Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that t...Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that two populations of O.chinensis about 41 kilometers apart are genetically similar,but differentiated from the third population with a geographic distance of 357 kilometers.However,the heterozygosity levels of those two genetically similar populations were much different.The Nei's genetic distance between two geographically close populations is 0.068,which is much smaller than those of geographically distant populations (0.23 in average).The observed overlap of geographical distance and genetic distance implies that for O.chinensis population divergence may correlate with geographic isolation.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate spontaneous self- pollination mechanism of Asarum sieboldii. [Methed] Through field observation and manual controlling test under the cultivated condition, the whol...[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate spontaneous self- pollination mechanism of Asarum sieboldii. [Methed] Through field observation and manual controlling test under the cultivated condition, the whole flowering process of Asarum sieboldii belonging to Asarum subgenus Heterotropa was thoroughly ob- served to investigate its pollination mechanism. [Result] Asarum sieboldii is a kind of species dominated by spontaneous self-pollination. Its female flower became mature firstly, and the duration of single flower ranged from 3 to 4 d. The first day was fe- male phase duration, and the stigmas could receive foreign pollen, while stamen fila- ments bent down towards the base of calyx tube with 90°, and anther had no crack. During the following 2 days, two cycles of stamens erected subsequently, while an- thers became dehiscent and naturally contacted with stigma at the same time, so spontaneous self-pollination was finished. Artificial self-pollination and out-crossing test had proved that the out-crossing of Asarum sieboldii were all fertile with seed setting rate of 100%. Emasculation by bagging test had suggested that Asarum sieboldii had no parthenocarpy and apomixes. [Conclusion] Asarum sieboldii belongs to sub- genus Heterotropa, but its pollination mechanism is similar to that of subgenus Asarum.展开更多
[Objective] A total of 260 swine samples of dead or sick pigs collected from 7 provinces (municipalities) Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi of China during 2008-2010 were detected for ...[Objective] A total of 260 swine samples of dead or sick pigs collected from 7 provinces (municipalities) Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi of China during 2008-2010 were detected for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). And the ORF5 genes of some isolates were amplified and sequenced for understanding the molecule epidemiology and the genetic evolution of PRRSV in East China. [Method] Using RT-PCR method, PRRSV was detected by RT-PCR from samples. The complete ORF5 genes of 36 PRRSV positive samples was amplified, sequenced and analyzed with other 15 strains available on GenBank. [Result] PRRSV was detected in 118/260 of the clinical samples, with a positive rate was 45.4%. Sequence analysis showed that the 36 isolates of this study belonged to the North American-type PRRSV strains and were closely related to the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) with 94.6%-100% amino acid sequence identities. The sequence analysis combined with the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all these North American-type PRRSV strains in East China were further divided into five subgenotypes, subgenotype Ⅲ showed closer identity with HPPRRSV; almost all subgenotypes were found to be variable in the primary neutralizing epitope; subgenotypes Ⅲ and IV had more glycosylation sites than others. Although these 36 isolates were collected from different provinces in East China, there were no obvious relations between the distribution of PRRSV and the region. [Conclusion] The PRRSV infection was widespread and HP-PRRSV was the popular strain in East China during 2008-2010. However some different genetic characteristics appeared in the genomes, the genetic evolution was relatively stable. There exists a cross-cutting phenomenon on the genetic relationship of PRRSV isolates obtained from different provinces. Subgenotypes IV and V only appeared in some provinces, but the distribution of PRRSV did not show apparent geographical characteristics.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the genotype and allelic frequencies of Cytochrome P450 2B6 polymorphisms in four southern Chinese populations.METHODS: DNA was obtained from blood samples from Han Chinese from Hong Kong and thr...AIM: To investigate the genotype and allelic frequencies of Cytochrome P450 2B6 polymorphisms in four southern Chinese populations.METHODS: DNA was obtained from blood samples from Han Chinese from Hong Kong and three minority groups,the Wa, Bulang and Lahu from Yunnan in southern China. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR and confirmed by direct sequencing.RESULTS: A total of 507 subjects from southern China were studied. Results showed there is a high prevalence of 516G 〉 T (34.5%) in ethnic Chinese compared to literature reports on other Asian populations and Caucasians. The frequency of the 516TT genotype is higher in the Hah majority (23.1%) than in three other ethnic minority groups (i.e., 7.4%, 9.1% and 15.8%) in southern China.CONCLUSION: This was the first study to document the spectrum of CYP2B6 allelic variants and genotypes in a southern Chinese population. The 516G 〉 T allele is associated with a defective metabolism of efavirenz (EFV), which therefore may predispose to drug toxicity.Treatment regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and heroin addiction may need to be optimized in different populations because of the marked variability of the key metabolizing enzyme.展开更多
