenera

[ Objective] This study was to improve the biomass of Navicula tenera, and thus to provide reference for achieving the industrial production of Navicula tenera. [Method] The feasibility of using sewage to cultivate Navicula tenera was preliminarily investigated based on the consideration of regional characteristics; and a series of culture conditions including the nutrient source of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, iron（Fe）, silicon（ Si ） and the salinity in medium for culturing Navicula tenera, were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal design.[Result] The optimized conditions for cultivating Navicula tenera using sewage are as follows： the water from Xiaoerlou Artificial Lake of Nanjing University of Technology as basic solvent; 360 mg/L urea; 150 mg/L N2HPO4 · 12H2O; 50 mg/L ferric citrate; 2 000 mg/L Na2SiO3 · 9H2O; 2.0 mol/L salinity. Navicula tenera was strongly adaptive to sewage and could well uptake the nutrient sources in the sewage. Under the optimized conditions, the culture cost decreased, and meanwhile the biomass of Navicula tenera reached 4. 766 g/L which is 3.57 multiples over original medium and 1.9 multiples over optimized medium No. 1.[ Conclusion] This study laid a foundation for the combination of culturing Navicula tenera in large scale and sewage treatment.

女性教育与人口身体素质

我国的人口问题，既有数量的膨胀，又有素质的低下，在人口数量控制问题获得一定程度的缓解后，人口素质问题日益突出。在人口素质中，身体素质是一切的基础。笔者从优孕、优生、优养、残疾儿康复等四个侧面论述了女性受教育水平与人口身体素质的关系，探讨提高我国人口身体素质的途径，以使我国人口身体素质适应并促进社会主义现代化建设的发展。

Investigation of Dominant Populations of Late-summer Phytoplankton and Comprehensive Nutritional Evaluation of Water Quality in Bailang Lake

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality survey and phytoplankton sampling was conducted in Bailang Lake in September 2011, a total of four sam- pling points were set, to detect and analyze the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and permanganate index in water samples and further conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of the water quality factors using comprehensive nutritional state index method. [Result] Water in Bailang Lake was neutral to slightly alkaline with pH of 8.57. The average water trans- parency was 0.4 m, with relatively high content of dissolved oxygen. The content of total nitrogen was relatively high of 3.043 mg/L averagely. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation showed that the water quality of Bailang Lake belonged to moderate eu- trophication. As can be seen from various comprehensive nutritional state indices TLI, the contribution of transparency, chlorophyll a and total nitrogen to the eutrophi- cation in Bailang Lake was the greatest, followed by the permanganate index and total phosphorus. Statistical analysis showed that the average weight-biomass of phy- toplankton in Bailang Lake was 6.442 mg/L, and the average was 146.46x104 individuals/ml. There were eight dominant species in Bailang Lake, including Scenedesmus, Tetraedron, Merismopedia sinica, Phormidium, Merismopedia, Tribonema, Chroomonas and Synedra. [Conclusion] This study provided data informa- tion for the environmental protection and fisheries production in Bailang Lake.

Optimization of Stocking Density for the Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka, Under Feed-Supplement and Non-Feed-Supplement Regimes in Pond Culture

Optimal stocking densities were investigated for the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus Selenka under feed-supplement and non-feed-supplement regimes in net enclosures for 333 d. Substantial weight loss occurred during the aestivation phase （AE）. Decreased growth rates were also observed during the winter phase （WT）. In contrast, sea cucumbers showed rapid growth during the spring （SP） and autumn （AU） phases. Feeding regimes considerably influenced the growtb performance, i.e., sea cucumbers grew faster under feed-supplement regime than under non-feed-supplement regime （P 〈 0.05）. The average survival rates of sea cucumbers under feed-supplement regime were higher than those under non-feed-supplement regime for both the autumn phase and spring phase, but the differences were only significant for the latter phase （P〈 0.05）. The fitted B-N curves showed that the optimal stocking densities, in terms of net production, were 22.3 ind. m^-2 for feed-supplement regime and 14.1 ind. m^-2 for non-feed-supplement regime.

16S rRNA Gene Phylogenesis of Culturable Predominant Bacteria from Diseased Apostichopus japonicus(Holothuroidea,Echinodermata)

Cultured Apostichopus japonicus in China suffers from a kind of skin ulceration disease that has caused severe economic loss in recent years. The disease,pathogens of which are supposed to be bacteria by most researchers,is highly infectious and can often cause all individuals in the same culture pool to die in a very short time. The 16S rRNA gene phylogenesis of the culturable bacteria from the lesions of diseased individuals was conducted to study the biodiversity of the bacterial communities in the lesions and to identify probable pathogen(s) associated with this kind of disease. S. japonica samples were selected from a hatchery located in the eastern part of Qingdao,China. Bacterial universal primers GM5F and DS907R were used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria colonies,and touchdown PCR was performed to amplify the target sequences. The results suggest that γ-proteobacteria(Alteromonadales and Vibrionales) of CFB group,many strains of which have been also determined as pathogens in other marine species,are the predominant bacterial genera of the diseased Apostichopus japonicus individuals.

