山西低大气层宇宙射线绝对电离量估算

本文介绍了一种山西低大气层宇宙射线绝对电离量计算的简便方法。与实测数据比较，用该法估算山西省境内的宇宙射线绝对电离量，简便准确，实用价值较大。

锻炼身体最佳时间

人们总以为清晨锻炼有利无弊,其实这是一种误会。众所周知,清新空气应富含氧气,但植物只有在阳光下方可进行光合作用,吸收二氧化碳,放出氧气。而在夜间,植物与人一样,吸收氧气,放出二氧化碳。从这个角度看,夜间空气不如白天清新。

太空垃圾

太空垃圾德宏１９９１年９月１５日，美航天飞机“发现号”在飞向太空时，险些与一团火箭碎块相撞。这些碎块是前苏联１９７７年９月发射“宇宙９５５号飞船”的火箭外壳，其体积较大的有半个小汽车大，它们均在离地约６００公里空中以２５０００公里／小时的速度绕地球飞...

麻醉剂不会破坏臭氧层

据英国的一项研究表明,麻醉剂并不象它们以前被认为的那样能破坏臭氧层。这减轻了近来丹麦Vejle医院研究人员表现的恐惧心理。他们认为,吸入的卤化性麻醉剂对损耗臭氧层具有实质性作用(Lancet,Ⅰ卷,1989,719页)。这些麻醉剂每次剂量的大部分都被呼出了,最终进入大气层。

全球变暖对蒸散量的影响

在1984年几乎无雨且阳光充足的夏季,草地对蒸发和截断损失(蒸发来自被覆盖层截断的雨水)的反映结果如图3和4(a)所示。通过使用一个中子探针就可得到土壤湿度不足额的量度,这个量度表明荒地土壤在140—170天之间接近饱和,土壤湿度不足值在大约200天左右达到一个最大值。图3表明土壤湿度的严重缺乏限制了从180—210天之间草地的蒸发损失,从而引起权重系数Ω的急剧下降。Ω值的下降暗示蒸发损失对辐射输入的依赖变得相对减少,而更多地依赖于由于土壤湿度缺乏所形成的大面覆盖阻力。假定在较低大气层100m处,被估计和温度以很小的数量得到增加,比如说4℃(大约是计算得到的英国2050年夏季温度值的2倍),而另一些气象输入条件保持不变。从图4(a)

A Study of Extratropical Transition and Re-Intensification of Typhoon Mindulle(2004)

In this study,the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Typhoon Mindulle (2004) at high resolution (3-km grid size).The data from measurements show that in the upper atmosphere the existence of an upper jet is important to the transition cyclone.When Mindulle moved to the area of the upper jet entrance,where high-altitude divergence existed, the pumping of the high-altitude divergence would enhance the vertical motion and low-level cyclone convergence. The enhanced vertical motion was confirmed by the simulation results and indicated that the existence of upper divergence enhanced the vertical motion which was favorable for the maintenance of Typhoon Mindulle.The process of extratropical transition (ET) and re-intensification always accompanies the process of cold air invasion. This process enhances the baroclinicity of the atmosphere and the formation of front at high altitudes, which converts baroclinic potential energy into kinetic energy and strengthens the cyclone vortex.The distributions of equivalent potential temperature (θe) and temperature anomalies show that the warm-core of the typhoon at the tropopause aids the re-intensification of the system. As the typhoon reenters the ocean, latent heat flux (LHF) increases in the north and west and the strong reflectivity and vertical motion occur in the east and southeast,and the west.With the re-intensification of the typhoon the wind field evolves from an oval to a circle at the lower atmosphere, the area coverage by high winds increases, and the distribution of the tangential wind shows an asymmetric pattern.

Spatial Distributions of Atmospheric Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates over China during Summer

The latitude-altitude distributions of radiative fluxes and heating rates are investigated by utilizing CloudSat satellite data over China during summer. The Tibetan Plateau causes the downward shortwave fluxes of the lower atmosphere over central China to be smaller than the fluxes over southern and northern China by generating more clouds. The existence of a larger quantity of clouds over central China reflects a greater amount of solar radiation back into space. The vertical gradients of upward shortwave radiative fluxes in the atmosphere below 8 km are greater than those above 8 km. The latitudinal-altitude distributions of downward longwave radiative fluxes show a slantwise decreasing trend from low latitudes to high latitudes that gradually weaken in the downward direction. The upward longwave radiative fluxes also weaken in the upward direction but with larger gradients. The maximum heating rates by solar radiation and cooling rates by longwave infrared radiation are located over 28 40°N at 7 8 km mean sea level (MSL), and they are larger than the rates in the northern and southern regions. The heating and cooling rates match well both vertically and geographically.

Roll Vortices in the Boundary Layer Caused by a Concave Wind Profile: A Theoretical Study

The present study solves a two-layer atmospheric wave equation model with a lower atmosphere concave wind profile and cold-air outbreak over sea, while simultaneously proving that such a wind shear may cause neutral boundary layer roll vortices in the presence of disturbing sources upstream. Without thermal effects, the wind shear-induced waves have band structures at the top of the boundary layer that are similar to cloud street patterns observed over sea. This study proves that dynamic and thermal effects can act independently to initiate the roll vortices in the lower atmosphere. At the same time, a quantitative comparison shows that dynamic effects play a large role in the formation of roll vortices in the initial stage of cold-air outbreak and will be surpassed by thermal effects soon after surface heating commences.