In the face of various problems in the current art education, the targeted reform is very important. This reform can be embarked from the folk art handed down from the folk. In the classrooms, we should let the studen...In the face of various problems in the current art education, the targeted reform is very important. This reform can be embarked from the folk art handed down from the folk. In the classrooms, we should let the students contact the traditional arts and crafts, so that they know more about arts. In the history of China's bright and colorful folk arts, there flash numerous art forms, including the facial makeup art and culture, the shadow play art and culture, the paper-cut art and culture, and the kite drawing art and culture, and so on. These are the unique arts only of our nation with five thousand years of the development, and we need to well integrate them into the current art education, so as to form the unique system of the art education. This can not only play the role of inheriting the traditional Chinese cultures, but also can well arouse the children's interest in arts and their art creativity.展开更多
Singapore's Chinese literature education has continuously evolved and advanced over the years, forming a unique style in global Chinese education, which can be described as: "Singapore pie". Through its bilingual ...Singapore's Chinese literature education has continuously evolved and advanced over the years, forming a unique style in global Chinese education, which can be described as: "Singapore pie". Through its bilingual policy, the Singapore government has been committed to creating a pool of bicultural talents, by supplementing the teaching of Chinese language with classes on Chinese literature and culture. This thesis seeks to understand the pros and cons of Chinese literature education in Singapore by analysing its development over the years. The teaching of Chinese literature began with the first wave of Chinese migration to Nanyang in the 19th century, and from there, it went through three phases of development: relocation, adjustment, and burgeoning.展开更多
Soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti had enormous agricultural value, due to their ability in fixing nitrogen symbiotically with an important forage crop legume--alfalfa. The aims of the present study were (1) to is...Soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti had enormous agricultural value, due to their ability in fixing nitrogen symbiotically with an important forage crop legume--alfalfa. The aims of the present study were (1) to isolate indigenous S. meliloti from different field sites in lraq; (2) to evaluate the isolates tolerance to induced drought using polyethylene glycol-6000; (3) assessing genetic diversity and genetic relationships among isolates of natural population with drought tolerant abilities. Drought tolerance study revealed vast variations between Sinorhizobium isolates, the highest tolerant isolates to drought were 12 from total thirty (40%), tolerated from -3 up to -4 MPa, while the drought sensitive isolates tolerated up to -1.5 MPa, except isolate Bs 58 which tolerated up to -1 Mpa water potential. The growth declined with the increase of drought stress. Cluster analysis based on Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 16S rDNA showed two divergent groups with 41% similarity, the first group included three drought sensitive isolates (Bs 44, Bs 54 and Bs 58), the second group comprised the rest nine isolates (moderate and high drought tolerant), except for Bs 55 which was drought sensitive isolate, all isolates in the two groups showed no differences between them. The PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA method revealed a genetic variance between the drought sensitive and tolerant isolates.展开更多
This enchanting delicacy made from world-renowned Jinhua Ham is a traditional dish in southeastern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.The story of its conception dates back to the year 1127 when the Jurchen troops invaded...This enchanting delicacy made from world-renowned Jinhua Ham is a traditional dish in southeastern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.The story of its conception dates back to the year 1127 when the Jurchen troops invaded and overturned the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127).Zhao Gou,younger brother of the last Northern Song emperor,established the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279),and declared Shangqiu,Henan Province,the new capital.展开更多