Improved production of spiramycin by mutant Streptomyces ambofaciens

Strain improvement and medium optimization to increase the productivity of spiramycin were carried out. Of oil tolerant mutant strains screened, one mutant, Streptomyces ambofaciens XC 2-37, produced 9% more spiramycin than the parent strain S. ambofaciens XC 1-29. The effects of soybean oil and propyl alcohol on spiramycin production with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 were studied. The potency of S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was improved by 61.8% with addition of 2% soybean oil in the fermentation medium and 0.4% propyl alcohol at 24 hours after incubation. The suitable time for feeding propyl alcohol is at 24 hours after incubation in flask fermentation and at 20 hours after incubation in fermentor fermentation. The new process with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was scaled up for industrial scale production of spiramycin in a 60 m3 fermentor in Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhejiang Medicine Company, Ltd., China, and the potency and productivity of fermentation were improved by 42.9%.

Dominance hierarchy and social relationships in a group of Captive black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bietl)

Different types of dominance hierarchies reflect different social relationships in primates. In this study, we clarified the hierarchy and social relationships in a one-male unit of captive Rhinopithecus bieti observed between August 1998 and March 1999. Mean frequency of agonistic behaviour among adult females was 0.13 interactions per hour. Adult females exhibited a linear hierarchy with a reversal of 10.9%, indicating an unstable relationship; therefore, R. bieti appears to be a relaxed/tolerant species. The lack of a relationship between the agonistic ratio of the adult male towards adult females and their ranks indicated that males did not show increased aggression towards low-ranking females. Differentiated female affiliative relationships were loosely formed in terms of the male, and to some extent influenced by female estrus, implying that relationships between the male and females is influenced by estrus and not rank alone. A positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of adult females and their ranks showed that the degree to which one female negatively impacted others decreased with reduction in rank. Similarly, a positive correlation between the agonistic ratio of females and differences in rank suggests that a female had fewer negative effects on closely ranked individuals than distantly ranked ones. These data indicate that rank may influence relationships between females. A steeper slope of regression between the agonistic ratio and inter-female rank differences indicated that the extent of the power difference in high-ranking females exerting negative effects on low-ranking ones was larger during the mating season than the birth season, suggesting that rank may influence the mating success of females.

A marked enhancement in production of amylase by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in flask fermentation using statistical methods

A total of 126 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Among them, 11 isolates were found positive for amylase production. Strain YL produced the largest zone of clearance on plate assay. The isolate YL was identified as Bacillus sp. based on morphological and physiochemical characterization. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, the closest phylogenetic neighbor of strain YL was Bacillus amyloliquefaciens （99.54%）. After that, an optimization of culture conditions was carried out for the improvement of a-amylase production. Response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to evaluate the effect of medium components including wheat bran, cottonseed extract, yeast extract, starch, NaC1 and CaCl2. Three variables （wheat bran, cottonseed extract, and starch）, which were identified to significantly affect amylase production by Plackett-Burman design were further optimized using response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design （BBD）. The optimal concentrations estimated for each variable related to the maximum of amylase activity （86 kU/mL） were 10.80 g/L wheat bran, 9.90 g/L cottonseed extract, 0.5 g/L starch, 2.0 g/L yeast extract, 5.00 g/L NaCl and 2.00 g/L CaC12. The fermentation using optimized culture medium allowed a significant increase in amylase production （by 3-fold）. The improvement in the a-amylase production after optimization process can be considered adequate for large-scale applications.

Medium Optimization for Improved Ethanol Production in Very High Gravity Fermentation

An optimal medium （300 g·L^-1 initial glucose） comprising 6.3 mmol·L^-1 Mg2＋, 5.0 mmol·L^-1 Ca2＋, 15.0 g·L^-1 peptone and 21.5 g·L^-1 yeast extract was determined by uniform design to improve very high gravity （VHG） ethanol fermentation, showing over 30% increase in final ethanol （from 13.1% to 17.1%, by volume）, 29% decrease in fermentation time （from 84 to 60 h）, 80% increase in biomass formation and 26% increase in glucose utilization. Experiments also revealed physiological aspects linked to the fermentation enhancements. Compared to the control, trehalose in the cells grown in optimal fermentation medium increased 17.9-, 2.8-, 1.9-, 1.8- and 1.9-fold at the fermentation time of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, respectively. Its sharp rise at the early stage of fermentation when there was a considerable osmotic stress suggested that trehalose played an important role in promoting fermentation. Meanwhile, at the identical five fermentation time, the plasma membrane ATPase activity of the cells grown in optimal medium was 2.3, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.3 times that of the control, respectively. Their disparities in enzymatic activity became wider when the glucose levels were dramatically changed for ethanol production, suggesting this enzyme also contributed to the fermentation improvements. Thus, medium optimization for VHG ethanol fermentation was found to trigger the increased yeast trehalose accumulation and plasma membrane ATPase activity.

