明末清初西方火器传华的两个阶段

以从明正德年间传入佛郎机到传教士南怀仁为清朝造炮为时间段,回顾明末清初西方火器技术传入中国的基本过程.从时间和制造技术特点两方面,即从历史学和技术史角度,将明末清初西方火器传入中国的过程划分为两个阶段:1506-1620年是明清政府采用及至仿制佛郎机和鸟铳的阶段;1620-1696年是传教士主持制造红衣大炮与编译火器论著的阶段.这两个阶段传入的西方火器的技术特点决定了其在华传播的方式与规模.

欧洲望远镜在明代中国社会的早期传播

晚明时期是古代中国与西方科学技术交流发展最快的时期,欧洲望远镜在中国社会的早期传播,亦是这一交流中最为重要的一项,也是明代科学技术传播史上的大事。从利玛窦开始,一批又一批的欧洲传教士将望远镜带进中国,与此同时也将望远镜的制造技术传入中国,在明代社会产生了重大影响。通过全面收集中文文献,同时涵盖同时代的葡文文献,发现了一大批有关望远镜传播的新资料,并通过这些资料对望远镜在明代中国社会的早期传播进行了系统的梳理与考证,厘清了很多以往研究中存在的问题,清晰地展现出望远镜在明代中国社会传播的全貌。

Genetic Structure of Three Populations of Oxya chinensis in Shanxi,China

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that two populations of O.chinensis about 41 kilometers apart are genetically similar,but differentiated from the third population with a geographic distance of 357 kilometers.However,the heterozygosity levels of those two genetically similar populations were much different.The Nei's genetic distance between two geographically close populations is 0.068,which is much smaller than those of geographically distant populations (0.23 in average).The observed overlap of geographical distance and genetic distance implies that for O.chinensis population divergence may correlate with geographic isolation.

Study on Spontaneous Self-pollination Mechanism of Asarum sieboldii

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate spontaneous self- pollination mechanism of Asarum sieboldii. [Methed] Through field observation and manual controlling test under the cultivated condition, the whole flowering process of Asarum sieboldii belonging to Asarum subgenus Heterotropa was thoroughly ob- served to investigate its pollination mechanism. [Result] Asarum sieboldii is a kind of species dominated by spontaneous self-pollination. Its female flower became mature firstly, and the duration of single flower ranged from 3 to 4 d. The first day was fe- male phase duration, and the stigmas could receive foreign pollen, while stamen fila- ments bent down towards the base of calyx tube with 90°, and anther had no crack. During the following 2 days, two cycles of stamens erected subsequently, while an- thers became dehiscent and naturally contacted with stigma at the same time, so spontaneous self-pollination was finished. Artificial self-pollination and out-crossing test had proved that the out-crossing of Asarum sieboldii were all fertile with seed setting rate of 100%. Emasculation by bagging test had suggested that Asarum sieboldii had no parthenocarpy and apomixes. [Conclusion] Asarum sieboldii belongs to sub- genus Heterotropa, but its pollination mechanism is similar to that of subgenus Asarum.

Genetic Variation of the ORF5 Gene of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in East China during 2008-2010

[Objective] A total of 260 swine samples of dead or sick pigs collected from 7 provinces （municipalities） Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi of China during 2008-2010 were detected for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV）. And the ORF5 genes of some isolates were amplified and sequenced for understanding the molecule epidemiology and the genetic evolution of PRRSV in East China. [Method] Using RT-PCR method, PRRSV was detected by RT-PCR from samples. The complete ORF5 genes of 36 PRRSV positive samples was amplified, sequenced and analyzed with other 15 strains available on GenBank. [Result] PRRSV was detected in 118/260 of the clinical samples, with a positive rate was 45.4%. Sequence analysis showed that the 36 isolates of this study belonged to the North American-type PRRSV strains and were closely related to the highly pathogenic PRRSV （HP-PRRSV） with 94.6%-100% amino acid sequence identities. The sequence analysis combined with the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all these North American-type PRRSV strains in East China were further divided into five subgenotypes, subgenotype Ⅲ showed closer identity with HPPRRSV; almost all subgenotypes were found to be variable in the primary neutralizing epitope; subgenotypes Ⅲ and IV had more glycosylation sites than others. Although these 36 isolates were collected from different provinces in East China, there were no obvious relations between the distribution of PRRSV and the region. [Conclusion] The PRRSV infection was widespread and HP-PRRSV was the popular strain in East China during 2008-2010. However some different genetic characteristics appeared in the genomes, the genetic evolution was relatively stable. There exists a cross-cutting phenomenon on the genetic relationship of PRRSV isolates obtained from different provinces. Subgenotypes IV and V only appeared in some provinces, but the distribution of PRRSV did not show apparent geographical characteristics.