Despite of all its enigma and revealingness, Israel Epstein's (1915-2005) life in communist China remains a vacuum in English-language scholarship on the history of the People's Republic of China. This paper inten...Despite of all its enigma and revealingness, Israel Epstein's (1915-2005) life in communist China remains a vacuum in English-language scholarship on the history of the People's Republic of China. This paper intends to fill this vacuum. It seeks to rediscover Epstein's communist experience, with particular focus on his fervent activism in and unapologetic defense of the Cultural Revolution. Through analyzing his experience, this paper exposes the essential allurement of Chinese communism encapsulated in the ideals of revolutionary regeneration and revolutionary virtues. Beyond Epstein's communist experience, this paper calls for a deeper and broader pondering on the analogy between communism and religion. Such an illuminating analogy should inspire more intellectual efforts than critical expositions of formalistic vainglory or personality cult.展开更多
The traditional Chinese martial arts are the pride of the Chinese national specialties, but with the development of the western modem combat, some traditional martial arts bias appeared, such as the argument of the re...The traditional Chinese martial arts are the pride of the Chinese national specialties, but with the development of the western modem combat, some traditional martial arts bias appeared, such as the argument of the real fight of the traditional martial arts. This paper starts from the traditional historical origin, and analyzes the actual combat possibility of traditional martial arts to study the feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge.展开更多
Traditional sports health is an integral part of Chinese culture, Chinese civilization is accompanied by a process to produce, to grow up. It has self-cultivation, physical ? tness and longevity effect. Unfortunately...Traditional sports health is an integral part of Chinese culture, Chinese civilization is accompanied by a process to produce, to grow up. It has self-cultivation, physical ? tness and longevity effect. Unfortunately, despite thousands of years of traditional sports health practice, the formation of a rich health ideas, but these traditional sports health mind, like scattered pearls scattered in the literature and practice of traditional sports health, without to pick up a bunch of dressed form traditional sports regimen thought a monograph system. Based on this, the present study the history of ideas as a starting point for a study of traditional sports and health aspects of the history of ideas, aimed at the formation of traditional sports and health history of ideas monographs, traditional sports for the rich theory of health and promote the further development of traditional sports health theoretical system of scientific value. We life philosophy, yin and yang sports concept of yin and yang as the number concept of yin and yang concept of information four angles, analyzes the theory of Yin and Yang.展开更多
In the new historical period, China needs to show the nation's values and national spirit. With the advent of the era of globalization, the strength of a country is not only reflected in the economy, cultural factors...In the new historical period, China needs to show the nation's values and national spirit. With the advent of the era of globalization, the strength of a country is not only reflected in the economy, cultural factors will play an increasingly important role in the social development process in 2 lth century. The impact of cultural soft power and communication is essential for a country to power. In the process of going to the world, and in line with the international community, the Chinese culture will inevitably have a dialogue with the West. China will catch up with the world's advanced level. We must pay attention to enhance the competitiveness of culture and penetration. The paper analyzes the historical and present Chinese culture oversea transmission and the effects of the transmissions. The paper has three parts---the first part is the history of Chinese culture transmission; the second part is the present Chinese transmission; and the third part is the effects of Chinese culture transmission.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment-I (HVS-I) C-stretch variations and explore the significance of these variations in forensic and population genetics studies....The purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment-I (HVS-I) C-stretch variations and explore the significance of these variations in forensic and population genetics studies. The C-stretch sequence variation was studied in 919 unrelated individuals from 8 Chinese ethnic groups using both direct and clone sequencing ap-proaches. Thirty eight C-stretch haplotypes were identified, and some novel and population specific haplotypes were also detected. The C-stretch genetic diversity (GD) values were relatively high, and probability (P) values were low. Additionally, C-stretch length heteroplasmy was observed in approximately 9% of individuals studied. There was a significant correlation (r=-0.961, P<0.01) between the expansion of the cytosine sequence length in the C-stretch of HVS-I and a reduction in the number of up-stream adenines. These results indicate that the C-stretch could be a useful genetic maker in forensic identification of Chinese populations. The results from the Fst and dA genetic distance matrix, neighbor-joining tree, and principal component map also suggest that C-stretch could be used as a reliable genetic marker in population genetics.展开更多
