To improve China＇s residential environment evaluation system and enhance its guiding role, current research results are analyzed and summarized from three aspects including research scales, evaluation methods and app...To improve China＇s residential environment evaluation system and enhance its guiding role, current research results are analyzed and summarized from three aspects including research scales, evaluation methods and applied technology by means of comparison, induction and empirical application. The guiding role of the current macro-scale evaluation system of urban planning and construction is generally not obvious, whereas the guiding role of medium and micro-scale systems to the improvement of residential environments is improving. There are diversified methods for determining the threshold values and the weights of indices in China＇s evaluation system. For instance, the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） method is adopted to determine the weights of indices. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are analyzed on the basis of empirical calculation. In the course of comprehensive analyses, a nonlinear model can reflect interactions among indices more than a linear model; the evaluation model under the ARCGIS platform prevails since it combines space and attribute, and it has intuitive results. So far, the methodological system of China＇s residential environment evaluation has not been established; its subject coverage and research category should be expanded, and its guiding role should be enhanced.展开更多
AIM： TO evaluate the accuracy of two non-invasive tests in a population of Alaska Native persons. High rates of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylon] infection, H. pyIori treatment failure, and gastric cancer in this popul...AIM： TO evaluate the accuracy of two non-invasive tests in a population of Alaska Native persons. High rates of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylon] infection, H. pyIori treatment failure, and gastric cancer in this population necessitate documentation of infection status at multiple time points over a patient＇s life.urease test, 13C urea breath test （UBT）, and immunoglobulin G antibodies to H. pylori in serum. The performances of 13C-UBT and antibody test were compared to a gold standard defined by a positive H. pylori test by culture or, in case of a negative culture result, by positive histology and a positive rapid urease test.RESULTS： The sensitivity and specificity of the 13C- UBT were 93% and 88%, respectively, relative to the gold standard. The antibody test had an equivalent sensitivity of 93% with a reduced specificity of 68%. The false positive results for the antibody test were associated with previous treatment for an H. pylorlinfection [relative risk （RR） = 2.8]. High levels of antibodies to H. py/or/were associated with chronic gastritis and male gender, while high scores in the 13C-UBT test were associated with older age and with theH. pylori bacteria load on histological examination （RR = 4.4）. CONCLUSION： The 13C-UBT outperformed the antibody test for H. pylori and could be used when a noninvasive test is clinically necessary to document treatment outcome or when monitoring for reinfection.展开更多
Background Digoxin remains widely used today despite its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the percentage of inappropriate use of digoxin and long-term outcomes of e...Background Digoxin remains widely used today despite its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the percentage of inappropriate use of digoxin and long-term outcomes of elderly patients hospitalized for digoxin toxicity. Methods The study included 99 consecutive patients hospitalized for digoxin toxicity. The other study criteria for the inappropriate use of digoxin was regarded if participants having depressed left ventricular systolic function （ejection fraction 〈 45%） who were not on optimal medical therapy including beta-blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy or if participants having permanent AF who were not on optimal beta-blocker therapy. Results Appropriate digoxin usage was confirmed in 33 of patients in spite of its narrow therapeutic index. A total of 16 of 99 patients died, with a mean follow-up time of 22.1 ± 10.3 months. Conclusions Contrary to popular belief, the rate of inappropriate digoxin usage remains high. On account of its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity, digoxin should be used more carefully according to the current evidence and guidelines.展开更多
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program during the 11th Five-Year Plan(No.2006BAJ11B04-2)the Soft Science Project of the Ministry of Construction of China(No.2008-R2-25)
文摘To improve China＇s residential environment evaluation system and enhance its guiding role, current research results are analyzed and summarized from three aspects including research scales, evaluation methods and applied technology by means of comparison, induction and empirical application. The guiding role of the current macro-scale evaluation system of urban planning and construction is generally not obvious, whereas the guiding role of medium and micro-scale systems to the improvement of residential environments is improving. There are diversified methods for determining the threshold values and the weights of indices in China＇s evaluation system. For instance, the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） method is adopted to determine the weights of indices. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are analyzed on the basis of empirical calculation. In the course of comprehensive analyses, a nonlinear model can reflect interactions among indices more than a linear model; the evaluation model under the ARCGIS platform prevails since it combines space and attribute, and it has intuitive results. So far, the methodological system of China＇s residential environment evaluation has not been established; its subject coverage and research category should be expanded, and its guiding role should be enhanced.
基金Supported by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention13C urea breath tests were provided by Meretek Diagnostics Inc.,Lafayette,CO,United States
文摘AIM： TO evaluate the accuracy of two non-invasive tests in a population of Alaska Native persons. High rates of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylon] infection, H. pyIori treatment failure, and gastric cancer in this population necessitate documentation of infection status at multiple time points over a patient＇s life.urease test, 13C urea breath test （UBT）, and immunoglobulin G antibodies to H. pylori in serum. The performances of 13C-UBT and antibody test were compared to a gold standard defined by a positive H. pylori test by culture or, in case of a negative culture result, by positive histology and a positive rapid urease test.RESULTS： The sensitivity and specificity of the 13C- UBT were 93% and 88%, respectively, relative to the gold standard. The antibody test had an equivalent sensitivity of 93% with a reduced specificity of 68%. The false positive results for the antibody test were associated with previous treatment for an H. pylorlinfection [relative risk （RR） = 2.8]. High levels of antibodies to H. py/or/were associated with chronic gastritis and male gender, while high scores in the 13C-UBT test were associated with older age and with theH. pylori bacteria load on histological examination （RR = 4.4）. CONCLUSION： The 13C-UBT outperformed the antibody test for H. pylori and could be used when a noninvasive test is clinically necessary to document treatment outcome or when monitoring for reinfection.
文摘Background Digoxin remains widely used today despite its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the percentage of inappropriate use of digoxin and long-term outcomes of elderly patients hospitalized for digoxin toxicity. Methods The study included 99 consecutive patients hospitalized for digoxin toxicity. The other study criteria for the inappropriate use of digoxin was regarded if participants having depressed left ventricular systolic function （ejection fraction 〈 45%） who were not on optimal medical therapy including beta-blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy or if participants having permanent AF who were not on optimal beta-blocker therapy. Results Appropriate digoxin usage was confirmed in 33 of patients in spite of its narrow therapeutic index. A total of 16 of 99 patients died, with a mean follow-up time of 22.1 ± 10.3 months. Conclusions Contrary to popular belief, the rate of inappropriate digoxin usage remains high. On account of its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity, digoxin should be used more carefully according to the current evidence and guidelines.
