小学篮球教学:培养团队合作精神的优效化“摇篮”

篮球运动是青少年最喜爱的体育活动之一,是兼趣味性、集体性、竞技性的球类项目。它不仅能锻炼学生的身体机能,还能培养其合作意识,促进其团队合作精神的发展。本文从教学实践经验出发探寻篮球教学在去自我中心、尊重个体差异、去个人主义等方面的科学意义。以篮球运动中的合作表征的依归,力求从概念输入、意识强化、精神建构三方面阐释合作精神培养有效化的集体实操路径。旨在让学生通过篮球运动建立合作意识,感受团队合作精神,促进学生更好地发展。

“共同体”视域下多党合作机制“优效化”路径探析

文章从“共同体”的视角入手,分析我国多党合作制度机制与“共同体”理念的契合之处,并试图从二者的相关性层面,探讨提升多党合作机制“优效化”的路径和对策。

混合动力汽车能效优化与控制策略研究

随着环境问题和能源危机的日益严重,混合动力汽车作为一种节能环保的交通工具,得到了广泛关注。能效优化和控制策略是混合动力汽车研究的重要方向,对于提高汽车性能、降低能耗、减少排放具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨混合动力汽车的能效优化和控制策略,以提高汽车的整体性能和燃油经济性。

Energy-efficient mechanism based on ACO for the coverage problem in sensor networks

An energy-efficient heuristic mechanism is presented to obtain the optimal solution for the coverage problem in sensor networks. The mechanism can ensure that all targets are fully covered corresponding to their levels of importance at minimum cost, and the ant colony optimization algorithm （ACO） is adopted to achieve the above metrics. Based on the novel design of heuristic factors, artificial ants can adaptively detect the energy status and coverage ability of sensor networks via local information. By introducing the evaluation function to global pheromone updating rule, the pheromone trail on the best solution is greatly enhanced, so that the convergence process of the algorithm is speed up. Finally, the optimal solution with a higher coverage- efficiency and a longer lifetime is obtained.

Optimization of the biphasic release of indomethacin from HPMC/pectin/calcium chloride matrix tablet by response surface methodology

We studied the effect of two independent variables, the pectin/calcium chloride weight ratio and the overall matrix weight in HPMC/pectin/calcium matrix tablet, on the release of indomethacin. A two-factor 5-level central composite experimental design was employed. Responses of the Peppas correlation parameters n and K and the 10% release time （T0.1） were optimized by response surface methodology. Significant effect of the independent variables on the biphasic release parameters, n and K, was observed. N, K and T0.1 were well fitted with the second-order quadratic equations rather than linear equations. Moreover, the mathematic fitting and the response surfaces showed significant cross-interaction between the pectin/calcium chloride ratio and the overall matrix weight. The optimal formulation with larger n, longer T0.1 and smaller K consisted of medium pectin/calcium chloride ratio around 1.0 and medium matrix weight around 200 mg. Validation studies on the optimal formulations showed good predictability of the n, K and T0.1 values with biases within the range of-7.33% and 6.26%. Our results support that central composite design can be used to optimize drug release from HPMC/pectin/calcium matrix tablet with high predictability.

Operation optimization mode for nozzle governing steam turbine unit

Based on tests and theoretical calculation an optimum steam admission mode is proposed which can effectively solve the steam-excited vibration.An operation mode jointly considering the valve point and operation load is proposed based on the analysis and study of a large number of unit operation optimization methods.According to the steam-excited vibration that occurs during the optimization process when the nozzle governing steam turbine switches from a single valve to multi-valves a steam admission optimization program is proposed.This comprehensive program considering the steam-excited vibration is applied to a 600 MW steam turbine unit to obtain the optimum sliding pressure curve and the optimum operation mode and the steam-excited vibration is solved successfully.

APPROXIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS TO STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION

Although the genetic algorithm (GA) has very powerful robustness and fitness, it needs a large size of population and a large number of iterations to reach the optimum result. Especially when GA is used in complex structural optimization problems, if the structural reanalysis technique is not adopted, the more the number of finite element analysis (FEA) is, the more the consuming time is. In the conventional structural optimization the number of FEA can be reduced by the structural reanalysis technique based on the approximation techniques and sensitivity analysis. With these techniques, this paper provides a new approximation model-segment approximation model, adopted for the GA application. This segment approximation model can decrease the number of FEA and increase the convergence rate of GA. So it can apparently decrease the computation time of GA. Two examples demonstrate the availability of the new segment approximation model.

A novel adaptive mutative scale optimization algorithm based on chaos genetic method and its optimization efficiency evaluation

By combing the properties of chaos optimization method and genetic algorithm,an adaptive mutative scale chaos genetic algorithm(AMSCGA) was proposed by using one-dimensional iterative chaotic self-map with infinite collapses within the finite region of [-1,1].Some measures in the optimization algorithm,such as adjusting the searching space of optimized variables continuously by using adaptive mutative scale method and making the most circle time as its control guideline,were taken to ensure its speediness and veracity in seeking the optimization process.The calculation examples about three testing functions reveal that AMSCGA has both high searching speed and high precision.Furthermore,the average truncated generations,the distribution entropy of truncated generations and the ratio of average inertia generations were used to evaluate the optimization efficiency of AMSCGA quantificationally.It is shown that the optimization efficiency of AMSCGA is higher than that of genetic algorithm.

