传统中医药方适用商业秘密保护制度的困境及出路

作为一种非物质性智力成果的传统中医药方是传统中医药知识不可或缺的重要构成部分,具有传统性、民族性和潜在价值性的特点,蕴含着显著的文化价值和经济价值。但是我国传统中医药方的保护一直处于滞后状态,被随意地开发和利用,大量传统中医药方处于“公地悲哀”的状态,传统中医药方的保护和开发的不利也造成很多传统中医药方面临着失传的风险。传统中医药方与知识产权保护制度存在着内在的契合性,符合商业秘密保护制度的理论依据,但在适用知识产权保护制度时也存在着诸多问题亟待解决。在借鉴泰国在传统医药知识商业秘密保护方面的实践经验的基础上,我国应坚持以《中医药传统知识保护条例》为指引,建立商业秘密隐匿与专利开发双重结合保护模式、建立传统中医药方商业秘密分级分类制度及建立传统中医药方秘密信息公开例外制度。

传统中药药方保护与著作权制度的耦合

本文重点论述传统中药药方保护与著作权制度的耦合。首先,传统中医药发展目标与著作权制度设立目的耦合。对传统中药药方加以著作权保护,将推动传统中医药文化的发展与繁荣。其次,传统中药药方与著作权客体耦合。传统中药药方是具有实用性的表达,属于实用类作品。再次,传统中药药方传承人与著作权主体耦合。传承人作为传统中药药方的著作权主体,其权利来源具有合理性。最后,传统中药药方的应用与著作权权能耦合。著作权中的复制权、公开传播权等能控制对传统中药药方的应用行为。

两种方法治疗母牦牛乏情的比较研究

选择 30头空怀 1年的乏情母牦牛 ,随机分成 2组 ,第 1组用传统的藏兽医方法进行治疗 ;第 2组用孕马血清促性腺激素 ( PMSG)和绒毛模促性腺激素 ( HCG)进行治疗。结果表明 ,第 1组发情率为 33.3% ,第 2组发情率为 5 5 .6% ,第 2组发情率比第 1组高 2 2 .3% ( P<0 .0 5 )

蒙成药骚血谱清散应用概况

通过查阅文献资料,对蒙成药骚血谱清散的处方来源、比例及用法用量、传统治疗作用及临床应用报道综述,为该散剂的进一步研究和开发提供参考。

蒙成药安息香四味汤应用概况

通过查阅文献资料,对蒙成药安息香四味汤的处方药功能、处方比例、传统治疗作用及临床应用报道等方面综述,为该汤剂的进一步研究和开发提供参考。

Applicability of Zipfs Law in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions

Objective Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)prescriptions have been used to cure diseases in China for thousands of years,in which many TCM herbs have no definite common quantity.Some key TCM herbs are commonly used and thus deserve in-depth investigations based on a more acceptable classification method.This study analyzes whether TCM prescriptions follow Zipf's law and attempts to obtain the thresholds of key TCM herbs based on the application of Zipfs law;Methods A total of 84,418 TCM prescriptions were collected and standardized.We tested whether Zipf's law and Zipfs distribution fit the Chinese herb distributions.A linear fitting experiment was performed to verify the relationship between the frequency distribution and frequency of TCM herbs.Results The distribution of TCM herbs in TCM prescriptions conformed to Zipf's law.Accordingly,the thresholds were obtained for the key TCM herbs.Conclusion The distribution of TCM herbs in TCM prescriptions follows Zipfs law.

Study on alantolactone-induced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells intovascular cells

To promote efficient screening of active angiogenic drugs from traditional medicines, we constructed a humanembryonic kidney-293 cell model using vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） gene promoter as the drug target. Inthis model, VEGF gene promoter may regulate the expression of the luciferase reporter gene by responding to thestimulation of drug molecules. This cell model allows rapid and efficient screening of vascular-inducing activecomponents from several drug monomer molecules. Furthermore, we used rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells（rMSCs） to conduct a preliminary study on the activity of alantolactone. Using simvastatin as a positive control, weinvestigated the effects of alantolactone on the expression of vascular-related cell marker molecules such as VEGF andα-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） in rMSCs. According to our results, 0.1, 1, 3 and 5 μM of alantolactone upregulated thetranscriptional luciferase gene activity of VEGF promoter, and a significant difference from that in the control group wasobserved. Among them, 3μM of alantolactone showed the better effect than that of 3 μM of simvastatin （P = 0.036） andother concentrations of alantolactone and simvastatin showed similar effects. Compared with that in the control group,rMSCs induced with 1μM alantolactone for 3 days showed a significant increase in the relative mRNA expressions ofVEGF and α-SMA genes. However, these effect of 5 μM alantolactone were weaker than those of 5 μM simvastatin （P 〈0.05）; rMSCs treated with 1 μM alantolactone for 3 days showed brighter green fluorescence （FITC marker） of α-SMAand VEGF in situ expression than that observed in the control group and similar fluorescence intensity than that ofsimvastatin group in an immunoradiometric assay. The above results demonstrate the reliability of the highly efficientsystem for screening of active drug molecules and confirmed the vascular induction function of alantolactone at the geneand protein levels.

