板栗传统修剪应做到“八项改进”

板栗萌芽力低,成枝力强,枝条顶端优势很强,顶芽抽生的新梢生长旺盛,树冠形成快,很易造成树冠高大;结果部位集中在树冠顶部,易形成外围枝条密集,内膛光秃现象;表现树冠交接,形成平面结果,产量下降,病虫滋生,修剪、喷药等栽培管理很不方便。为了矮化板栗树冠,提早结果,对板栗传统修剪方法需要在修剪工具、方法、树形、结果枝组培养、留枝量、延长枝、拉枝刻芽和修剪时期进行改进。改进后的修剪技术既能矮化树冠,又能提早结果、增加产量,提高效益。

板栗树传统修剪与新法修剪的综合比较

在本地区板栗树的管理中,传统修剪方法还很普遍。近年来随着板栗产量的不断增加,新法修剪技术得到了推广和应用并被越来越多的人所接受,新法修剪的优势也越来越显现出来。

不同修剪方式对藤椒产量和品质的影响

为提高藤椒产量和品质,对藤椒修剪方式进行探索。以藤椒为对象,研究不同修剪方式对植株生长及产量和品质的影响。与不修剪对照相比,“以采代剪”和传统修剪处理的树高分别降低36.8%和12.0%,冠幅分别降低22%和16.7%,枝条数量分别增加32.7%和16.4%;坐果率分别增加10.3%和7.6%,鲜椒产量分别增加52.3%和40.7%,椒皮产量分别增加64.2%和44.7%,出皮率分别增加7.9%和2.6%;千粒重分别增加18.0%和17.1%,麻味物质分别增加10.0%和7.9%,挥发油含量分别增加8.6%和5.5%,醇抽提物含量分别增加12.9%和8.5%,不挥发性乙醚抽提物含量分别增加16.8%和13.4%。藤椒产量和品质综合值“以采代剪”>传统修剪>不修剪。说明“以采代剪”能有效控制藤椒树高和冠幅,促进枝梢生长,有利于产量和品质提高,是藤椒生产管理中理想的修剪方式。

板栗修剪方法改进技术

实际生产中,果农对板栗的修剪多粗放或者放任不剪,造成树体高大、结果晚、产量低、效益差。为了矮化板栗树冠,提早结果,对板栗传统修剪方法需要在修剪工具、方法、树形、结果枝组培养、留枝量、延长枝、拉枝刻芽和修剪时期进行改进。改进后的修剪技术既能矮化树冠,又能提早结果、增加产量,提高效益。

Analysis of Salaries and Some Non-traditional Measures of Location

The paper deals with an analysis of how to use certain measures of location in analysis of salaries. One of the traditional measures of location, the mean should offer typical value of variable, representing all its values by the best way. Sometimes, the mean is located in the tail of the distribution and gives a very biased idea about the location of the distribution. In these cases, using different measures of location could be useful. Trimmed mean is described. The trimmed mean refers to a situation where a certain proportion of the largest and smallest observations are removed and the remaining observations are averaged. The construction of some measures of location is based on the analysis of outliers. Outliers are characterized. Then the possibilities of the detection of outliers are analyzed. Computing of one-step M-estimator and modified one-step M-estimator of location is described. A comparison of the trimmed means and M-estimators of location is presented. Finally, the paper focuses on the application of the trimmed mean and M-estimators of location in analysis of salaries. The analysis of salaries of employers of the big Slovak companies in second half of the year 2009 is realized. The data from the census are used in the analysis. The median, 20% trimmed mean and the characteristics, based on the one-step M-estimator of location and modified one step M-estimator, are calculated.