Novel lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor on SOI substrate for optimizing hot-carrier degradation

A novel lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor on a silicon-on-insulator substrate SOI-LIGBT with a special low-doped P-well structure is proposed.The P-well structure is added to attach the P-body under the channel so as to reduce the linear anode current degradation without additional process.The influence of the length and depth of the P-well on the hot-carrier HC reliability of the SOI-LIGBT is studied.With the increase in the length of the P-well the perpendicular electric field peak and the impact ionization peak diminish resulting in the reduction of the hot-carrier degradation. In addition the impact ionization will be weakened with the increase in the depth of the P-well which also makes the hot-carrier degradation decrease.Considering the effect of the low-doped P-well and the process windows the length and depth of the P-well are both chosen as 2 μm.

Optimization Design and Fabrication of Si/SiGe PMOSFETs

Through the theoretical analysis and computer simulation,the optimized design principles for Si/SiGe PMOSFETs are given,including the choice of gate materials,the determination of Ge percentage and the profile in SiGe channel,the thickness optimization of dioxide and silicon cap layer,and the adjustment of threshold voltage.In light of them,a SiGe PMOSFET is designed and fabricated successfully.The measurements indicate that the transconductance is 45mS/mm (300K) and 92mS/mm (77K) for SiGe PMOSFET's (L=2μm),while it is 33mS/mm (300K) and 39mS/mm (77K) for Si PMOSFET.

Frame length optimization for multi-antenna downlink systems based on delay-bound violation probability constraints

A flame length optimization scheme is proposed for multi-antenna downlink systems to guarantee diverse delay- bound violation probability constraints. Due to the difficulties of extracting the quality of service （QoS） metrics from the conventional physical-layer channel models, the link-layer models named effective bandwidth and effective capacity are applied to statistically characterize the source traffic patterns and the queuing service dynamics. With these link-layer models, the source traffic process and the channel service process are mapped to certain QoS parameters. The packet delay-bound violation probability constraints are converted into minimum data rate constraints and the optimization problem is thus formulated into simultaneous inequalities. With the assumption of ergodic block-fading channels, the optimal frame lengths of single-user and multiuser systems are calculated respectively by numerical iterative methods. Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that the given delay-bound violation probability constraints are well satisfied with the optimal frame length.

Linking strategies to optimize the robustness of multimodal transport network

In view of the problem that the multimodal transport network is vulnerable to attack and faces the risk of cascading failure,three low polarization linking strategies considering the characteristics of the multimodal transport network are proposed to optimize network robustness.They are the low polarization linking strategy based on the degree of nodes(D_LPLS),low polarization linking strategy based on the betweenness of nodes(B_LPLS),and low polarization linking strategy based on the closeness of nodes(C_LPLS).The multimodal transport network in the Sichuan-Tibet region is analyzed,and the optimization effects of these three strategies are compared with the random linking strategy under random attacks and intentional attacks.The results show that C_LPLS can effectively optimize the robustness of the network.Under random attacks,the advantages of C_LPLS are obvious when the ratio of increased links is less than 15%,but it has fewer advantages compared with B_LPLS when the ratio of increased links is 15%to 30%.Under intentional attacks,as the ratio of increased links goes up,the advantages of C_LPLS become more obvious.Therefore,the increase of links by C_LPLS is conducive to the risk control of the network,which can provide theoretical support for the optimization of future multimodal transport network structures.

Energy Efficiency Optimization in Relay-Assisted Networks with Energy Harvesting Relay Constraints

In this paper we consider data transmission in a decode-and-forward(DF)relay-assisted network in which the relay is energy harvesting(EH) powered while the base station(BS) is power-grid powered.Our purpose is to maximize the BS's energy efficiency(EE) while making full use of the relay's renewable energy and satisfying the specific average throughput requirements.In contrast to existing literature on energy harvesting system which only considers the radio transmission power,we take the static circuit power into account as well.We formulate the EE optimization problem and prove that the EE of the BS and relay are both quasiconvex in the instantaneous transmission rate.Then we divide the complex optimization problem into two point-to-point link level optimization parts and propose an energyefficient resource allocation(EERA) scheme in which power control and sleep mode management are jointly used.The simulation results demonstrate that EERA may achieve good energy saving effects.We also compare the EE of an energy harvesting relay system with a power-grid powered one and provide more insight into the EE problem of energy harvesting relay system.

Energy Efficiency Optimization for D2D Communications Based on SCA and GP Method

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient power control scheme for device-to-device(D2D) communications underlaying cellular networks, where multiple D2D pairs reuse the same resource blocks allocated to one cellular user. Taking the maximum allowed transmit power and the minimum data rate requirement into consideration, we formulate the energy efficiency maximization problem as a non-concave fractional programming(FP) problem and then develop a two-loop iterative algorithm to solve it. In the outer loop, we adopt Dinkelbach method to equivalently transform the FP problem into a series of parametric subtractive-form problems, and in the inner loop we solve the parametric subtractive problems based on successive convex approximation and geometric programming method to obtain the solutions satisfying the KarushKuhn-Tucker conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed scheme, and illustrate the impact of different parameters on system performance.

