高原官兵海滨疗养缓解低原反应的护理体会

目的缓解高原官兵海滨疗养低原反应引起的不适症状。方法采取适应性生活指导、针对性的健康教育、心理疏导、海滨疗养因子、阶梯习服等护理措施。结果有效缓解疗养员低原反应所导致的不适症状,提高高原官兵海滨疗养生活质量。结论重视高原官兵到达平原地区疗养,因机体代偿适应性变化而引起的一系列不适症状,通过上述护理措施,可有效缓解低原反应,取得满意临床效果。

低原反应造成羊驼大量死亡的病例报告

佳木斯市某羊驼养殖场于2015年从秘鲁引进羊驼5只,3个月内4只羊驼相继死亡。通过临床症状观察、实验室检查和尸体剖检,判定为低原反应引起呼吸系统损伤和血液循环系统损伤,导致羊驼大量死亡。通过采用注射抗生素、对症治疗、支持疗法及药物驱虫等综合防治措施后,羊驼大黄（唤名）恢复了健康。长期生活在高原缺氧地区的人或动物,身体为了适应低氧的环境,代偿性的红细胞携带氧的能力增强,以满足身体的需要。

一例羊驼“醉氧症”的诊治

长期生活在高原缺氧地区的人或动物,身体为了适应低氧的环境,代偿性的红细胞携带氧的能力增强,以满足身体的需要。当人或动物从高海拔地区下到海拔1000米以下的平原地区后,空气中氧含量提高,而机体还没有适应这个高氧环境,红细胞仍然在高效率高质量的运送氧,就会导致身体发生不适,从而出现疲倦、无力、嗜睡、胸闷、头昏、腹泻等症状,会产生一种所谓＂脱适应反应＂或称＂低原反应＂。

Pt alloy oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts: Synthesis, structure, and property

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs) are considered a promising power source for electric vehicles and stationary residential applications. However, current PEMFCs have several problems that require solutions, including high cost, insufficient power density, and limited performance durability. A kinetically sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) is primarily responsible for these issues. The development of advanced Pt-based catalysts is crucial for solving these problems if the large-scale application of PEMFCs is to be realized. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the development of Pt M alloy(M = Fe, Co, Ni, etc.) catalysts with an emphasis on ordered Pt M intermetallic catalysts, which exhibit significantly enhanced activity and stability. In addition to exploring the intrinsic catalytic performance in traditional aqueous electrolytes via engineering nanostructures, morphologies, and crystallinity of Pt M particles, we highlight recent efforts to study catalysts under real fuel cell environments by the membrane electrode assembly(MEA).

Impacts of Alkalinity Drops on Shifting of Functional Sulfate-Reducers in a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor Characterized by FISH

Alkalinity is one of the most important parameters that influence microbial metabolism and activity during sulfate-laden wastewater biological treatment. To comprehensively understand the structure and dynamics of functional microbial community under alkalinity changes in sulfate-reducing continuous stirred tank reactor （CSTR）, fluorescent in situ hybridization （FISH） technique was selected for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of functional microbial compositions in activated sludge. During 93d of bioreactor operation, the influent alkalinity was adjusted by adding sodium bicarbonate from 4000mg·L^-1 down to 3000mg·L^-1, then to 1500mg·L^-1, whereas other parameters, such as the loading rates of chenucal oxygen demand （COD） and sulfate （SO4^2-）, hydraulic retention time （HRT）, and pH value, were continuously maintained at 24g·L^-1·d^-1 and 4.8g·L^-1·d^-1, 10h,and about 6.7, respectively. Sludge samples were collected during diflerent alkalinity levels, and total Bacteria, tlae sulfate-reducing bacteria （SRB）, and four SRB genera were demonstrated with 16S ribosomal .RNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. The results indicated that bioreactor started-up successfully in 30d. The two instances ot drop in alkalinity resulted in the fluctuation of sulfate removal rate. The diversity of SRB community showed significant shift, and the alteration of microbial community directly resulted in the corresponding statuses of bioreactor. The dominant genera during the bioreactor start-up and alkalinity drops were Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, and Desulfovibrio, respectively. In addition, the acetotrophic SRB sutterecl more trom me reduction of alkalinity than the non-acetotrophic SRB. This strategy can present the functional microbial community structure during start-up and alkalinity drop stages, and provides a powerful theoretical guideline for optimization and adjustment of bioreactor, as well.