As their attempt to assert the strength and uniqueness of traditional Chinese culture in comparison with Western culture, to transform Confucianism by creatively responding to and reinterpreting Western religious conc...As their attempt to assert the strength and uniqueness of traditional Chinese culture in comparison with Western culture, to transform Confucianism by creatively responding to and reinterpreting Western religious concepts from Confucian perspective, as well as to contribute to inter-religious dialogue, contemporary New Confucians 新儒家 have asserted the transcendence, religiousness and moral metaphysics of Confucianism. The New Confucians have also perceived the spiritual problems of modern people and suggested to deal with them by linking humans with the transcendent Heaven. In this article, I will analyse and evaluate the New Confucians' arguments on Confucian "immanent transcendence" 内在超越. I will argue that they are the bases of the New Confucians' arguments on the religiousness of Confucianism, as well as their perception of Confucianism as a moral metaphysics and the solution to the problems of modernity.展开更多
South China and Indochina host striking species diversity and endemism. Complex tectonic and climatic evolutions appear to be the main drivers of the biogeographic patterns. In this study, based on the geologic histor...South China and Indochina host striking species diversity and endemism. Complex tectonic and climatic evolutions appear to be the main drivers of the biogeographic patterns. In this study, based on the geologic history of this region, we test 2 hypotheses using the evolutionary history of Microhyla fissipes species complex. Using DNA sequence data from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, we first test the hypothesis that the Red River is a barrier to gene flow and dispersal. Second, we test the hypothesis that Pleistocene climatic cycling affected the genetic structure and population history of these frogs. We detect 2 major genetic splits that associate with the Red River. Time estimation suggests that late Miocene tectonic movement associated with the Red River drove their diversification. Species distribution modeling (SDM) resolves significant ecolo- gical differences between sides of the Red River. Thus, ecological divergence also probably promoted and maintained the diversification. Genogeography, historical demography, and SDM associate patterns in southern China with climate changes of the last glacial maximum (LGM), but not Indochina. Differences in geography and climate between the 2 areas best explain the discovery. Responses to the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycling vary among species and regions.展开更多
The Streak-breasted Scimitar Babblers of the Pomatorhinus ruficollis species complex are found in most of the forested habitats across southern and eastern Asia. The diversification history of this group is obscured b...The Streak-breasted Scimitar Babblers of the Pomatorhinus ruficollis species complex are found in most of the forested habitats across southern and eastern Asia. The diversification history of this group is obscured by high plumage variation across populations and conflicting genetic signal across loci. We combined genetic and geographic data from several recent studies to investigate how these species diversified across China using both phylogenetic and ecological niche modeling analyses. These two lines of evidence are consistent in showing that two well-sampled species, P. reconditus and P. nigrostellatus, in central and southern China respectively, likely experienced a history of isolation and expansion as suitable habitat contracted during the last interglacial and expanded in patchy extent during the glacial maximum. The genetic analysis showed that populations of P. nigrostellatus on Hainan Island are very similar to the ones in nearby mainland southern China. We recovered two well-supported clades within P. reconditus that were not geographically structured with both containing individuals from the same localities across central China. This phylogenetic result corresponded to the ecological niche models that showed expansion from refugia since the last interglacial. This study illustrates the value of using an integrative approach and detailed geographic sampling to help understand the recent diversification of birds in China [Current Zoology 61 (5): 910-921, 2015].展开更多
