或然语气副词的示证性与传信度表达

本文主要从示证性和传信度这两个角度，考察了现代汉语中表达揣度性推测的或然语气副词用法上的差异，尤其针对一些先行研究中单从语义、句法层面难以说明的问题，尝试从示证性角度予以解释。通过考察分析，我们按表推测根据和表推测方向性的不同将或然语气副词大致分为“似乎、好像、仿佛”和“也许、或许、大概、大约、恐怕、多半”两类。前者多表达说活人基于视觉、感官等直接经验，据果推因的推测，说话人所运用的推测手段是基于对相似性关系的认知，其语义特征可记为[＋相似-推理]；而后者较多用于表达基于逻辑或一般知识做出的推测，说话人所运用的推测手段是基于较为直观的因果关系的认知，其语义特征可记为[-相似＋推理]。或然语气副词反映说话人对命题“可能成立的确信程度”，其表达的“传信度”也存在等级上的差异。

从合助助词再论古汉语语气助词的功能

在语气助词合用之传统研究的基础上 ,进一步考察传信助词合用、传疑助词合用以及传信、传疑、传叹三者合用的不同情况 ,提出古汉语语气助词严格地遵循合用的三条原则 :传信助词合用是由弱至强的连锁排列 ;非同型语气助词合用是由易至难的排列 ;处于同一层面的语气助词不能合用。

“可能”、“会”的“或然性”高低及特点

“可能”、“会”都可表示估计将成事实与否,但其“或然性”并不相等。“会”表推测性肯定,而“可能”只是个表肯定性不强的词语,因此就其所反映的“或然性”性质而言,“会”是个点,其值为“1”,而“可能”是个弹性区间,其值徘徊在“0.5”左右。

广告语中实据性语用功能分析

在实据性和证素的语用研究理论基础上,对大量广告语中的证素进行语用功能分析,并且发现证素作为语言传信度的重要证据之一,为衡量广告语传信度提供了可行的标准。试图揭示广告是怎样运用证素更好地引导消费。

Traffic jam in signalized road network

Traffic jam in large signalized road network presents a complex nature.In order to reveal the jam characteristics,two indexes,SVS(speed of virtual signal) and VOS(velocity of spillover),were proposed respectively.SVS described the propagation of queue within a link while VOS reflected the spillover velocity of vehicle queue.Based on the two indexes,network jam simulation was carried out on a regular signalized road network.The simulation results show that:1) The propagation of traffic congestion on a signalized road network can be classified into two stages:virtual split driven stage and flow rate driven stage.The former stage is characterized by decreasing virtual split while the latter only depends on flow rate; 2) The jam propagation rate and direction are dependent on traffic demand distribution and other network parameters.The direction with higher demand gets more chance to be jammed.Our findings can serve as the basis of the prevention of the formation and propagation of network traffic jam.

Optical-fiber distributed temperature sensor:design and realization

Through analyzing theoretically the temperature effect of the optical-fiber Raman backscattering,a distributed temperature sensor is designed based on the single-mode fiber. Demodulation methods of temperature transduction are compared,and then the demodulation method using the ratio of the anti-Stokes and the Stokes Raman backscattering intensity is adopted. Both the hardware composition and the software realization of the system are introduced in detail. The experiment shows that the distinguishing ability of the temperature and that of the space are 1℃ and 2m,respectively,and that the system response time is about 180 s with a sensing range of 5km and with a temperature measurement range of 0-100℃.

Pathways of mesoscale variability in the South China Sea

The propagation of oceanic mesoscale signals in the South China Sea(SCS) is mapped from satellite altimetric observations and an eddy-resolving global ocean model by using the maximum cross-correlation(MCC) method.Significant mesoscale signals propagate along two major bands of high variability.The northern band is located west of the Luzon Strait,characterized by southwestward eddy propagation.Although eddies are the most active in winter,their southwestward migrations,steered by bathymetry,occur throughout the year.Advection by the mean flow plays a secondary role in modulating the propagating speed.The southern eddy band lies in the southwest part of the SCS deep basin and is oriented in an approximately meridional direction.Mesoscale variability propagates southward along the band in autumn.This southward eddy pathway could not be explained by mean flow advection and is likely related to eddy detachments from the western boundary current due to nonlinear effects.Our mapping of eddy propagation velocities provides important information for further understanding eddy dynamics in the SCS.

