The majority of multinational enterprises （MNEs） traditionally originate from developed countries. In the last ten years, however, there has been dramatic growth in foreign direct investment （FDI） from China. It i...The majority of multinational enterprises （MNEs） traditionally originate from developed countries. In the last ten years, however, there has been dramatic growth in foreign direct investment （FDI） from China. It is a comparatively new phenomenon that challenges the classic FDI theories. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of two important theories, known as the Owner- ship-Location-Internalization （0LI） model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning （LLL） model, and use the statistical data and company case studies from China to test the plausibility of these two models. We believe that neither of them suits totally： the OLI model is quite use- fill for understanding FDI from China to developing economies, while the LLL model is more powerful for explaining the FDI to de- veloped economies. We argue that the companies from China attain a very advantageous position as intermediates in the global economy They may catch up with the first movers if they integrate OLI-led and LLL-led FDI within one firm. This combination can bring to- gether the most advanced knowledge acquired in developed economies with the knowledge about adaptation needs and the needs for cost reduction in production as expressed in developing economies. It may also accelerate the knowledge transfer globally. We thus fill a gap in research into the geographical pattern of Chinese FDI and offer a deeper understanding of the internationalization of Chinese MNEs and revolving knowledge transfer.展开更多
In this research, different parameters of plastic scintillator detector were investigated by Geant4 simulation toolkit. These parameters consisted of radius, length and position of PMT as well as surface reflective ty...In this research, different parameters of plastic scintillator detector were investigated by Geant4 simulation toolkit. These parameters consisted of radius, length and position of PMT as well as surface reflective type and finish options. Furthermore, response time distributions of two organic plastic materials were studied. The results indicated that collecting optical photons has a linear relationship with PMT radius head. Also, the vertical location of PMT has a non-linear relationship with the optical photons collection. However, the collection decreased by increasing PMT length or moving PMT head horizontal position. The response functions of two plastic scintillator materials were in good agreement with experimental published results. Also, Geant4 radiation transport code can simulate incident radiation photon and predict subsequent events to the PMT head very well. The results indicated that BC-404 has faster scintillation properties versus BC-400 organic scintillator materials. Comparison between Geant4 outputs illustrates that the best reflector material and surface finish type for optical photons is ground TiO2.展开更多
Motivation: It was found that high accuracy splicing-site recognitio n of rice (Oryza sativa L.) DNA sequence is especially difficult. We describe d a new method for the splicing-site recognition of rice DNA sequences...Motivation: It was found that high accuracy splicing-site recognitio n of rice (Oryza sativa L.) DNA sequence is especially difficult. We describe d a new method for the splicing-site recognition of rice DNA sequences. Method: Bas e d on the intron in eukaryotic organisms conforming to the principle of GT-AG,w e used support vector machines (SVM) to predict the splicing sites. By machine l earning,we built a model and used it to test the effect of the test data set of true and pseudo splicing sites. Results: The prediction accuracy we obtained wa s 87.53% at the true 5' end splicing site and 87.37% at the true 3' end splicing sites. The results suggested that the SVM approach could achieve higher accuracy than the previous approaches.展开更多
It is a general knowledge that French as a language is widely spoken internationally whereas Urhobo is mainly spoken in the geographical location where it belongs. It is also spoken, and this, sparingly so, by Urhobo ...It is a general knowledge that French as a language is widely spoken internationally whereas Urhobo is mainly spoken in the geographical location where it belongs. It is also spoken, and this, sparingly so, by Urhobo persons in the Diaspora. Presently, Urhobo has become a language of study at the Delta State University, Abraka. It has also been included in the educational curriculum for study at the lower cadre of secondary school education in the Delta State. This situation has triggered the author＇s interest in doing a contrastive phonological study. The significance of this study is that it will highlight the salient differences in some of the grammatical aspects in the languages under consideration and also identify the difficulties that learners experience as a result of these difficulties. The author will also, as much as it is possible, proffer solutions to these learning difficulties.展开更多