Doping effect of cations(Zr^(4+),Al^(3+),and Si^(4+)) on MnO_x/CeO_2 nano-rod catalyst for NH_3-SCR reaction at low temperature

Thermally stable Zr4+, Al3+, and Si4+ cations were incorporated into the lattice of CeO2 nano‐rods (i.e., CeO2‐NR) in order to improve the specific surface area. The undoped and Zr4+, Al3+, and Si4+ doped nano‐rods were used as supports to prepare MnOx/CeO2‐NR, MnOx/CZ‐NR, MnOx/CA‐NR, and MnOx/CS‐NR catalysts, respectively. The prepared supports and catalysts were comprehensively characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, X‐ray diffraction, Raman and N2‐physisorption analyses, hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction, ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform spectroscopic analysis of the NH3 adsorption, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, the catalytic performance and H2O+SO2 tolerance of these samples were evaluated through NH3‐selective catalytic reduction (NH3‐SCR) in the absence or presence of H2O and SO2. The obtained results show that the MnOx/CS‐NR catalyst exhibits the highest NOx conversion and the lowest N2O concentration, which result from the largest number of oxygen vacancies and acid sites, the highest Mn4+ content, and the lowest redox ability. The MnOx/CS‐NR catalyst also presents excellent resistance to H2O and SO2. All of these phenomena suggest that Si4+ is the optimal dopant for the MnOx/CeO2‐NR catalyst.

Low-temperature synthesis of ultrasmall spinel MnxCo3-xO4 nanoparticles for efficient oxygen reduction

Spinel-type manganese-cobalt oxides have been regarded as important class of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).However,they are usually synthesized through oxidation-precipitation under aqueous ammonia and then crystallization at high temperature(150–180℃),which not only increases the energy consumption but also induces the growth of particles that is unfavorable for ORR.Herein,through a facile precipitation-dehydration method,ultrasmall spinel manganese-cobalt oxide nanoparticles(~5 nm)homogeneously dispersed on conductive carbon black(MnxCo3-xO4/C)were fabricated at low temperature(60℃).And the bimetallic composite oxide(Mn1.5Co1.5O4/C)with cubic spinel structure and high Mn content exhibits remarkable enhancement of ORR activity and stability compared with single metal oxide(both Mn3O4/C and Co3O4/C).The essential reason for the enhancement of activity can be attributed to the presence of the mixed Mn^3+ and Mn^4+ cations in Mn1.5Co1.5O4/C.Moreover,the ORR activity of Mn1.5Co1.5O4/C is comparable to that of commercial 20 wt% Pt/C,and the relative current density only decreases 1.4% after 12 h test,exceeding that of Pt/C and most reported manganese-cobalt oxide electrocatalysts.

Responses of Lowland NERICA and Improved Oryza sativa Rice to Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Sudan Savanna Agroecosystem

The responses of five inter-specific lowland rice cultivars （NERICA-L-19, NERICA-L-20, NERICA-L-41, NERICA-L-42, and NERICA-L-60） and four improved Oryza sativa cultivars （FKR 19, BW 348-1, WITA 4, and SIPI 6923033） to levels of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization were compared on a Typic Natrustalfat Kadawa in the Nigerian Sudan Savanna in 2006 and 2007 The responses of the NERICA-L eultivars to N and P fertilization were similar to the O. sativa cultivars. In a dry year （2007）, the NERICA-L cultivars gave higher yields than O. sativa cultivars. Phosphorus level did not significantly affect crop physiology, yield, and yield components of all the cultivars. Pooled across cultivars, N and P levels, days to panicle initiation, mid-flowering and maturity were, respectively delayed by 17.0, 15.6 and 6.4 days in 2007 compared to 2006. NERICA-L-42 and NERICA-L-41 were the most stable, exhibiting the least difference in duration to maturity between the two years （3.5 and 4.4 days, respectively）, and could therefore be more adapted to rain-fed environments prone to frequent droughts. Increasing N levels from 0 to 120 kg hal produced yield increments of 62.9 and 37.2% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Cultivars FKR 19 and WITA 4 gave higher yields in 2006 （3940 and 3542 kg ha^-1, respectively）, while in 2007, NERICA-L-42, NERICA-L^-19 and NERICA-L-20 ranked among the highest in grain yield （3935, 3807 and 3726 kg hal, respectively） and could be recommended to resource-poor farmers. a

环境危害因素对高原旅行者健康影响

高原环境危害因素对高原旅行者的健康影响归纳为(1)高寒:气温随海拔升高150m,平均降低1℃,高原气温的特点是低寒、温差大(白天与黑夜、向阳面和向阴面)。"年无炎夏,日有四季",这样的气候,使旅行者易患呼吸道和心肌炎等疾病。(2)低气压、低氧分压:海拔每升高100m,大气压就下降5mmHg,氧分压亦随之下降,因此是不利因素之二,导致人们易发生急性高原反应。