Securing Sensor Networks Based on Optimization of Weighted Confidence

In this paper, an optimized rmlicious nodes detection algorithm, based on Weighted Confidence Filter （WCF）, is proposed to protect sensor networks from attacks. In this algorithm, each cluster head in a cluster-based hierarchical network figures out an average confidence degree by means of messages from its child nodes. The cluster head only accepts a message from the child node whose confidence degree is higher than the average. Meanwhile, it updates the confidence degrees for each of its child nodes by comparing the aggregation value and the received messages, and regards them as the weight of exactness of messages from nodes. A sensor node is judged to be rmlicious if its weight value is lower than the predefined threshold. Comparative simulation results verify that the proposed WCF algorithm is better than the Weighted Trust Evaluation （WTE） in terms of the detection ratio and the false alarm ratio. More specifically, with the WCF, the detection ratio is significantly improved and the false alarm ratio is observably reduced, especially when the malicious node ratio is 0.25 or greater. When 40% of 100 sensors are malicious, the detection accuracy is above 90% and the false alarm ratio is nearly only 1.8%.

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of carotid artery atherosclerosis in the elderly

Objective Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity （baPWV） is widely used as a simple noninvasive measure of arterial softness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of baPWV as a predictor of the carotid artery atherosclerosis in the elderly. Methods A total of 721 elderly participants （mean ~ SD age, 70.3 -4- 5.6years） were enrolled in the current study. All participant underwent both baPWV measurement and B-mode ultrasound for the intima-media thickness. Carotid atherosclerosis （CAS） was defined as the present of carotid plaque or and/or intima media thickness for at least 1.1 mm. Results A multivariate logistic regression analysis reveals that age, sex, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, smoking and LDL-C level showed a significant correlation with the presence of CAS. The odds ratios of CAS associated with a 500cm/s increase of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were 2.378 [95% confidence interval, 1.36 to 4.00, P〈0.05], 3.733 [95% confidence interval, 1.729 to 8.058, P〈0.01], 4.438 [95% confidence interval, 1.659 to 11.803, P〈0.01]. The baPWV significantly correlated with IMT by bivariate correlation analysis （r=-0.39; p=0.001）. After adjusting for factors influencing, baPWV all the same correlated with IMT （r=-0.35; p=0.001）.Conclusion These results indicate that brachial-ankle PWV is an independent predictor of CAS in the elderly.It also means that the direct measurement of arterial stiffness by this simple method may be of great help for the evaluation of carotid artherosclerosis, at least in the elderly

A method of simulating intensity modulation-direct detection WDM systems

In the simulation of Intensity Modulation-Direct Detection WDM Systems,when the dispersion and nonlinear effects play equally important roles,the intensity fluctuation caused by cross-phase modulation may be overestimated as a result of the improper step size.Therefore,the step size in numerical simulation should be selected to suppress false XPM intensity modulation (keep it much less than signal power).According to this criterion,the step size is variable along the fiber.For a WDM system,the step size depends on the channel separation.Different type of transmission fiber has different step size.In the split-step Fourier method,this criterion can reduce simulation time,and when the step size is bigger than 100 meters,the simulation accuracy can also be improved.

