怎样简化理解内耳迷路

内耳的体积虽很小,但其功能却非常重要,它由许多错综复杂的小囊、小管及感受器组成,因此在解剖学中以迷路一词来形容它是一个令人迷惑而不易理解的结构。内耳有骨迷路,其中又悬挂着膜迷路。这样一个极小的器官又深深地埋藏在颞骨骨质里面,用肉眼难以观察其全貌,要想直视一个完整骨迷路的形态,必须用精雕细刻的技术才能从岩骨的骨质中雕磨出来。观察膜迷路难度就更大,一般须采用显微解剖技术,如用火棉胶包埋,制成连续切片;或作耳蜗铺片;或是采用内耳描摹翻造法。如用内耳连续切片,还要运用思维想象,才能概括出一个内耳膜迷路的印象。因此,多年来不沦在教学或科学研究工作中,了解内耳这个器官比了解其它器官要困难得多。

老人眩晕是何因

眩晕是老年人的常见症状。是由于人的视觉和本位觉器官、前庭器、小脑、皮层下中枢、前庭诸神经核、红核、大脑颞叶等部位受损,而破坏了平衡系统所致。引起老年人眩晕的常见原因有以下几种。 1、高血压:老年人高血压多属原发性高血压,即高血压病。多为缓慢起病,早期于精神紧张、情绪波动或劳累后出现头晕、耳鸣、眼花,可伴有头痛、健忘、失眠、心悸和四肢麻木。测量血压即可确诊,服用降压药物后头晕减轻,其他症状也随之缓解。应坚持长期服药。 2、良性体位性眩晕:大多数人病因不明,少数由几种不同的内耳疾病所致。

Automated visual position detection and adjustment for optical waveguide chips and optical fiber arrays

The alignment coupling between optical waveguide chips and optical fiber arrays is the basis of the alignment coupling of planar optical waveguide devices, and the precise position detection with angle and spacing adjustments is one of the key steps of alignment coupling. A methodology for position detection, and angle and spacing adjustment was proposed for optical waveguide chips and optical fiber arrays based on machine vision. The experimental results show angle detection precision levels higher than 0.05°, line detection precision levels higher than 0.1 μm, and detection time less than 2 s. Therefore, the system developed herein meets the precise requirements necessary for position detection, and angle and spacing adjustments for optical waveguide chips and optical fiber arrays.

QoE Assessment in Haptic Teleoperation Systems： Position-Position versus Position-Force

In this paper, we make a comparison of haptic control schemes （position-position and position-force control schemes） for two haptic teleoperation systems by QoE （quality of experience） assessment. One is a remote control system with haptic media and video. In the system, we can write characters by controlling a haptic interface device at a remote place with another haptic interface device while watching video. The other is a remote instruction system with haptic media, video and voice. By using the system, a teacher can actively write characters and teach a student how to write the characters. The student can also write characters actively, and the teacher can confirm how the student writes the characters. We investigate the influences of network delay on QoE for the two systems with the two haptic control schemes.

Positioning Study of the Robot Vision based on Geometry

The robot＇ s eyes through the background difference method were used to find broke into the visual range of a moving object and track and monitor the moving object. On the basis of geometry and according to the distance and deflection angle of the robot eyes positioning, the objects were captured and tracked by robots eyes. Geometry method precision was low, but simple calculation processing was quick. Thus, it can effectively meet the robot eyes preliminary positioning of the fast moving target.

The Design of a Motion Control System for a Parallel Robot with Image Positioning

A motion control system for a parallel robot with image positioning was implemented in this paper. The system is composed of a machine vision device, a delta robot and a linear stage, and the concerned hardware, software and working methods were developed completely and verified successfully. During the phase of machine vision, the image of object was captured by camera, and then the process of smoothing filter, threshold algorithm and edge detection, was applied so as to obtain the edges of image. Finally, DV-GHT （Displacement Vector Generalized Hough Transformation） algorithm was used to recognize the center of multiple and arbitrary 2-D shapes objects. After the center of objects was recognized, the objects were delivered to the workspace of a delta robot by a motorized stage. Through the coordinate transformation between the camera and the robot system, the information of center can be converted to control commands for every working motors. Following, the delta robot picks up objects to the specified position sequentially by the trajectory planning and tracking controls. The software of C＋＋/CLI is used to achieve the phase of motion controls and the program of DV-GHT is used to detect and conduct the positions for four different characteristics of the objects simultaneously so as to indicate the delta robot to classify the objects successfully.

Effect of initial phase diversity on signal detection in excitable systems

Undoubtedly, the sensory organs of biological systems have been evolved to accurately detect and locate the external stimuli, even if they are very weak. However, the mechanism underlying this ability is still not fully understood. Previously, it had been shown that stochastic resonance may be a good candidate to explain this ability, by which the response of a system to an external signal is amplified by the presence of noise. Recently, it is pointed out that the initial phase diversity in external signals can be also served as a simple and feasible mechanism for weak signal detection or amplification in excitable neurons. We here make a brief review on this progress. We will show that there are two kinds of effects of initial phase diversity: one is the phase disorder, i.e., the initial phases are different and static, and the other is the phase noise, i.e., the initial phases are time-varying like noise. Both cases show that initial phase diversity in subthreshold periodic signals can indeed play a constructive role in the emergence of sustained spiking activity. As initial phase diversity can mimic different arrival times from source signal to sensory organs, these findings may provide a cue for understanding the hunting behaviors of some biological systems.

Response enhancement of olfactory sensory neurons-based biosensors for odorant detection

This paper presents a novel strategy for the response enhancement of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)-based biosensors by monitoring the enhancive responses of OSNs to odorants. An OSNs-based biosensor was developed on the basis of the light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), in which rat OSNs were cultured on the surface of LAPS chip and served as sensing elements. LY294002, the specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), was used to enhance the responses of OSNs to odorants. The responses of OSNs to odorants with and without the treatment of LY294002 were recorded by LAPS. The results show that the enhancive effect of LY294002 was recorded efficiently by LAPS and the responses of this OSNs-LAPS hybrid biosensor were enhanced by LY294002 by about 1.5-fold. We conclude that this method can enhance the responses of OSNs-LAPS hybrid biosensors, which may provide a novel strategy for the bioelectrical signal monitor of OSNs in biosensors. It is also suggested that this strategy may be applicable to other kinds of OSNs-based biosensors for cellular activity detection, such as microelectrode array (MEA) and field effect transistor (FET).