Genetic variability of CYP2B6 polymorphisms in four southern Chinese populations

AIM： To investigate the genotype and allelic frequencies of Cytochrome P450 2B6 polymorphisms in four southern Chinese populations.METHODS： DNA was obtained from blood samples from Han Chinese from Hong Kong and three minority groups,the Wa, Bulang and Lahu from Yunnan in southern China. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR and confirmed by direct sequencing.RESULTS： A total of 507 subjects from southern China were studied. Results showed there is a high prevalence of 516G 〉 T （34.5%） in ethnic Chinese compared to literature reports on other Asian populations and Caucasians. The frequency of the 516TT genotype is higher in the Hah majority （23.1%） than in three other ethnic minority groups （i.e., 7.4%, 9.1% and 15.8%） in southern China.CONCLUSION： This was the first study to document the spectrum of CYP2B6 allelic variants and genotypes in a southern Chinese population. The 516G 〉 T allele is associated with a defective metabolism of efavirenz （EFV）, which therefore may predispose to drug toxicity.Treatment regimens for human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） and heroin addiction may need to be optimized in different populations because of the marked variability of the key metabolizing enzyme.

Discussion of the impact of folk arts on the art education in our country and the enlightenment of the creative thinking

In the face of various problems in the current art education, the targeted reform is very important. This reform can be embarked from the folk art handed down from the folk. In the classrooms, we should let the students contact the traditional arts and crafts, so that they know more about arts. In the history of China＇s bright and colorful folk arts, there flash numerous art forms, including the facial makeup art and culture, the shadow play art and culture, the paper-cut art and culture, and the kite drawing art and culture, and so on. These are the unique arts only of our nation with five thousand years of the development, and we need to well integrate them into the current art education, so as to form the unique system of the art education. This can not only play the role of inheriting the traditional Chinese cultures, but also can well arouse the children＇s interest in arts and their art creativity.

Singapore Pie in Global Chinese Education： Inheritance and Innovation in Chinese Literature Education in Singapore

Singapore＇s Chinese literature education has continuously evolved and advanced over the years, forming a unique style in global Chinese education, which can be described as： ＂Singapore pie＂. Through its bilingual policy, the Singapore government has been committed to creating a pool of bicultural talents, by supplementing the teaching of Chinese language with classes on Chinese literature and culture. This thesis seeks to understand the pros and cons of Chinese literature education in Singapore by analysing its development over the years. The teaching of Chinese literature began with the first wave of Chinese migration to Nanyang in the 19th century, and from there, it went through three phases of development： relocation, adjustment, and burgeoning.

Diversity of 16S rDNA of Indigenous Iraqi Sinorhizobium meliloti Isolates Differing in Their Ability to Drought Tolerance

Soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti had enormous agricultural value, due to their ability in fixing nitrogen symbiotically with an important forage crop legume--alfalfa. The aims of the present study were （1） to isolate indigenous S. meliloti from different field sites in lraq; （2） to evaluate the isolates tolerance to induced drought using polyethylene glycol-6000; （3） assessing genetic diversity and genetic relationships among isolates of natural population with drought tolerant abilities. Drought tolerance study revealed vast variations between Sinorhizobium isolates, the highest tolerant isolates to drought were 12 from total thirty （40%）, tolerated from -3 up to -4 MPa, while the drought sensitive isolates tolerated up to -1.5 MPa, except isolate Bs 58 which tolerated up to -1 Mpa water potential. The growth declined with the increase of drought stress. Cluster analysis based on Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） of the 16S rDNA showed two divergent groups with 41% similarity, the first group included three drought sensitive isolates （Bs 44, Bs 54 and Bs 58）, the second group comprised the rest nine isolates （moderate and high drought tolerant）, except for Bs 55 which was drought sensitive isolate, all isolates in the two groups showed no differences between them. The PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA method revealed a genetic variance between the drought sensitive and tolerant isolates.