A new measure for evaluating spatially related properties of traffic information credibility

With the wide applications of sensor network technology in traffic information acquisition systems,a new measure will be quite necessary to evaluate spatially related properties of traffic information credibility.The heterogeneity of spatial distribution of information credibility from sensor networks is analyzed and a new measure,information credibility function(ICF),is proposed to describe this heterogeneity.Three possible functional forms of sensor ICF and their corresponding expressions are presented.Then,two feasible operations of spatial superposition of sensor ICFs are discussed.Finally,a numerical example is introduced to show the calibration method of sensor ICF and obtain the spatially related properties of expressway in Beijing.The results show that the sensor ICF of expressway in Beijing possesses a negative exponent property.The traffic information is more abundant at or near the locations of sensor,while with the distance away from the sensor increasing,the traffic information credibility will be declined by an exponential trend.The new measure provides theoretical bases for the optimal locations of traffic sensor networks and the mechanism research of spatial distribution of traffic information credibility.

Research on E-mail Communication Network Evolution Model Based on User Information Propagation

E-mail communication network evolution model based on user information propagation is studied. First, mathematical representation of weighted e-mail communication network is proposed, and network center parameters of Enron dataset and the distribution of node degree and strength are analyzed. Then, some rules of e-mail communication network evolution are found. Second, the model of e-mail information propagation is described, and e-mail communication network evolution model based on user information propagation is proposed. Lastly, the simulation proves the correctness of the distribution characteristic of degree and strength of the model proposed and then verifies that the model proposed is closer to the real situation of e-mail communication network through parameter comparison. This research provides the basis for other researches on social network evolution and data communication.

Space-time Block Codes Based on Quasi-Orthogonal Designs

A new space-time block codes based on quasi-orthogonal designs are put forward. First the channel model is formulated. Then the connection between orthogonal /quasi-orthogonal designs and space-time block codes is explored. Finally we make simulations for the transmission of 4 bits/s/Hz and 6 bits/s/Hz using eight transmit antennas using the rate 3/4 quasi-orthogonal space-time block code and the rate 1/2 full-diversity orthogonal space-time block code. Simulation results show that full transmission rate is more important for very low signal noise ratio (SNR) and high bit error probability (BEP), while full diversity is more important for very high SNR and low BEP.

Q-learning-based energy transmission scheduling over a fading channel

To solve the problem of energy transmission in the Internet of Things(IoTs),an energy transmission schedule over a Rayleigh fading channel in the energy harvesting system(EHS)with a dedicated energy source(ES)is considered.According to the channel state information(CSI)and the battery state,the charging duration of the battery is determined to jointly minimize the energy consumption of ES,the battery's deficit charges and overcharges during energy transmission.Then,the joint optimization problem is formulated using the weighted sum method.Using the ideas from the Q-learning algorithm,a Q-learning-based energy scheduling algorithm is proposed to solve this problem.Then,the Q-learning-based energy scheduling algorithm is compared with a constant strategy and an on-demand dynamic strategy in energy consumption,the battery's deficit charges and the battery's overcharges.The simulation results show that the proposed Q-learning-based energy scheduling algorithm can effectively improve the system stability in terms of the battery's deficit charges and overcharges.

Acoustic emission characteristics of rock under impact loading

Acoustic emission tests were performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar system(SHPB) on 50-mm-diameter bars of granite, limestone, sandstone and skarn. The results show that the amplitude distribution of hits is not well centralized around 50 d B, and that some hits with large amplitudes, usually larger than 70 d B, occur in the early stages of each test, which is different from the findings from static and low-loading-rate tests. Furthermore, the dominant frequency range of the recorded acoustic emission waveforms is between 300 k Hz and 500 k Hz, and frequency components higher than 500 k Hz are not significant. The hit with the largest values of amplitude, counts, signal strength, and absolute energy in each test, displays a waveform with similar frequency characteristics and greater correlation with the waveform obtained from the elastic input bar of the split Hopkinson pressure bar system compared with the waveforms of the other hits. This indicates that the hit with the largest values of amplitude, counts, signal strength, and absolute energy is generated by elastic wave propagation instead of fracture within the rock specimen.