文摘Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze genetic structure of three populations of Oxya chinensis from Shanxi Province,China.Four allozyme polymorphic loci (MDH-1,MDH-2,LDH,ME) were found.The data suggest that two populations of O.chinensis about 41 kilometers apart are genetically similar,but differentiated from the third population with a geographic distance of 357 kilometers.However,the heterozygosity levels of those two genetically similar populations were much different.The Nei's genetic distance between two geographically close populations is 0.068,which is much smaller than those of geographically distant populations (0.23 in average).The observed overlap of geographical distance and genetic distance implies that for O.chinensis population divergence may correlate with geographic isolation.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Plan from Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(03jk095)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate spontaneous self- pollination mechanism of Asarum sieboldii. [Methed] Through field observation and manual controlling test under the cultivated condition, the whole flowering process of Asarum sieboldii belonging to Asarum subgenus Heterotropa was thoroughly ob- served to investigate its pollination mechanism. [Result] Asarum sieboldii is a kind of species dominated by spontaneous self-pollination. Its female flower became mature firstly, and the duration of single flower ranged from 3 to 4 d. The first day was fe- male phase duration, and the stigmas could receive foreign pollen, while stamen fila- ments bent down towards the base of calyx tube with 90°, and anther had no crack. During the following 2 days, two cycles of stamens erected subsequently, while an- thers became dehiscent and naturally contacted with stigma at the same time, so spontaneous self-pollination was finished. Artificial self-pollination and out-crossing test had proved that the out-crossing of Asarum sieboldii were all fertile with seed setting rate of 100%. Emasculation by bagging test had suggested that Asarum sieboldii had no parthenocarpy and apomixes. [Conclusion] Asarum sieboldii belongs to sub- genus Heterotropa, but its pollination mechanism is similar to that of subgenus Asarum.
基金Supported by Funds for Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation in Jiangsu Province (cx(10)424)~~
文摘[Objective] A total of 260 swine samples of dead or sick pigs collected from 7 provinces (municipalities) Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi of China during 2008-2010 were detected for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). And the ORF5 genes of some isolates were amplified and sequenced for understanding the molecule epidemiology and the genetic evolution of PRRSV in East China. [Method] Using RT-PCR method, PRRSV was detected by RT-PCR from samples. The complete ORF5 genes of 36 PRRSV positive samples was amplified, sequenced and analyzed with other 15 strains available on GenBank. [Result] PRRSV was detected in 118/260 of the clinical samples, with a positive rate was 45.4%. Sequence analysis showed that the 36 isolates of this study belonged to the North American-type PRRSV strains and were closely related to the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) with 94.6%-100% amino acid sequence identities. The sequence analysis combined with the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all these North American-type PRRSV strains in East China were further divided into five subgenotypes, subgenotype Ⅲ showed closer identity with HPPRRSV; almost all subgenotypes were found to be variable in the primary neutralizing epitope; subgenotypes Ⅲ and IV had more glycosylation sites than others. Although these 36 isolates were collected from different provinces in East China, there were no obvious relations between the distribution of PRRSV and the region. [Conclusion] The PRRSV infection was widespread and HP-PRRSV was the popular strain in East China during 2008-2010. However some different genetic characteristics appeared in the genomes, the genetic evolution was relatively stable. There exists a cross-cutting phenomenon on the genetic relationship of PRRSV isolates obtained from different provinces. Subgenotypes IV and V only appeared in some provinces, but the distribution of PRRSV did not show apparent geographical characteristics.
基金Supported by The South China National Research Centre for Integrated Biosciences, and has been conducted collaboratively between Zhongshan University (ZU)The Chinese University of Hong Kong
文摘AIM: To investigate the genotype and allelic frequencies of Cytochrome P450 2B6 polymorphisms in four southern Chinese populations.METHODS: DNA was obtained from blood samples from Han Chinese from Hong Kong and three minority groups,the Wa, Bulang and Lahu from Yunnan in southern China. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR and confirmed by direct sequencing.RESULTS: A total of 507 subjects from southern China were studied. Results showed there is a high prevalence of 516G 〉 T (34.5%) in ethnic Chinese compared to literature reports on other Asian populations and Caucasians. The frequency of the 516TT genotype is higher in the Hah majority (23.1%) than in three other ethnic minority groups (i.e., 7.4%, 9.1% and 15.8%) in southern China.CONCLUSION: This was the first study to document the spectrum of CYP2B6 allelic variants and genotypes in a southern Chinese population. The 516G 〉 T allele is associated with a defective metabolism of efavirenz (EFV), which therefore may predispose to drug toxicity.Treatment regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and heroin addiction may need to be optimized in different populations because of the marked variability of the key metabolizing enzyme.
