上海市金山区农村居民传染病知晓率和卫生习惯、就医行为的现况调查

目的了解上海市金山区农村居民对法定传染病的知晓率和卫生习惯、就医现况,从中发现问题,为深入开展疾病预防和控制提供有效依据。方法金山区疾控中心自行设计制订《金山区居民传染病知晓率及相关行为的现况调查》问卷。对各社区的调查员进行统一培训;并由各社区里委随机抽取一定比例的社区居民。问卷直接发放至个人,待答卷完成后由调查员当场回收。用EpiData3.0建立数据库进行录入,核对后用SPSS10.0统计软件进行分析。结果在1045名调查者中,男性557人,占53.30%;女性488人,占46.70%,男女性别比为1:0.88;不同文化程度居民在对传染病知识知晓率调查中,对10个问题的认识上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同文化程度居民的生活卫生习惯状况,在对10个问题的回答中,除F题和G题外,不同的文化程度居民的生活卫生习惯差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。不同年龄居民的就医状况有着显著的差别,15岁以下的生病后到医院就医的为100%,60岁以上的生病后到医院就医的为82.32%。结论居民对传染病知识认识不够,还存在着不良的卫生习惯,就医意识有待提高。

信用规模变动冲击的部门间传递效应与影响路径——基于美国1952Q2—2016Q4时间序列的实证分析

基于美国1952Q2-2016Q4共259个季度的四部门信用规模数据,运用WLS方法实证考察了信用规模变动冲击的部门间传递效应与影响路径。研究表明,信用规模变动冲击的部门间传递效应不仅仅存在于单部门之间,两部门与三部门之间也存在传递效应;四部门信用规模变动冲击的传递效应不同,居民与金融部门最强,政府与非金融企业部门次之。从传染度与敏感度差异来看,居民部门敏感度最弱,但其传染度最强;政府与非金融企业部门的敏感度最强,传染度最弱。从四部门信用规模变动冲击的影响路径来看,部门之间的相互影响路径具有差异性,有正向影响也有负向影响。

信用规模变动的部门间内在联动机理——基于美国的实证分析

基于1952-2016年美国政府、居民、金融和企业四部门的信用规模数据,从多个视角实证考察了信用规模变动的部门间联动机理。实证结果表明:信用规模变动不仅存在于单部门之间,两部门或三部门的联合变动同样具有很强的传递效应。在四部门信用规模变动的联动机理中,金融在风险传递中处于核心地位,不易受其他部门影响,居民风险传递性最弱,政府最易受其他部门影响。在三个层次的信用风险传递过程中,信用规模变动的联动性依次增强。该研究对于中国的信用治理,特别是防范由信用规模无序变动导致的系统性风险具有借鉴意义。

Epidemic Spreading Model Based on Social Active Degree in Social Networks

In this paper,an improved Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible(SIS) epidemic spreading model is proposed in order to provide a theoretical method to analyze and predict the spreading of diseases.This model is based on the following ideas:in social networks,the contact probability between nodes is decided by their social distances and their active degrees.The contact probability of two indirectly connected nodes is decided by the shortest path between them.Theoretical analysis and simulation experiment were conducted to evaluate the performance of this improved model.Because the proposed model is independent of the network structure,simulation experiments were done in several kinds of networks,namely the ER network,the random regular network,the WS small world network,and the BA scale-free network,in order to study the influences of certain factors have on the epidemic spreading,such as the social contact active degree,the network structure,the average degree,etc.This improved model provides an idea for studying the spreading rule of computer virus,attitudes,fashion styles and public opinions in social networks.