Public Communication in the Processes of Transparency and Accountability in the Era of Open Data

In recent years, transparency and accountability seem to find new impulse, with the development of ICT （information and communication technology） and the prospective of open data that invest the public system at a national and supranational level. Public institutions tend to make available to the public, more data and information concerning the administration, the manner of use of public goods and resources. At the same time, each institution is called upon to deal with the demand of transparency and participation by citizens who increasingly use Internet 2.0 and social media. After a reflection on how public administrations acted in the phase of Web 1.0 to practice transparency and accountability in terms of communication, this paper considers the elements of continuity and the new opportunities linked to the advent of Web 2.0 and open data. At the end of this analysis, the focus is on the strengths and weaknesses of this process, with a particular attention to the role of the public communication.

An analyzing and experimental method based on the resultant motion signals for SCARA manipulator joints

Acceleration reflects vibration of a robot,and the vibration signal can reflect the operation state of the robot. Generally,detection of robot mechanical arm failure requires installing sensors on each joint. This study proposes a method to diagnose the fault by single acceleration sensor only,which is installed at the end of the robot. The operation state of the robot is evaluated by analyzing vibration characteristics of its acceleration. First,a data acquisition function of a programmable multi-axis controller is applied to extract practical motion signals of the robot joints during operation,and practical motion signals are analyzed. Second,synthetic methods to determine acceleration of the end joints of SCARA robots in a Cartesian space is used based on the theory of the Jacobian matrix and the frequency domain of final acceleration is investigated. The relationship between end-and joint-vibration frequencies under given speeds is determined. Then,the method is verified by comparing characteristic frequencies of joint acceleration and synthetic acceleration in Cartesian coordinate system at different speeds. Finally,some faults can be diagnosed by comparing the acceleration vibration frequency extracted by a single acceleration sensor installed at the end of robot with the normal running state. Thus,this method can be used to monitor the signal variation of each joint without installing sensors on each robot joint.

Design of a Weak Signal Detecting Circuit in the Infrared Spectrum Absorbed Type Gas Sensor

In the infrared spectrum absorbed type gas concentration sensor,voltage signal obtained from the two-channel thermopile infrared detector TPS2534 is very weak.In order to solve this problem,the authors have established the structure of the sensor and designed weak signal detecting circuit of the sensor based on infrared spectrum absorption principle,differential de-noising principle and weak signal detecting principle.The authors have made experiments using CH4 gas.The results show that the circuit can remove noise effectively and detect weak electrical signal obtained from the detector.

Stability analysis and stabilization of wireless networked control systems based on deadband control scheduling

The stability analysis and stabilization problems of the wireless networked control systems(WNCSs) with signal transmission deadbands were considered. The deadbands were respectively set up at the sensor to the controller and the controller to the actor sides in the WNCS, which were used to reduce data transmission, furthermore, to decrease the network collision and node energy consumption. Under the consideration of time-varying delays and signal transmission deadbands, the model for the WNCS was presented. A novel Lyapunov functional which took full advantages of the network factors was exploited. Meanwhile, new stability analysis and stabilization conditions for the WNCS were proposed, which described the relationship of the delay bounds, the transmission deadband bounds and the system stability. Two examples were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The results show that the proposed approach can guarantee asymptotical stability of the system and reduce the data transmission effectively.

Design of C8051F350-based Intelligent Pressure Sensor

In order to overcome the deficiencies of traditional pressure sensors, a kind of intelligent pressure sensors with temperature correction is designed. Qccording to the intelligent sensor system of composition and range of applications, with fully taking into account the parameters of the connection between of co-ordination, we chose a good usability, high reliability and low cost components composed of the entire measurement system, with controlling and dealing with in 80C51 miller, the system had the temperature and pressure parameters with automatic measurement, amplification, A/D conversion, the weak signal locked amplification, as well as PhaseSensitive Detection （PSD）, common-mode signal rejection, the collected signal de-noising processing, cross-sensitivity of the decoupling and show the results. It also has a self-test, automatic temperature condition and on, site communications and other functions.