文摘In the face of various problems in the current art education, the targeted reform is very important. This reform can be embarked from the folk art handed down from the folk. In the classrooms, we should let the students contact the traditional arts and crafts, so that they know more about arts. In the history of China's bright and colorful folk arts, there flash numerous art forms, including the facial makeup art and culture, the shadow play art and culture, the paper-cut art and culture, and the kite drawing art and culture, and so on. These are the unique arts only of our nation with five thousand years of the development, and we need to well integrate them into the current art education, so as to form the unique system of the art education. This can not only play the role of inheriting the traditional Chinese cultures, but also can well arouse the children's interest in arts and their art creativity.
文摘Singapore's Chinese literature education has continuously evolved and advanced over the years, forming a unique style in global Chinese education, which can be described as: "Singapore pie". Through its bilingual policy, the Singapore government has been committed to creating a pool of bicultural talents, by supplementing the teaching of Chinese language with classes on Chinese literature and culture. This thesis seeks to understand the pros and cons of Chinese literature education in Singapore by analysing its development over the years. The teaching of Chinese literature began with the first wave of Chinese migration to Nanyang in the 19th century, and from there, it went through three phases of development: relocation, adjustment, and burgeoning.
文摘Soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti had enormous agricultural value, due to their ability in fixing nitrogen symbiotically with an important forage crop legume--alfalfa. The aims of the present study were (1) to isolate indigenous S. meliloti from different field sites in lraq; (2) to evaluate the isolates tolerance to induced drought using polyethylene glycol-6000; (3) assessing genetic diversity and genetic relationships among isolates of natural population with drought tolerant abilities. Drought tolerance study revealed vast variations between Sinorhizobium isolates, the highest tolerant isolates to drought were 12 from total thirty (40%), tolerated from -3 up to -4 MPa, while the drought sensitive isolates tolerated up to -1.5 MPa, except isolate Bs 58 which tolerated up to -1 Mpa water potential. The growth declined with the increase of drought stress. Cluster analysis based on Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 16S rDNA showed two divergent groups with 41% similarity, the first group included three drought sensitive isolates (Bs 44, Bs 54 and Bs 58), the second group comprised the rest nine isolates (moderate and high drought tolerant), except for Bs 55 which was drought sensitive isolate, all isolates in the two groups showed no differences between them. The PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA method revealed a genetic variance between the drought sensitive and tolerant isolates.
文摘This enchanting delicacy made from world-renowned Jinhua Ham is a traditional dish in southeastern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.The story of its conception dates back to the year 1127 when the Jurchen troops invaded and overturned the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127).Zhao Gou,younger brother of the last Northern Song emperor,established the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279),and declared Shangqiu,Henan Province,the new capital.
文摘Despite of all its enigma and revealingness, Israel Epstein's (1915-2005) life in communist China remains a vacuum in English-language scholarship on the history of the People's Republic of China. This paper intends to fill this vacuum. It seeks to rediscover Epstein's communist experience, with particular focus on his fervent activism in and unapologetic defense of the Cultural Revolution. Through analyzing his experience, this paper exposes the essential allurement of Chinese communism encapsulated in the ideals of revolutionary regeneration and revolutionary virtues. Beyond Epstein's communist experience, this paper calls for a deeper and broader pondering on the analogy between communism and religion. Such an illuminating analogy should inspire more intellectual efforts than critical expositions of formalistic vainglory or personality cult.