Optimization algorithm for rapid 3D gravity inversion

The practical application of 3D inversion of gravity data requires a lot of computation time and storage space.To solve this problem,we present an integrated optimization algorithm with the following components:(1)targeting high accuracy in the space domain and fast computation in the wavenumber domain,we design a fast 3D forward algorithm with high precision;and(2)taking advantage of the symmetry of the inversion matrix,the main calculation in gravity conjugate gradient inversion is decomposed into two forward calculations,thus optimizing the computational efficiency of 3D gravity inversion.We verify the calculation accuracy and efficiency of the optimization algorithm by testing various grid-number models through numerical simulation experiments.

Rate Allocation Scheme for Machine-to-Machine Service Based on 3GPP in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

In this study,an explicit adaptive traffic allocation scheme for Machine-to-Machine(M2M)service is proposed to achieve optimum distribution in heterogeneous networks.Based on the characteristics of M2M services,the presented scheme is formulated as a convex optimization problem that maximises the utility of the M2M service,and then determines how to allocate the total rate among the multiple access networks.The analysis and numerical simulations indicate that the proposed scheme makes a significant improvement in performance compared with the traditional schemes.

Step-wise synthesis of work exchange networks involving heat integration based on the transshipment model

Due to the deterioration of serious energy dilemma,energy-conservation and emission–reduction have been the strategic target in the past decades,thus people have identified the vital importance of higher energy efficiency and the influence of lower carbon development.Since work exchange network is a significant part of energy recovery system,its optima design will have dramatically significant effect on energy consumption reduction in chemical process system.With an extension of the developed transshipment model in isothermal process,a novel step-wise methodology for synthesis of direct work exchange network(WEN)in adiabatic process involving heat integration is first proposed in this paper,where a nonlinear programming(NLP)model is formulated by regarding the minimum utility consumption as objective function and optimizing the initial WEN in accordance with the presented matching rules to get the optimized WEN configuration at first.Furthermore,we focus on the work exchange network synthesis with heat integration to attain the minimal total annual cost(TAC)with the introduction of heat-exchange equipment that is achieved by the following strategies in sequence:introducing heat-exchange equipment directly,adjusting the work quantity of the adjacent utility compressors or expanders,and approximating upper/lower pressure limits consequently to obtain considerable cost savings of expanders or compressors and work utility.Finally,a case taken from the literature is studied to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Benefit analysis of curb parking and study on its optimization model

Curb parking lot is a major part of city parking facility with lots of problems, especially in CCA (citycenter area and it has a lot of advantages and has much effect on dynamic traffic as well. It is therefore necessaryto control the scale of curb parking. Basing the whole benefits of the traffic system and considering the minimumsynthetical cost on curb parking, a optimization model is brought forward of cur. b parking planning in CCAbased on minimum generalized cost. Based on this model, the scale of curb parking can be defined reasonablyto make the whole benefits of traffic system optimum in CCA.

Toward Energy-Efficiency Optimization of Pktgen-DPDK for Green Network Testbeds

The packet generator （pktgen） is a fundamental module of the majority of soft- ware testers used to benchmark network pro- tocols and functions. The high performance of the pktgen is an important feature of Future Internet Testbeds, and DPDK is a network packet accelerated platform, so we can use DPDK to improve performance. Meanwhile, green computing is advocated for in the fu- ture of the internet. Most existing efforts have contributed to improving either performance or accuracy. We, however, shifted the focus to energy-efficiency. We find that high per- formance comes at the cost of high energy consumption. Therefore, we started from a widely used high performance schema, deeply studying the multi-core platform, especially in terms of parallelism, core allocation, and fre- quency controlling. On this basis, we proposed an AFfinity-oriented Fine-grained CONtrolling （AFFCON） mechanism in order to improve energy efficiency with desirable performance. As clearly demonstrated through a series of evaluative experiments, our proposal can reduce CPU power consumption by up to 11% while maintaining throughput at the line rate.

Energy saving analysis of segment positioning in shield tunneling machine considering assembling path optimization

A motion parameter optimization method based on the objective of minimizing the total energy consumption in segment positioning was proposed for segment erector of shield tunneling machine. The segment positioning process was decomposed into rotation, lifting and sliding actions in deriving the energy calculation model of segment erection. The work of gravity was taken into account in the mathematical modeling of energy consumed by each actuator. In order to investigate the relationship between the work done by the actuator and the path moved along by the segment, the upward and downward directions as well as the operating quadrant of the segment erector were defined. Piecewise nonlinear function of energy was presented, of which the result is determined by closely coupled components as working parameters and some intermediate variables. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimization method was proved by conducting a case study with a segment erector for the tunnel with a diameter of 3 m and drawing comparisons between different assembling paths. The results show that the energy required by assembling a ring of segments along the optimized moving path can be reduced up to 5%. The method proposed in this work definitely provides an effective energy saving solution for shield tunneling machine.