Aims:To determine whether the risk of hyponatraemia in children with gastroenteritis receiving intravenous(IV)fluids is decreased by the use of 0.9%saline.Methods:A prospective randomised study was carried out in a te...Aims:To determine whether the risk of hyponatraemia in children with gastroenteritis receiving intravenous(IV)fluids is decreased by the use of 0.9%saline.Methods:A prospective randomised study was carried out in a tertiary paediatric hospital.A total of 102 children with gastroenteritis were randomised to receive either 0.9%saline +2.5%dextrose(NS)or 0.45%saline +2.5%dextrose(N/2)at a rate determined by their treating physician according to hospital guidelines and clinical judgement.Plasma electrolytes,osmolality,and plasma glucose were measured before(T0)and 4 hours after(T4)starting IV fluids,and subsequently if clinically indicated.Electrolytes and osmolality were measured in urine samples.Results were analysed according to whether children were hyponatraemic(plasma sodium < 135 mmol/l)or normonatraemic at T0.Results:At T0,mean(SD)plasma sodium was 135(3.3)mmol/l(range 124-142),with 37/102(36%)hyponatraemic.At T4,mean plasma sodium in children receiving N/2 remained unchanged in those initially hyponatraemic(n = 16),but fell 2.3(2.2)mmol/l in the normonatraemic group.In contrast,among children receiving NS,mean plasma sodium was 2.4(2.0)-mmol/l higher in those hyponatraemic at baseline(n = 21)and unchanged in the initially normonatraemic children.In 16 children who were still receiving IV fluids at 24 hours,3/8 receiving N/2 were hyponatraemic compared with 0/8 receiving NS.No child became hypernatraemic.Conclusions:In gastroenteritis treated with intravenous fluids,normal saline is preferable to hypotonic saline because it protects against hyponatraemia without causing hypernatraemia.展开更多
The Chaoyanggou oil field is a fractured low-permeability reservoir, where the distribution of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development of fractures.Based on outcrop, drilling core, thin section a...The Chaoyanggou oil field is a fractured low-permeability reservoir, where the distribution of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development of fractures.Based on outcrop, drilling core, thin section and log data, the development characteristics of fractures in this area are described.On this basis, the degree of fracture development was predicted by quantitative analysis of fracture strength and numerical simulation.The result shows that four groups of structural fractures, i.e., in near NS, and EW directions and in due NW and NE directions, were developed in the reservoir, with the nearly NS and EW fractures dominant, which are the along bedding decollement fractures formed by compressive folding action, while low angle shear fractures are related to thrusts.These fractures are mainly formed in the reversed tectonic stage at the end of the Mingshui formation during the Cretaceous period.The degree of fracture development is controlled by such factors as lithology, stratum thickness, faults, folds and depth.The fractures are developed with a clear zonation and are best developed in the northern zone, moderately developed towards the south and poorly developed in the middle zone.These prediction results are in good agreement with interpretation results from logs.展开更多
文摘Aims:To determine whether the risk of hyponatraemia in children with gastroenteritis receiving intravenous(IV)fluids is decreased by the use of 0.9%saline.Methods:A prospective randomised study was carried out in a tertiary paediatric hospital.A total of 102 children with gastroenteritis were randomised to receive either 0.9%saline +2.5%dextrose(NS)or 0.45%saline +2.5%dextrose(N/2)at a rate determined by their treating physician according to hospital guidelines and clinical judgement.Plasma electrolytes,osmolality,and plasma glucose were measured before(T0)and 4 hours after(T4)starting IV fluids,and subsequently if clinically indicated.Electrolytes and osmolality were measured in urine samples.Results were analysed according to whether children were hyponatraemic(plasma sodium < 135 mmol/l)or normonatraemic at T0.Results:At T0,mean(SD)plasma sodium was 135(3.3)mmol/l(range 124-142),with 37/102(36%)hyponatraemic.At T4,mean plasma sodium in children receiving N/2 remained unchanged in those initially hyponatraemic(n = 16),but fell 2.3(2.2)mmol/l in the normonatraemic group.In contrast,among children receiving NS,mean plasma sodium was 2.4(2.0)-mmol/l higher in those hyponatraemic at baseline(n = 21)and unchanged in the initially normonatraemic children.In 16 children who were still receiving IV fluids at 24 hours,3/8 receiving N/2 were hyponatraemic compared with 0/8 receiving NS.No child became hypernatraemic.Conclusions:In gastroenteritis treated with intravenous fluids,normal saline is preferable to hypotonic saline because it protects against hyponatraemia without causing hypernatraemia.
基金Project 40772086 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The Chaoyanggou oil field is a fractured low-permeability reservoir, where the distribution of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development of fractures.Based on outcrop, drilling core, thin section and log data, the development characteristics of fractures in this area are described.On this basis, the degree of fracture development was predicted by quantitative analysis of fracture strength and numerical simulation.The result shows that four groups of structural fractures, i.e., in near NS, and EW directions and in due NW and NE directions, were developed in the reservoir, with the nearly NS and EW fractures dominant, which are the along bedding decollement fractures formed by compressive folding action, while low angle shear fractures are related to thrusts.These fractures are mainly formed in the reversed tectonic stage at the end of the Mingshui formation during the Cretaceous period.The degree of fracture development is controlled by such factors as lithology, stratum thickness, faults, folds and depth.The fractures are developed with a clear zonation and are best developed in the northern zone, moderately developed towards the south and poorly developed in the middle zone.These prediction results are in good agreement with interpretation results from logs.
