低合金铸造磨球生产现状及分析

低合金铸造磨球兼备性能优良和成本低廉的优点。80年代以来发展较快,有取代钢球和普通白口铁球的趋势,被中小型水泥厂广泛采用。这类磨球由于化学成分和热处理工艺的变化,技术措施的差异,各生产厂产品性能指标有较大的不同。笔者在研究生产现状的基础上作一些分析,试图寻求一些有益的启示。

铸造低合金钢回火焊道技术适用性判别分析

回火焊道技术是通过第二层焊道的热循环来改善第一层焊道的组织和性能的焊接技术,但目前尚无明确标准规定其适用范围。以A217 WC6和A217 WC9钢为对象,采用Gleeble热模拟试验判断二次回火对两种铸造低合金钢性能的影响规律,进而用回火焊道技术制造焊接试样,进行焊态、热处理态下的组织和性能对比试验。试验结果表明,A217 WC6钢在一次高温热循环后,冲击功从70 J提升至126 J,硬度值从154 HV10增至375 HV10。二次热循环后,A217 WC6钢的硬度整体降低,回火峰值温度对其性能有显著影响。相比之下,A217 WC9钢的冲击功从77 J降至52 J,硬度值从182 HV10增至364 HV10,二次热循环对其性能影响不显著。焊接试样的性能和硬度变化趋势与Gleeble热模拟试验一致。由此得到结论:Gleeble热模拟试验可以判断钢种是否适用于回火焊道技术;A217 WC6钢较A217 WC9钢更适合采用回火焊道技术进行修复。

铸造低合金钢回火焊道与焊后热处理焊接接头性能对比研究

为评估回火焊道工艺在铸造低合金钢焊接中的应用效果,研究回火焊道工艺能否替代传统的焊后热处理工艺。采用焊条电弧焊(SMAW),选用R307、R407焊条分别对A217 WC6和A217 WC9进行焊接。控制预热温度、电流、电压、搭接率和层厚,以实现回火焊道工艺。焊后对接头进行金相、硬度、拉伸、冲击和侧弯试验。试验结果表明,A217 WC6焊接接头在焊态和热处理态下的性能均满足标准要求,而A217 WC9焊接接头在焊态下的冲击功小于母材,侧弯试样在熔合线附近出现表面裂纹,且硬度明显高于热处理态。分析表明,回火焊道工艺能有效改善A217 WC6钢焊接接头的组织和性能,可替代焊后热处理。但在A217 WC9钢的焊接中,回火焊道工艺未能达到改善组织和性能的目的,焊接接头性能不满足标准要求,不能替代传统的焊后热处理工艺。

《通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件》国家标准解读

《通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件》(GB/T 40802-2021)是我国首次制定的通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件的国家标准。介绍了标准的编制背景、技术要求、试验方法、检验规则等相关规定,便于该标准的推广应用。该标准的制定为制造、使用通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件提供了技术保证,有助于推动通用铸造碳钢和低合金钢铸件的标准化,对钢铁、有色金属等行业铸件的选用有积极的指导意义。

耐海水腐蚀低合金铸铁

在普通灰铸铁中加入少量合金元素及变质剂，可得到一种新型耐海水腐蚀铸铁，其相对耐蚀率为原铸铁的5倍以上，力学性能可提高到HT250。通过对其表面保护膜的微区成分分析，初步揭示了耐蚀性得以明显改善的原因。

RE-Ca复合变质处理改善低合金铸钢组织与性能的研究

在ＺＧ３５ＣｒＭｏ钢中加入１＃稀土合金０．３％和硅钙０．０５％，可使其铸态一次晶细化；魏氏组织基本消除；铁素体沿晶界网状分布得以改善；非金属夹杂物由多角状聚集分布变为近似圆球状呈弥散均匀分布。从而使ＺＧ３５ＣｒＭｏ具有较高的综合性能，并克服了一般低合金钢热裂倾向大的缺点，其铸造性能优于普通碳素钢，不仅可用于砂型铸造还可用于金属型铸造。研究还表明，对低合金铸钢采用ＲＥ－Ｃａ复合变质处理。

熔模铸造低合金钢热裂问题的分析及解决

低合金钢中由于元素偏析大、导热性能差,有严重的裂纹产生倾向。针对锁座铸钢件熔模铸造出现的裂纹和缩孔、缩松问题,采用ProCAST软件进行了模拟分析,并通过改进浇注方案和验证,解决了缺陷问题。结果表明,Niyama值较低、凝固时间较长的位置更容易出现缩孔、缩松和裂纹缺陷,综合采用凝固时间和Niyama判据能够更为准确地确定铸件缺陷产生位置。

As-cast structure and tensile properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy DC cast with low-voltage pulsed magnetic field

The effects of a low-voltage pulsed magnetic field on the solidified structure and mechanical properties of DC casting AZ80 magnesium alloy were investigated.The results showed that the solidified structure of the DC casting AZ80 magnesium alloy was refined obviously by the low-voltage pulsed magnetic field and significant grain refinement in the DC casting ingot of AZ80 magnesium alloy was achieved.Meanwhile,the morphology of the dentritic in the DC casting ingot was transformed from coarse dentritic to fine rosette with the application of low-voltage pulsed magnetic field.The ability of deformation of the ingot was enhanced and especially the plasticity of the ingot center after upsetting was improved greatly by more than 80%after deformation.