Monitoring Climatic Changes and Carbon Cycle in Canyons and Caves： The C6 Project

The acronym C6 means ＂Climatic Changes and Carbon Cycle in Canyons and Caves＂. It is a monitoring project, for the evaluation of climate change signals, based on measuring sites located inside canyons and caves; it merged in the year 2005, under the scientific supervision of the Palermo Branch of the Italian National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology （INGV）, two different monitoring programs active since 1999. The choice of these environments is based on their morphological structure： being them more or less segregated respect the outer atmosphere, they act as low-pass filters respect the variations of the monitored parameters, which are rainfall and dropping water amounts and rates, air temperatures and relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. On the basis of the preliminary data, reported and discussed in the paper, the C6 network seems to be capable to give useful information on the local effects of global changes, even if at the moment the monitored parameters concern only the abiotic components of the studied ecosystems.

军事高技术问答100题

52、碳纤维干扰弹是怎么回事?它是否已在战场使用? 碳纤维干扰弹是一个新型特种弹,说起这种弹药,不但非常科学,而且十分有趣,甚至可以说是把生活中的恶作剧用在了战争上,这种干扰弹是在导弹或炮弹的战斗部内装填进大量的、绝缘性能优良的碳纤维。这些碳纤维或卷状或团状,极易附在各种物体上。

Recent investigation on the coupling between the ionosphere and upper atmosphere

Scientific attention has recently been focused on the coupling of the earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere. In the present work, we review the advances in this field, emphasizing the studies and contributions of Chinese scholars. This work first introduces new developments in the observation instruments of the upper atmosphere. Two kinds of instruments are involved: optical instruments(lidars, FP interferometers and all-sky airglow imagers) and radio instruments(MST radars and all-sky meteor radars). Based on the data from these instruments and satellites, the researches on climatology and wave disturbances in the upper atmosphere are then introduced. The studies on both the sporadic sodium layer and sporadic E-layer are presented as the main works concerning the coupling of the upper atmosphere and the low ionosphere. We then review the investigations on the ionospheric longitudinal structure and the causative atmospheric non-migrating tide as the main progress of the coupling between the atmosphere and the ionospheric F2-region. Regarding the ionosphere-thermosphere coupling, we introduce studies on the equatorial thermospheric anomaly, as well as the influence of the thermospheric winds and gravity waves to the ionospheric F2-region. Chinese scholars have made much advancement on the coupling of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere, including the observation instruments, data precession, and modeling, as well as the mechanism analysis.

New understanding achieved from 2 years of Chinese ionospheric investigations

In the mainland of China, the number of ionospheric research groups is more than 10. Around 110 articles related to ionospheric physics have been published during 2014–2015. In this annual national report of the Committee on Space Research(COSPAR), we will outline some recent progresses in ionospheric studies conducted by the Chinese mainland scientists in the past 2 years. These investigations cover(1) the ionosphere responses to geomagnetic activities;(2) ionospheric climatology and structures;(3) couplings between the ionosphere, plasmasphere and lower atmosphere, and possible seismic signatures in the ionosphere;(4) ionospheric irregularities and scintillation;(5) ionospheric models, data assimilation and simulations;(6) ionospheric dynamics and electrodynamics;(7) progresses in the observation methodology and technique; and(8) planetary ionospheres. Such investigations will strengthen our ability to monitor the ionosphere,provide a better understanding of the ionospheric states and the underlying fundamental processes, and improve the ionospheric modeling, forecasting, and related applications.

A Brief Introduction to a Major Project——The Physical-Chemical Processes in the Lower Atmosphere and Their Interaction with the Ecological System over the Yangtze Delta

With rapid industrialization and agricultural modernization in the past two decades, the Yangtze Delta Region in China has been one of the regions in the world most influenced by human activity. How has the economic development impacted on ecosystem, environment, agriculture and regional climate in this region ？ What are the mechanisms of the interactive processes and feedbacks？ What will be the future changes under different development scenarlos？ These are questions of critical importance to sustain the rate of social and economic development. A Major Project, The Physical-Chemical Processes in the Lower Atmosphere and Their Interaction with the Ecological System over Yangtze Delta, as one of the Ninth Five-Year Major Programs （1996-2000） funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, just focused on those questions. Under the leadership of Prof. Zhou Xiuji, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences this project has made significant achievements and great progress in answering the above questions.

Hαcounterparts of X-ray bright points in the solar atmosphere

X-ray bright points （XBPs） are small-scale brightenings in the solar corona. Their counterparts in the lower atmosphere, how- ever, are poorly investigated. In this paper, we study the counterparts of XBPs in the upper chromosphere where the Hot line center is formed. The XBPs were observed by the X-ray Telescope （XRT） aboard the Hinode spacecraft during the observing plan （HOP0124） in August 2009, coordinated with the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope （SMART） in the Kwasan and Hida Observatory, Kyoto University. It is found that there are 77 Hot brightenings in the same field of view of XRT, and among 57 XBPs, 29 have counterparts in the Hot channel. We found three types of relationship： Types a, b and c, correspond- ing to XBPs appearing first, Hot brightenings occurring first and no respective correspondence between them. Most of the strong XBPs belong to Type a. The Hot counterparts generally have double-kernel structures associated with magnetic bipoles and are cospatial with the footpoints of the XBP loops. The average lag time is -3 minutes. This implies that for Type a the heating, presumably through magnetic reconnection, occurs first in the solar upper atmosphere and then goes downwards along the small-scale magnetic loops that comprise the XBPs. In this case, the thermal conduction plays a dominant role over the non-thermal heating. Only a few events belong to Type b, which could happen when magnetic reconnection occurs in the chromosphere and produces an upward jet which heats the upper atmosphere and causes the XBP. About half of the XBPs belong to Type c. Generally they have weak emission in SXR. About 62% Hot brightenings have no corresponding XBPs. Most of them are weak and have single structures.