文摘The traditional Chinese martial arts are the pride of the Chinese national specialties, but with the development of the western modem combat, some traditional martial arts bias appeared, such as the argument of the real fight of the traditional martial arts. This paper starts from the traditional historical origin, and analyzes the actual combat possibility of traditional martial arts to study the feasibility of the actual combat application of the traditional martial arts techniques in modem combat challenge.
文摘Traditional sports health is an integral part of Chinese culture, Chinese civilization is accompanied by a process to produce, to grow up. It has self-cultivation, physical ? tness and longevity effect. Unfortunately, despite thousands of years of traditional sports health practice, the formation of a rich health ideas, but these traditional sports health mind, like scattered pearls scattered in the literature and practice of traditional sports health, without to pick up a bunch of dressed form traditional sports regimen thought a monograph system. Based on this, the present study the history of ideas as a starting point for a study of traditional sports and health aspects of the history of ideas, aimed at the formation of traditional sports and health history of ideas monographs, traditional sports for the rich theory of health and promote the further development of traditional sports health theoretical system of scientific value. We life philosophy, yin and yang sports concept of yin and yang as the number concept of yin and yang concept of information four angles, analyzes the theory of Yin and Yang.
文摘In the new historical period, China needs to show the nation's values and national spirit. With the advent of the era of globalization, the strength of a country is not only reflected in the economy, cultural factors will play an increasingly important role in the social development process in 2 lth century. The impact of cultural soft power and communication is essential for a country to power. In the process of going to the world, and in line with the international community, the Chinese culture will inevitably have a dialogue with the West. China will catch up with the world's advanced level. We must pay attention to enhance the competitiveness of culture and penetration. The paper analyzes the historical and present Chinese culture oversea transmission and the effects of the transmissions. The paper has three parts---the first part is the history of Chinese culture transmission; the second part is the present Chinese transmission; and the third part is the effects of Chinese culture transmission.
基金supported by the Sciences and Technological Fundamental Resources Data of the Ministry of Education, China (No. 505015)the Key Project for Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China (No. 2004K09-G12)
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment-I (HVS-I) C-stretch variations and explore the significance of these variations in forensic and population genetics studies. The C-stretch sequence variation was studied in 919 unrelated individuals from 8 Chinese ethnic groups using both direct and clone sequencing ap-proaches. Thirty eight C-stretch haplotypes were identified, and some novel and population specific haplotypes were also detected. The C-stretch genetic diversity (GD) values were relatively high, and probability (P) values were low. Additionally, C-stretch length heteroplasmy was observed in approximately 9% of individuals studied. There was a significant correlation (r=-0.961, P<0.01) between the expansion of the cytosine sequence length in the C-stretch of HVS-I and a reduction in the number of up-stream adenines. These results indicate that the C-stretch could be a useful genetic maker in forensic identification of Chinese populations. The results from the Fst and dA genetic distance matrix, neighbor-joining tree, and principal component map also suggest that C-stretch could be used as a reliable genetic marker in population genetics.
文摘As their attempt to assert the strength and uniqueness of traditional Chinese culture in comparison with Western culture, to transform Confucianism by creatively responding to and reinterpreting Western religious concepts from Confucian perspective, as well as to contribute to inter-religious dialogue, contemporary New Confucians 新儒家 have asserted the transcendence, religiousness and moral metaphysics of Confucianism. The New Confucians have also perceived the spiritual problems of modern people and suggested to deal with them by linking humans with the transcendent Heaven. In this article, I will analyse and evaluate the New Confucians' arguments on Confucian "immanent transcendence" 内在超越. I will argue that they are the bases of the New Confucians' arguments on the religiousness of Confucianism, as well as their perception of Confucianism as a moral metaphysics and the solution to the problems of modernity.
