The novelties in the representation of strongholds in Alentejo-southem Portugal, frontier with Spain, considered as a ＂theater of war＂ during the 17th and 18th centuries-followed European influences, which the theor...The novelties in the representation of strongholds in Alentejo-southem Portugal, frontier with Spain, considered as a ＂theater of war＂ during the 17th and 18th centuries-followed European influences, which the theorists responsible for training the engineers in active in the country at this time, Luis Serrao Pimentel and Manuel de Azevedo Fortes, intend to apply. Several drawings bring testimony to this, by showing different ways of representing natural or built elements, allowing for comparisons with other regions of the country or even Europe. The comparison with earlier projects, and given the information contained mainly in the works of Luis Serr^o Pimentel and Manuel de Azevedo Fortes, lead us not only to the conclusion of the acceptance of the proposed rules, in order to enrich the profile of military engineers in Portugal, but also to notice the changes that this acceptance signified, emphasizing especially the technical and artistic sensibility of the authors of these projects of military architecture.展开更多
The construction industry in Botswana has been identified as an industry with many problems. Currently the Botswana government uses the design-bid-build process, using prequalification and awards to the lowest bidder ...The construction industry in Botswana has been identified as an industry with many problems. Currently the Botswana government uses the design-bid-build process, using prequalification and awards to the lowest bidder for construction services. The government can also use the design-build delivery system. The current delivery system uses an engineering group that delivers designs and construction, uses a procurement group to award the contract and contract modifications. However, the analysis for all actions is done by the engineering group. The model is very similar to the Corps of Engineers traditional processes in the United States. Construction performance （on time and no contract deviations） has not been good. The authors propose that the delivery system and the paradigm of direction, control and decision making by the engineering group causes risk to the project and results in poor contractor performance. The authors suggest making modifications in the process and to use the design-build process. The authors also propose to change the paradigm using best value PIPS/IMT concepts.展开更多
文摘The novelties in the representation of strongholds in Alentejo-southem Portugal, frontier with Spain, considered as a ＂theater of war＂ during the 17th and 18th centuries-followed European influences, which the theorists responsible for training the engineers in active in the country at this time, Luis Serrao Pimentel and Manuel de Azevedo Fortes, intend to apply. Several drawings bring testimony to this, by showing different ways of representing natural or built elements, allowing for comparisons with other regions of the country or even Europe. The comparison with earlier projects, and given the information contained mainly in the works of Luis Serr^o Pimentel and Manuel de Azevedo Fortes, lead us not only to the conclusion of the acceptance of the proposed rules, in order to enrich the profile of military engineers in Portugal, but also to notice the changes that this acceptance signified, emphasizing especially the technical and artistic sensibility of the authors of these projects of military architecture.
文摘The construction industry in Botswana has been identified as an industry with many problems. Currently the Botswana government uses the design-bid-build process, using prequalification and awards to the lowest bidder for construction services. The government can also use the design-build delivery system. The current delivery system uses an engineering group that delivers designs and construction, uses a procurement group to award the contract and contract modifications. However, the analysis for all actions is done by the engineering group. The model is very similar to the Corps of Engineers traditional processes in the United States. Construction performance （on time and no contract deviations） has not been good. The authors propose that the delivery system and the paradigm of direction, control and decision making by the engineering group causes risk to the project and results in poor contractor performance. The authors suggest making modifications in the process and to use the design-build process. The authors also propose to change the paradigm using best value PIPS/IMT concepts.