Braised Ham in Honey Sauce

This enchanting delicacy made from world-renowned Jinhua Ham is a traditional dish in southeastern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.The story of its conception dates back to the year 1127 when the Jurchen troops invaded and overturned the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127).Zhao Gou,younger brother of the last Northern Song emperor,established the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279),and declared Shangqiu,Henan Province,the new capital.

Wounding Ideals＂ Israel Epstein＇s Life Saga in Communist China

Despite of all its enigma and revealingness, Israel Epstein＇s （1915-2005） life in communist China remains a vacuum in English-language scholarship on the history of the People＇s Republic of China. This paper intends to fill this vacuum. It seeks to rediscover Epstein＇s communist experience, with particular focus on his fervent activism in and unapologetic defense of the Cultural Revolution. Through analyzing his experience, this paper exposes the essential allurement of Chinese communism encapsulated in the ideals of revolutionary regeneration and revolutionary virtues. Beyond Epstein＇s communist experience, this paper calls for a deeper and broader pondering on the analogy between communism and religion. Such an illuminating analogy should inspire more intellectual efforts than critical expositions of formalistic vainglory or personality cult.

The feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge

The traditional Chinese martial arts are the pride of the Chinese national specialties, but with the development of the western modem combat, some traditional martial arts bias appeared, such as the argument of the real fight of the traditional martial arts. This paper starts from the traditional historical origin, and analyzes the actual combat possibility of traditional martial arts to study the feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge.

Research on Sports Health System from the perspective of Yin-Yang and Balance

Traditional sports health is an integral part of Chinese culture, Chinese civilization is accompanied by a process to produce, to grow up. It has self-cultivation, physical ？ tness and longevity effect. Unfortunately, despite thousands of years of traditional sports health practice, the formation of a rich health ideas, but these traditional sports health mind, like scattered pearls scattered in the literature and practice of traditional sports health, without to pick up a bunch of dressed form traditional sports regimen thought a monograph system. Based on this, the present study the history of ideas as a starting point for a study of traditional sports and health aspects of the history of ideas, aimed at the formation of traditional sports and health history of ideas monographs, traditional sports for the rich theory of health and promote the further development of traditional sports health theoretical system of scientific value. We life philosophy, yin and yang sports concept of yin and yang as the number concept of yin and yang concept of information four angles, analyzes the theory of Yin and Yang.

Empirical Study on the Chinese Culture Transmission and Effects

In the new historical period, China needs to show the nation＇s values and national spirit. With the advent of the era of globalization, the strength of a country is not only reflected in the economy, cultural factors will play an increasingly important role in the social development process in 2 lth century. The impact of cultural soft power and communication is essential for a country to power. In the process of going to the world, and in line with the international community, the Chinese culture will inevitably have a dialogue with the West. China will catch up with the world＇s advanced level. We must pay attention to enhance the competitiveness of culture and penetration. The paper analyzes the historical and present Chinese culture oversea transmission and the effects of the transmissions. The paper has three parts---the first part is the history of Chinese culture transmission; the second part is the present Chinese transmission; and the third part is the effects of Chinese culture transmission.

大数据视阈中的明清进士家族研究——以CBDB、中华寻根网为例

作为关系型数据库,"中国历代人物传记数据库M ( China Biographical Database Project,简称CBDB)因拥有42万多条中国历代人物传记数据而成为从大数据视角整体关照明清进士家族的首选。它的“亲属关系”査询,能够呈现亲属关系网络,方便进行进士家族的梳理。同时,也应承认CBDB存在着匹配不准确、字段多重复等问题,这些问题可以借助家谱等文献得以解决。现阶段,中华寻根网提供了 2392种家谱影像全文,便于我们利用爬虫程序提取家谱目录中的相关信息,进而自动判断进士家族,这是对CBDB的有益补充。在此基础上,借助社会网络分析,可以直观呈现以血缘、姻亲为核心的进士家族世系图谱。姻亲关系能够将多个进士家族之间联系起来,可以使视角由单个进士家族向有关联的多个进士家族转移,例如可以考察这些姻亲家族在治经、传经等方面是否存在影响等。依赖家谱留存下来的家族成员的文学作品,既是考察家族文学发展流变的基础,又是建构更加广泛的社会网络分析图谱的基石。