基金Acknowledgments We thank Sheng-guo Fang, Hal-tan Shi, Li-jun Wang, Li-min Ding, Yun-yu Wang, Ban-ling Zhang, Hai-peng Zhao, Jin-ming Chen, Jun-xiao Yang, Jia-jun Zhou, Gang Yao, Nikolai L. Orlov, Son Nguyen Truong, Tao Thien Nguyen, Truong Quang Nguyen, Tran Ngoc Ninh, Ba Dinh Vo, Andrei N. Kuznetsov, Leonid P. Korzoun, Anna B. Vassilieva, Eduard A. Galoyan, Igor V. Palko, Suwat Seaya, and Prakayjit Saengham for helping with sample col- lections. We thank the local Forestry Department and National reserve helped for the fieldworks in China. We thank the Forestry Department of Thailand and Vietnam for permissions to undertake field survey, specimen collections and local national park for helping. The Institute of Animal for Scientific Purposes Development (IAD) issued permission (No.U1-01205-2558) in Thailand. The Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam issued permission (permits No. 170/TCLN-BTI'N, 982/TCLN-BTTN and 831/TCLN-BTTN) in Vietnam. For loans of tissues, we thank Amy Lathrop from the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto, Canada. We gratefully acknowledge Wei-wei Zhou and Yong-jie Wu for providing thoughtful comments during preparation of the previous version of this manuscript.This work was supported by the program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2015CASEABRI002), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011FY120200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31090250), and the Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences (the Large Research Infrastructure Funding) to J. C. the Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Fellowship for Researchers (Postdoc) from Developing Countries (2013FFS130015) to C. S.+2 种基金 the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501843) to H. M. C. the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (Grant No. RFBR Taiwan No. 14-04- 92000, 15-29-02771 and 15-04-02029) and the Russian Science Foundation (RSF grant No 14-50-00029) to N. A. P. NSERC Discovery Grant (3148), the ROM Foundation, and the ROM Members Volunteer Committee to R. W. M.
文摘South China and Indochina host striking species diversity and endemism. Complex tectonic and climatic evolutions appear to be the main drivers of the biogeographic patterns. In this study, based on the geologic history of this region, we test 2 hypotheses using the evolutionary history of Microhyla fissipes species complex. Using DNA sequence data from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, we first test the hypothesis that the Red River is a barrier to gene flow and dispersal. Second, we test the hypothesis that Pleistocene climatic cycling affected the genetic structure and population history of these frogs. We detect 2 major genetic splits that associate with the Red River. Time estimation suggests that late Miocene tectonic movement associated with the Red River drove their diversification. Species distribution modeling (SDM) resolves significant ecolo- gical differences between sides of the Red River. Thus, ecological divergence also probably promoted and maintained the diversification. Genogeography, historical demography, and SDM associate patterns in southern China with climate changes of the last glacial maximum (LGM), but not Indochina. Differences in geography and climate between the 2 areas best explain the discovery. Responses to the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycling vary among species and regions.
基金We thank Fumin Lei, A. Town Peterson, and Rob Moyle for inviting us to contribute to this special volume. We also are grateful to Feng Dong and Xiao-Jun Yang from Kunming Institute of Zoology for providing us additional data for these analyses. This work was funded by the US National Science Foundation (DEB-0962078 to SR).
文摘The Streak-breasted Scimitar Babblers of the Pomatorhinus ruficollis species complex are found in most of the forested habitats across southern and eastern Asia. The diversification history of this group is obscured by high plumage variation across populations and conflicting genetic signal across loci. We combined genetic and geographic data from several recent studies to investigate how these species diversified across China using both phylogenetic and ecological niche modeling analyses. These two lines of evidence are consistent in showing that two well-sampled species, P. reconditus and P. nigrostellatus, in central and southern China respectively, likely experienced a history of isolation and expansion as suitable habitat contracted during the last interglacial and expanded in patchy extent during the glacial maximum. The genetic analysis showed that populations of P. nigrostellatus on Hainan Island are very similar to the ones in nearby mainland southern China. We recovered two well-supported clades within P. reconditus that were not geographically structured with both containing individuals from the same localities across central China. This phylogenetic result corresponded to the ecological niche models that showed expansion from refugia since the last interglacial. This study illustrates the value of using an integrative approach and detailed geographic sampling to help understand the recent diversification of birds in China [Current Zoology 61 (5): 910-921, 2015].