This paper presents an extended Dyna-Q algorithm to improve efficiency of the standard Dyna-Q algorithm.In the first episodes of the standard Dyna-Q algorithm,the agent travels blindly to find a goal position.To overc...This paper presents an extended Dyna-Q algorithm to improve efficiency of the standard Dyna-Q algorithm.In the first episodes of the standard Dyna-Q algorithm,the agent travels blindly to find a goal position.To overcome this weakness,our approach is to use a maximum likelihood model of all state-action pairs to choose actions and update Q-values in the first few episodes.Our algorithm is compared with one-step Q-learning algorithm and the standard Dyna-Q algorithm for the path planning problem in maze environments.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the one-step Q-learning algorithm as well as the standard Dyna-Q algorithm,especially in the large environment of states.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.4097106941101120)+1 种基金State Scholarship Fund by China Scholaship CouncilMinistry of Education of the people's Republic of China(No.2009614028)
文摘The majority of multinational enterprises （MNEs） traditionally originate from developed countries. In the last ten years, however, there has been dramatic growth in foreign direct investment （FDI） from China. It is a comparatively new phenomenon that challenges the classic FDI theories. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of two important theories, known as the Owner- ship-Location-Internalization （0LI） model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning （LLL） model, and use the statistical data and company case studies from China to test the plausibility of these two models. We believe that neither of them suits totally： the OLI model is quite use- fill for understanding FDI from China to developing economies, while the LLL model is more powerful for explaining the FDI to de- veloped economies. We argue that the companies from China attain a very advantageous position as intermediates in the global economy They may catch up with the first movers if they integrate OLI-led and LLL-led FDI within one firm. This combination can bring to- gether the most advanced knowledge acquired in developed economies with the knowledge about adaptation needs and the needs for cost reduction in production as expressed in developing economies. It may also accelerate the knowledge transfer globally. We thus fill a gap in research into the geographical pattern of Chinese FDI and offer a deeper understanding of the internationalization of Chinese MNEs and revolving knowledge transfer.
文摘In this research, different parameters of plastic scintillator detector were investigated by Geant4 simulation toolkit. These parameters consisted of radius, length and position of PMT as well as surface reflective type and finish options. Furthermore, response time distributions of two organic plastic materials were studied. The results indicated that collecting optical photons has a linear relationship with PMT radius head. Also, the vertical location of PMT has a non-linear relationship with the optical photons collection. However, the collection decreased by increasing PMT length or moving PMT head horizontal position. The response functions of two plastic scintillator materials were in good agreement with experimental published results. Also, Geant4 radiation transport code can simulate incident radiation photon and predict subsequent events to the PMT head very well. The results indicated that BC-404 has faster scintillation properties versus BC-400 organic scintillator materials. Comparison between Geant4 outputs illustrates that the best reflector material and surface finish type for optical photons is ground TiO2.
文摘Motivation: It was found that high accuracy splicing-site recognitio n of rice (Oryza sativa L.) DNA sequence is especially difficult. We describe d a new method for the splicing-site recognition of rice DNA sequences. Method: Bas e d on the intron in eukaryotic organisms conforming to the principle of GT-AG,w e used support vector machines (SVM) to predict the splicing sites. By machine l earning,we built a model and used it to test the effect of the test data set of true and pseudo splicing sites. Results: The prediction accuracy we obtained wa s 87.53% at the true 5' end splicing site and 87.37% at the true 3' end splicing sites. The results suggested that the SVM approach could achieve higher accuracy than the previous approaches.
文摘It is a general knowledge that French as a language is widely spoken internationally whereas Urhobo is mainly spoken in the geographical location where it belongs. It is also spoken, and this, sparingly so, by Urhobo persons in the Diaspora. Presently, Urhobo has become a language of study at the Delta State University, Abraka. It has also been included in the educational curriculum for study at the lower cadre of secondary school education in the Delta State. This situation has triggered the author＇s interest in doing a contrastive phonological study. The significance of this study is that it will highlight the salient differences in some of the grammatical aspects in the languages under consideration and also identify the difficulties that learners experience as a result of these difficulties. The author will also, as much as it is possible, proffer solutions to these learning difficulties.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology(2010-0012609)
文摘This paper presents an extended Dyna-Q algorithm to improve efficiency of the standard Dyna-Q algorithm.In the first episodes of the standard Dyna-Q algorithm,the agent travels blindly to find a goal position.To overcome this weakness,our approach is to use a maximum likelihood model of all state-action pairs to choose actions and update Q-values in the first few episodes.Our algorithm is compared with one-step Q-learning algorithm and the standard Dyna-Q algorithm for the path planning problem in maze environments.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the one-step Q-learning algorithm as well as the standard Dyna-Q algorithm,especially in the large environment of states.