Sequence-length variation of mtDNA HVS-I C-stretch in Chinese ethnic groups

The purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment-I (HVS-I) C-stretch variations and explore the significance of these variations in forensic and population genetics studies. The C-stretch sequence variation was studied in 919 unrelated individuals from 8 Chinese ethnic groups using both direct and clone sequencing ap-proaches. Thirty eight C-stretch haplotypes were identified, and some novel and population specific haplotypes were also detected. The C-stretch genetic diversity (GD) values were relatively high, and probability (P) values were low. Additionally, C-stretch length heteroplasmy was observed in approximately 9% of individuals studied. There was a significant correlation (r=-0.961, P<0.01) between the expansion of the cytosine sequence length in the C-stretch of HVS-I and a reduction in the number of up-stream adenines. These results indicate that the C-stretch could be a useful genetic maker in forensic identification of Chinese populations. The results from the Fst and dA genetic distance matrix, neighbor-joining tree, and principal component map also suggest that C-stretch could be used as a reliable genetic marker in population genetics.

Immanent Transcendence and the New Confucians＇ Discourse on the Religiousness of Confucianism

As their attempt to assert the strength and uniqueness of traditional Chinese culture in comparison with Western culture, to transform Confucianism by creatively responding to and reinterpreting Western religious concepts from Confucian perspective, as well as to contribute to inter-religious dialogue, contemporary New Confucians 新儒家 have asserted the transcendence, religiousness and moral metaphysics of Confucianism. The New Confucians have also perceived the spiritual problems of modern people and suggested to deal with them by linking humans with the transcendent Heaven. In this article, I will analyse and evaluate the New Confucians＇ arguments on Confucian ＂immanent transcendence＂ 内在超越. I will argue that they are the bases of the New Confucians＇ arguments on the religiousness of Confucianism, as well as their perception of Confucianism as a moral metaphysics and the solution to the problems of modernity.

Red River barrier and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations shaped the genetic structure of Microhyla fissipes complex （Anura： Microhylidae） in southern China and Indochina

South China and Indochina host striking species diversity and endemism. Complex tectonic and climatic evolutions appear to be the main drivers of the biogeographic patterns. In this study, based on the geologic history of this region, we test 2 hypotheses using the evolutionary history of Microhyla fissipes species complex. Using DNA sequence data from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, we first test the hypothesis that the Red River is a barrier to gene flow and dispersal. Second, we test the hypothesis that Pleistocene climatic cycling affected the genetic structure and population history of these frogs. We detect 2 major genetic splits that associate with the Red River. Time estimation suggests that late Miocene tectonic movement associated with the Red River drove their diversification. Species distribution modeling （SDM） resolves significant ecolo- gical differences between sides of the Red River. Thus, ecological divergence also probably promoted and maintained the diversification. Genogeography, historical demography, and SDM associate patterns in southern China with climate changes of the last glacial maximum （LGM）, but not Indochina. Differences in geography and climate between the 2 areas best explain the discovery. Responses to the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycling vary among species and regions.

Novel insights into the historical biogeography of the streak-breasted scimitar babbler complex （Aves： Timaliidae： Pomatorhinus ruficollis complex）

The Streak-breasted Scimitar Babblers of the Pomatorhinus ruficollis species complex are found in most of the forested habitats across southern and eastern Asia. The diversification history of this group is obscured by high plumage variation across populations and conflicting genetic signal across loci. We combined genetic and geographic data from several recent studies to investigate how these species diversified across China using both phylogenetic and ecological niche modeling analyses. These two lines of evidence are consistent in showing that two well-sampled species, P. reconditus and P. nigrostellatus, in central and southern China respectively, likely experienced a history of isolation and expansion as suitable habitat contracted during the last interglacial and expanded in patchy extent during the glacial maximum. The genetic analysis showed that populations of P. nigrostellatus on Hainan Island are very similar to the ones in nearby mainland southern China. We recovered two well-supported clades within P. reconditus that were not geographically structured with both containing individuals from the same localities across central China. This phylogenetic result corresponded to the ecological niche models that showed expansion from refugia since the last interglacial. This study illustrates the value of using an integrative approach and detailed geographic sampling to help understand the recent diversification of birds in China [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 910-921, 2015].