Scale-up of NaA zeolite membranes on α-Al_2O_3 hollow fibers by a secondary growth method with vacuum seeding

NaA zeolite membranes were prepared by secondary growth method on the outer surface of α-Al2O3 hollow fiber supports. Vacuum seeding method was used for planting zeolite seeds on the support surfaces. Hydrothermal crystallization was then carried out in a synthesis solution with molar ratio of Al2O3：SiO2：Na2O：H2O = 1：2：2：120 at 100 ℃ for 4 h. Effects of seeding conditions on preparation of hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes were extensively investigated. Moreover, hollow fiber membrane modules with packing membrane areas of ca. 0.1 and 0.2 m2 were fabricated to separate ethanol/water mixture. It is found that the thickness of seed layer is obviously affected by seed suspension concentration, coating time and vacuum degree. Close-packing seed layer is required to obtain high-quality membranes. The optimized seeding conditions （seed suspension mass concentration of 0.5%-0.7% coating time of 5 s and vacuum degree of 10 kPa） lead to dense NaA zeolite layer with a thickness of 6-8 gin. Typically, an as-synthesized hollow fiber NaA zeolite membrane exhibits good pervaporation performance with a permeation flux of 7.02 kg· m^- 2· h^- 1 and separation factor 〉 10000 for sepa- ration of 90%; （by mass） ethanol/water mixture at 75 ℃ High reproducibility has been achieved for batch-scale production of hollow fiber NaA zeolite membranes by the hydrothermal synthesis approach.

Optimization of Culture Conditions for Production of Cellulase by a Thermophilic Bacillus Strain

The production of cellulase in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UNPDV-22 was optimized using response surface methodology （RSM）. Central composite design （CCD） was used to study the interactive effect of culture conditions （temperature, pH, and inoculum） on cellulase activity. Results suggested that temperature and pH all have significant impact on cellulase production. The use of RSM resulted in a 96% increase in the cellulase activity over the control of non-optimized basal medium. Optimum cellulase production of 13 U/mL was obtained at a temperature of 42.24 ℃, pH of 5.25, and inoculum size of 4.95% （v/v） in a fermentation medium containing wheat bran, soybean meal and malt dextrin as major nutritional factors.

Influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of captive lion Panthera leo cubs:Benefits of behavior enrichment

The influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of lion Panthera leo cubs was investigated at three sites. In this study, stimulus objects such as sticks, grass, fresh dung （elephant Loxondota africana, zebra Equus quagga, impala Aepyceros melampus, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus） and cardboard boxes, were utilized in an enrichment program aimed at encouraging active behaviors of captive lion cubs at Antelope Park and Masuwe. Lion cubs at Chipangali were not behaviorally enriched. Activity patterns were recorded for 10 days at each site. We recorded moving, resting, playing, grooming, visual exploration and display of hunting instincts. We found that behavioral enrichment enhanced the active behaviors of captive lion cubs. Orphan-raised cubs spent more time moving, playing and displaying hunting instincts than mother-raised cubs, but the time spent grooming was similar across areas and suggests that grooming is not influenced by enrichment. Mother-raised cubs spent more time engaged in visual exploration than orphan-raised cubs and this could be a behavior acquired from mothers or a result of confidence to explore because of their presence. Activity patterns were different among time treatments across our three study sites. Based on these findings, we suggest that lion cubs raised in captivity could benefit from behavioral enrichment to encourage active behaviors essential for eventual reintroduction into the wild

Optimization of IBRS-2 Cells Culturing Conditions for Cultivation of Porcine Parvovirus N Strain Using Roller Bottle

The aim was to optimize the roller bottle culture system of IBRS-2 cells for cultivation of porcine parvovirus （PPV） N strain using a four-factor three-level or- thogonal test （cell culture medium pH value： 7.0, 7.2 and 7.4; inoculation time： 0, 24 and 48 h; inoculation dose： 0.10%, 1.00% and 10.00%; harvest time： 48, 72 and 96 h）. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows： cell culture medium pH value of 7.2, synchronous inoculation, inoculation dose of 0.10% and culture time of 96 h. Among the four factors, culture time was the most important factor affectina the virulence titer of PPV N strain.