Herbal medicines for the management of irritable bowelsyndrome:A comprehensive review

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disorder with high prevalence.Because of various factors involved in its pathophysiology and disappointing results from conventional IBS medications,the treatment of IBS is challenging and use of complementary and alternative medicines especially herbal therapies is increasing.In this paper,electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Cochrane library were searched to obtain any in vitro,in vivo or human studies evaluating single or compound herbal preparations in the management of IBS.One in vitro,3 in vivo and 23 human studies were included and systematically reviewed.The majority of studies are about essential oil of Menta piperita as a single preparation and STW 5 as a compound preparation.Some evaluated herbs such as Curcuma xanthorriza and Fumaria officinalis did not demonstrate any benefits in IBS.However,it seems there are many other herbal preparations such as those proposed in traditional medicine of different countries that could be studied and investigated for their efficacy in management of IBS.

Neuroprotective Effect of Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue Extract against High Glucose-induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

Objective： To investigate the neuroprotective effect of Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue （BSHX） extract, a polyherbal formula, against High Glucose （HG）-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Methods： Cell viability assay, Lactate Dehydrogenase （LDH） assay, Reactive Oxygen Species （ROS） detection, Hoechst 33258, Acridine Orange （AO）/Ethidium Bromide （EB） double stain and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential （MMP） assay were performed. In addition, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, PARP, cleaved PARP, cytochrome c and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases （MAPKs） were detected by western blot. Results： BSHX extract increased cell viability and decreased LDH leakage in a concentration-dependent manner in HG-induced PC12 cells. Moreover, BSHX extract decreased the level of intracellular ROS, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, regulated the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2, and inhibited the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Furthermore, BSHX extract attenuated the activation of caspase-3 and PARP, and inhibited the phosphorylations of c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） and p38 MAPKs. Conclusion： BSHX extract exhibited significant neuroprotective effect on HG-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. This effect may be associated with the suppression of ROS generation as well as mitochondria-mediated caspase and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

Evaluation of Antitumor,Immunomodulatory and Free Radical Scavenging Effects of A New Herbal Prescription Seaweed Complex Preparation

Seaweed Complex Preparation （SCP） is a clinical traditional Chinese medicine preparation which is composed of seven traditional Chinese herbs, and it has been used for treatment of lung cancer, liver cancer and digestive cancer. However, little infor- mation is available about the pharmacodynamic basis. The antitumor, immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging effects of SCP were evaluated in this study. Transplanted tumor in vivo method was used to determine the antitumor effect. The effects on spleno- cyte proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages in tumor-bearing mice were measured by the MTT method and the phagocytizing cock red blood cell （CRBC） method respectively. The scavenging activities of SCP on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in vitro were investigated. It was found that the medium-dose and high-dose of SCP could significantly inhibit the growth of transplanted hepatic tumor of murine hepatocarcinoma cell line H22, and promote proliferation of splenocytes and phagocytosis of macrophages. SCP possessed noticeable scavenging activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. The antiturnor effects of SCP might be achieved by im- proving immune system and scavenging free radicals, which is in accordance with the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting the body resistance and eliminating pathogenic factors for cancer treatment.

Research ideas and strategies on the dose-effect relationship of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and herbs

We discuss here the complexity of the doses of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions and herbs from different viewpoints,including the heterogeneity of drug quality,the flexibility of prescriptions,and the diversity of drug effects.Then,the corresponding research ideas and strategies are proposed.We can reveal the actual situation of clinical doses based on in-depth "real-world study" of the safety and effectiveness of TCM prescriptions,create an analytical method for dose-effect relationships in accordance with the features of TCM,and reveal the correlated regular nature of the effectiveness and dosage of TCM prescriptions and herbs.

Essential factors of Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy in Type 2 diabetes treatment assessed by questionnaire

OBJECTIVE: Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy (regulating prescription dosage with different syndromes) is an important part of syndrome differentiation and treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Questionnaires were given to doctors and patients to study the essential factors (indicators and timing) of Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy in the treatment process of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: Two questionnaires were designed for diabetes patients and their doctors. The questionnaires included the most important indicators for determining the patient's condition, the ability of TCM in treating T2DM, the length of time it takes for TCM to be effective, and when to adjust the prescription dosage.The frequency of answers was calculated, summarized, and analyzed after the survey. RESULTS: Twenty questionnaires from doctors and 90 questionnaires from patients were included in the analysis. Doctors and patients recognized thatTCM could decrease blood glucose, improve syndromes, and delay complications. Doctors were mainly concerned about glycosylated hemoglobin, while the patients were concerned about fasting plasma glucose for determining whether treatment was effective. Doctors also paid attention to changes in blood sugar and syndromes 2 weeks after medication was given as the indication to adjust the prescription dosage, while patients were concerned about these factors in 4 weeks.The prescription should be regulated when there are side effects or the medication is ineffective. CONCLUSION: The essential factor in the treatment process of T2DM in Sui Zheng Shi Liang strategy is that if fasting blood glucose level did not decrease after 4 weeks of treatment, the Chinese medicine prescription should be adjusted.

Application of Systems Biology Technology in Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Systems biology is an emerging science of the 21st century and its method and design of study resemble those of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Adopting systems biology technology will help to understand TCM Syndromes and modernize Chinese herbal medicine. The technology platforms of systems biology, especially proteomics can provide useful tools for exploring essence of TCM syndromes and understanding principle of herbal formulation. Moreover, compared with methods of molecular biology, such as genomics and proteomics, metabolomics provide more direct, rapid, concise and effective methods for study of kidney disease especially in the case of prevention and treatment with TCM.