Heat transfer behavior of AZ80-1%Y alloy during low-frequency electromagnetic casting

Heat transfer behaviors of AZ80?1%Y alloy during low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) and direct chilling casting were studied by in-situ temperature measurement. The results demonstrated that the low frequency electromagnetic field (EM) caused forced convection in the melt during LFEC. The forced convection led to uniform solidification velocity and temperature field. EM frequency, excitation current intensity and casting temperature could control the heat transfer behavior. The forced convection could improve the microstructure and degrade the difference in microstructure between the edge and center of billet. Appropriate parameters of low frequency EM for casting Mg alloy are 20 Hz of frequency and 60 A of electric current intensity.

Effect of minor Sc and Zr addition on microstructure and properties of ultra-high strength aluminum alloy

The Al-9Zn-2.8Mg-2.5Cu-xZr-ySc alloys （x=0, 0.15%, 0.15%; y=0, 0.05%, 0.15%）, produced by low-frequent electromagnetic casting technology, were subjected to homogenization treatment, hot extrusion, solution and aging treatment. The effects of minor Sc and Zr addition on microstructure, recrystallization and properties of alloys were studied by optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results show that Sc and Zr addition can refine grains of the as-cast alloy by precipitation of primary Al3（Sc,Zr） particles formed during solidification as heterogeneous nuclei. Secondary Al3（Sc,Zr） precipitates formed during homogenization treatment strongly pin the movement of dislocation and subgrain boundaries, which can effectively inhibit the alloys recrystallization. Compared with the alloy without Sc and Zr addition, the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy with 0.05%Sc and 0.15%Zr shows the increase in tensile strength and yield strength by 172 MPa and 218 MPa, respectively. Strengthening comes from the contributions of precipitation, substructure and grain refining.

Production of super-high strength aluminum alloy billets by low frequency electromagnetic casting

The effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on the macro-physical fields in the semi-continuous casting process of aluminum alloys and the microstructure and crack in the billets were studied and analyzed by the numerical and experimental methods.Comparison of the results for the macro-physical fields in the low frequency electromagnetic casting（LFEC） process with the conventional DC casting process indicates the following characters due to the application of electromagnetic field：an entirely changed direction and remarkably increased velocity of melt flow;a uniform distribution and a decreased gradient of temperature;elevated isothermal lines;a reduced sump depth;decreased stress and plastic deformation.Further,the microstructure of the billets is refined remarkably and the crack in the billets is eliminated in LFEC process because of modification of the macro-physical fields induced by the application of low frequency electromagnetic field.

Influence of T6 heat treatment on A356 and A380 aluminium alloys manufactured by thixoforging combined with low superheat casting

The effects of T6 heat treatment on thixoforged A356 and A380 aluminium alloys were studied.Low superheat casting(LSC)technique was carried out to prepare proper specimens for thixoforging process.The samples were poured at 20°C above their liquidus temperatures which provided the formation of equiaxed grains instead of dendritic growth.Produced billets were reheated for varied time from 20 to 80 min and thixoforged with 50%deformation rate.After thixoforging process,the samples were T6 heat treated for both A356 and A380 alloys.The microstructural evaluation and hardness alteration of thixoforged,solution treated and aged specimens were examined comparatively by using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Brinell hardness equipment.T6 heat treatment provided relatively uniform microstructure with newly formed precipitates that are Mg2Si and Al2Cu for A356 and A380 billets,respectively.Accordingly,hardness after artificial aging was increased considerably and reached HB 93 for A356 and HB 120 for A380 alloys.

DC casting of light alloys under magnetic fields

The working principle of LFEC（Low frequency electromagnetic casting） process developed in Northeastern University, China was introduced and the metallurgical results of LFEC were discussed according to the casting practices. The low frequency field around the mold produces Lorenz force, which can be divided into two parts： one is the potential force which will be balanced by a pressure gradient of the liquid and results in the formation of a convex surface meniscus and improves the surface quality; the other is the rotary force which stirs the liquid in the mold to refine the microstructures and homogenize the distribution of alloying elements. LFEC can refine microstructures remarkably, improve surface quality of the ingots, depress macrosegregation and eliminate cracks. Some new technologies, such as horizontal direct chill casting under low-frequency electromagnetic field （HLEC）, DC casting of hollow billets under electromagnetic fields （HBEC）, electromagnetic modifying of hypereutectic A1-Si alloys（EMM）, air film casting under static magnetic field （AFCM）, and multi-ingots casting under low-frequency magnetic field （MLFEC） were developed based on LFEC.

Low-Cycle Fatigue Crack Initiation Behavior of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloy

Low-cycle fatigue crack initiation behavior of nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 530℃ was investigated.Results show that the behavior of crack initiation is closely related to the maximum strain.When the maximum strain is 2.0%,the fatigue crack is originated at the position of persistent slip bands on the surface of specimen,which is located on the{111}slip plane.No defects are observed at the crack initiation position.When the maximum strain is lower than 1.6%,the cracks are initiated at the casting defects on sub-surface or at interior of the specimen.The casting defects are located on the{100}slip plane vertical to the axial force.The crack is initiated along the{100}slip plane and then expanded along different{111}slip planes after a short stage of expansion.As the maximum strain decreases,the position of crack initiation gradually changes from the surface to the interior.Moreover,the secondary cracks extending inward along the fracture surface appear in the crack initiation area,and there is obvious stress concentration near the secondary cracks.The dislocation density is high near the fracture surface in the crack initiation zone,where a lot of dislocations cutting into the γ'phase exist.An oxide layer of 50‒100 nm is presented on the fracture surface,and Ni,Al,Cr and Co elements are mainly segregated into the oxide layer of the surface.