Quantitative assessment of the infection rate of the entomophthoraceous fungus, Zoophthora anhuiensis against the green peach aphid Myzus persicae

A two-step method was developed to quantitatively assess the infection rate of the entomophthoraceous fungus, Zoophthora anhuiensis (Li) Humber, on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) .Firstly, a standard time-dose-mortality relationship, established by modeling data from bioassay 1 at varying conidial dosages (0.4- 10.4 conidia/mm^2) of Z. anhuiensis F97028, was used to yield an estimate of expected mortality probability at a given dosage. Secondly, bioassay 2 was conducted by simultaneously exposing six ≤4-day-old nymphal colonies to a shower of Z. anhuiensis conidia at each of four dosages (resulting from exposures of 0.3 - 8.0 min) . Subsequently, the colonies were separately immersed in a 0.1% chlorothalonil solution for 0.5 min to disinfect all surviving conidia on the host integument from 1 - 12 h after exposure under temperature treatments of 15 and 20℃, respectively. The infection rate during a specific period from the end of the exposure to the immersion was then estimated as the ratio of the observed mortality over the expected mortality probability at a particular dosage. The results showed that the infection of M. persicae from Z. anhuiensis was highly rapid with little difference between aphid colonies maintained at 15 and 20℃ before being immersed in the fungicidal solution after exposure. The first 6-hour period after exposure was most crucial to successful infection of the fungus with the infection rate greatly depending on conidial dosages. It took ≤ 1 h to infect > 50% of the aphids at a dosage of > 1.5 conida/mm^2 and > 90% at > 50 conidia/mm^2 .

Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible Virus Spreading Model Based on Two Dimensional Sparse Lattice

In order to clarify the virus＇ spreading rules, a SIRS （Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible） disease spread model based on sparsely distributed crowd is proposed. In this model, the effects of crowd-density, spread efficiency and the moving of individuals on the spreading of viruses are researched. The theoretical analysis and analog simulation shows that there exist a critical value, only when the product of spread efficiency and crowd density goes beyond the critical value, can viruses spread in crowd continuously and steadily. Besides, the moving of individuals can promote the spreading of viruses. These results are helpful guiding people to defense and control virus＇ spreading process.

妊娠合并肺结核应该做哪些检查?

什么是妊娠合并肺结核?肺结核主要就是由结核杆菌所引起的疾病,病菌主要侵害患者的呼吸系统,是一种慢性的疾病,而且往往结核病菌传染度很高。一般来说,对于生育年龄的妇女,侵害是比较严重。根据一些统计可以发现,妊娠合并的肺结核发生的概率是很高的。一般来说,非活动性的肺结核对于妇女的妊娠的过程以及胎儿的发育并不会产生过于严重的影响。而妊娠期对于肺结核的病情也不会出现过于明显的影响。

Cryo-EM structures of infectious bursal disease viruses with different virulences provide insights into their assembly and invasion

Infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV)causes a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease in chickens,resulting in significant economic losses.The very virulent IBDV strain(vvIBDV)causes high mortality and cannot adapt to cell culture.In contrast,attenuated strains of IBDV are nonpathogenic to chickens and can replicate in cell culture.Although the crystal structure of T=1 subviral particles(SVP)has been reported,the structures of intact IBDV virions with different virulences remain elusive.Here,we determined the cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM)structures of the vvIBDV Gx strain and its attenuated IBDV strain Gt at resolutions of 3.3 Å and 3.2 Å,respectively.Compared with the structure of T=1 SVP,IBDV contains several conserved structural elements unique to the T=13 virion.Notably,the Nterminus of VP2,which is disordered in the SVP,interacts with the S_(F) strand of VP2 from its neighboring trimer,completing theβ-sheet of the S domain.This interaction helps to form a contact network by tethering the adjacent VP2 trimers and contributes to the assembly and stability of the IBDV virion.Structural comparison of the Gx and Gt strains indicates that H253 and T284 in the VP2 P domain of Gt,in contrast to Gx,form a hydrogen bond with a positively charged surface.This suggests that the combined mutations Q253 H/A284 T and the associated structural electrostatic features of the attenuated Gt strain may contribute to adaptation to cell culture.Furthermore,a negatively charged groove in VP2,containing an integrin binding IDA motif that is critical for virus attachment,was speculated to play a functional role in the entry of IBDV.