中小学教师“体制病”现象之审视

当前的中小学教育倍受社会关注,其存在的某些问题受到社会热议,中小学教师成了担责者并被诟病。细察中小学教育被热议的问题,我们发现绝大部分是教师体制病的表现。教育管理体制下,教师是被动适应者,把问题追责于教师的思维,非但无益于解决这些问题,而且失之理性和公正。《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020年)》出台后,我们看到了改革中小学教育管理体制的希望,只有从改革体制入手,问题才有可能得到根本治理,教师队伍建设才可能回归正道。

宏观总量松动治不了“体制病”

目前,我国经济已走向平稳发展,但国民经济中仍存在许多问题,如国有企业中部分企业困难加重,经济效益出现滑坡,实现利税下降,亏损面增加,亏损额提高、停产、半停产突出等。如何正确认识这些问题激化的原因呢?有的同志认为是宏观经济政策“影响”的结果,因而提出“松动银根”“增加投资”的对策。那么“松”是否可以解决这个问题呢?

国有企业“体制病”的表现及解决途径

一、国有企业"体制病"的表现1、固有企业不适应日益激烈的市场竞争。随着国外许多大企业及其知名品牌进入中国市场,部分几十年一贯制的企业产品,失去了许多市场。据对机械工业重点,骨干企业的调查,1994年主导产品达到90年代水平的只占17.5%、80年代水平的占50%。

私企如何面对“体制病”

非公有制经济的迅速发展已成为国民经济的新增长点和经济体制的新生长点。非公有制经济不论是资产总量还是产值都占了全省半壁江山,实现税收也占全省20%以上。近年非公有经济仍然以大大高于公有制经济的速度继续增长。实践证明,广东经济之所以发展得快,搞得活,最重要一条就是坚持以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济成分共同发展。

中国现代服务业“体制病”诊断与四元治理假说

理论和实践均表明,体制转型往往是欠发达国家产业发展的关键要素。体制变革促进了中国现代服务业的增量发展,但服务业及企业"做不大、做不长、做不强"的现象依旧存在,其病因就是"体制病"。中国现代服务业的"体制病"是与经济转型过程中的全球化、市场化、工业化和城市化密切联系的,并在形式上表现为外资排斥本土、计划排斥市场、工业排斥服务业、低端排斥高端的现象。由于四大排斥效应是一个相互联系、相互影响的系统性问题,就使得单纯以"强化市场竞争"或"加速对外开放"为目标的分类体制改革效果大打折扣。因此,需要认真探究中国现代服务业"体制病"的微观动力学内容,正确处理以四元主体为基础的"中央政府与地方政府"、"垄断国企与竞争民企"、"社会组织与政府机构"、"特权阶层与草根阶层"的四对关系。在这样的情况下,要医治服务业"体制病",必须深化体制改革,这不仅仅是价格和市场结构乃至产权关系的改革,更需要形成以"四元治理"为核心的体制变革思路。

私营企业的“体制病”

在国有企业轰轰烈烈实施改制时,人们对私营企业普遍存在的“体制病”,仿佛认识并不那么清楚。最近有学者将私营企业的体制病作了下列归结: 1、投资的封闭性。企业由一人或一个家族投资,不利于发挥多方面的积极性,不利于广泛吸纳资金,扩大经营规模。 2、风险大。企业主对企业承担无限经济责任和法律责任。

透析日本经济病

本世纪 90年代日本经济陷入空前的危机 :经济长期萧条、增长乏力。尤其在1 997年底出现了战后以来的最低负增长 ;金融危机、财政危机、企业破产严重、日元下跌等一系列严峻的经济问题正困扰着日本。“日本成了亚洲的经济病夫”。那么 ,日本到底病在哪儿呢 ?作者从病症分析入手 ,对日本根症在于“经济周期病”、“科技滞后病”的观点提出了置疑 ,提出并论证了日本经济的真正病根 :体制滞后症。作者认为 ,要使日本经济恢复以往的生机与活力 。

现代城市发展与政府机制创新

现代城市发展已成为当前社会经济发展的重心 ,由于由来已久的“体制病”的危害而存在诸多问题。要根治“体制病”,必须以政府机制创新为突破口 ,全面实施经济体制创新和政治体制创新 ,大力发展科学技术 ,继承并发扬传统文化中活的东西 ,引进并吸收西方先进文化中新的东西 ,坚持并发展社会主义主体文化中好的东西 ,把三者有机结合起来 ,以政府机制创新促进现代城市发展 ,坚持可持续发展 ,以实现“全面建设小康社会”

The Research Status and Enlightenment of Foreign Foodborne Disease Prevention and Control

Foodborne disease is a worldwide il ness and over 1 bil ion people get diseased every year. In China, thousands of foodborne diseases occur every year. It is proved that prevention is the most crucial for control ing foodborne disease. In the research, food safety monitoring system, laws and early warning system in the US and EU were introduced to explore the successful experience and monitoring or control mode suitable for China.

Neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatitis world-wide. The majority of infected individuals develop chronic hepatitis which can then progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Spontaneous viral clearance occurs in about 20%-30% of acutely infected individuals and results in resolution of infection without sequaelae. Both viral and host factors appear to play an important role for resolution of acute infection. A large body of evidence suggests that a strong, multispecific and long-lasting cellular immune response appears to be important for control of viral infection in acute hepatitis C. Due too the lack of convenient neutralization assays, the impact of neutralizing responses for control of viral infection had been less defined. In recent years, the development of robust tissue culture model systems for HCV entry and infection has finally allowed study of antibody-mediated neutralization and to gain further insights into viral targets of host neutralizing responses. In addition, detailed analysis of antibody-mediated neutralization in individual patients as well as cohorts with well defined viral isolates has enabled the study of neutralizing responses in the course of HCV infection and characterization of the impact of neutralizing antibodiesfor control of viral infection. This review will summarize recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization and its impact for HCV pathogenesis.

Progress in the Study of False Smut Disease in Rice

Rice false smut disease is an increasing concern for research and production, not only because of the increasing epidemic occurrence in rice production, but also the intriguing specific pathogenesis of the disease to be a unique pathological system to enrich the molecular mechanism of plant-microbe interaction. Progresses have been achieved in the pathogen phylogenetic placement, the alternative hosts, the pathogen morphology and diversity, the toxins generated by false smut balls, the artificial inoculation method, and the pathogen transformation as well as rice resistance to the disease. However, it is still controversy on the infection process. It is not clear how the life cycle of this pathogen is coupled with the disease cycle. This review summarized our current understanding on the pathogen, the pathogenesis, and the rice resistance to the disease. Future work should pay attention to developing a more rapid and effective system to evaluate rice resistance and susceptibility to the disease, screening of rice germplasm for disease-resistance breeding, studying the resistance inheritance, and investigating the molecular mechanism of rice-false smut fungus interaction.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is essential in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma

AIM： To investigate whether peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ （PPAR-γ） is expressed in human gastric carcinoma and whether PPAR-γ, is a potential target for gastric carcinoma therapy. METHODS： PPAR-γ protein in gastric carcinoma was examined by immunohistochemistry. In the gastric carcinoma cell line MGCS03, PPAR-7, survivin, Skp2 and p27 protein and mRNA were examined by Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively; proliferation was examined by MTT; apoptosis was examined by chromatin staining with Hoechst 33342 and fluorescence activated cell sorting （FACS）. and cell cycle was examined by FACS; the knockdown of PPAR-γ was done by RNA interference. RESULTS： A high level of expression of PPAR-γ was observed in human gastric carcinoma and in a human gastric carcinoma cell line MGCS03. The PPAR-γ agonist 15-deoxy-△12,14-prostaglandin J2 （15d-PGJ2）inhibited growth, and induced apoptosis and G1/G0 cell cycle arrest in MGC803 cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner. The effect of 15d-PGJ2 on MGC803 cells was not reversed by the selective and irreversible antagonist GW9662 for PPAR-γ. Furthermore, survivin and Skp2 expression were decreased, whereas p27 expression was enhanced following 15d-PGJ2 treatment in a dose-dependent manner in MGC803 cells. Interestingly, we also found that small interfering RNA for PPAR-γ inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in MGC803 cells. The inhibition of PPAR-γ function may be a potentially important and novel modality for treatment and prevention of gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSION： A PPAR-γ agonist inhibited growth of human gastric carcinoma MGC803 cells by inducing apoptosis and G1/G0 cell cycle arrest with the involvement of survivin, Skp2 and p27 and not via PPAR-γ.

Action and mechanism of Fas and Fas ligand in immune escape of gallbladder carcinoma

AIM: To study the role of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in biological behaviors of gallbladder carcinoma, and their correlated action and mechanism in tumor escape.METHODS: Streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry technique was used to study the expression of Fas and FasL protein in 26 gallbladder carcinoma tissues,18 gallbladder adenoma tissues, 3 gallbladder dysplasia tissues and 20 chronic cholecystitis tissues. Apoptosis of the infiltrating lymphocytes in these tissues was studied by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. Expression of both proteins and apoptosis of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer tissues of primary foci was compared with clinicopathological features of gallbladder carcinoma.RESULTS: The positive rates of Fas were not significantly different among carcinoma, adenoma, dysplasia and chronic cholecystitis. The positive rate of FasL in carcinoma was significantly higher than that in chronic cholecystitis (x2 = 4.89, P＜0.05). The apoptotic index (AI) in carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adenoma (t'= 4.19, P＜0.01) and chronic cholecystitis (t'= 8.06, P＜0.01). The AI was significantly lower in well-differentiated carcinoma and Nevin Ⅰ-Ⅲ carcinoma than that in poorly-differentiated carcinoma (t'= 2.63, P＜0.05) and Nevin Ⅳ-Ⅴ carcinoma(t'= 3.33, P＜0.01). The confidence interval (CI) ofinfiltrating lymphocytes in adenoma, chronic cholecystitis, well-differentiated carcinoma and Nevin Ⅰ-Ⅲ carcinoma wasvery significantly lower than that in carcinoma (t' = 6.99,P＜0.01), adenoma (t' = 3.66, P＜0.01), poorly-differentiated carcinoma (t' = 5.31, P＜0.01) and Nevin Ⅳ-Ⅴ carcinoma(t' = 3.76, P＜0.01), respectively. The CI of apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes in well-differentiated carcinoma was significantly lower than that in poorly-differentiated carcinoma (t = 2.52, P＜0.05), and was not significantly lower in Nevin Ⅰ-Ⅲ carcinoma than in Nevin Ⅳ-Ⅴ carcinoma (t = 1.42, P＞0.05). Apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes was not discovered in adenoma and chronic cholecystitis. CONCLUSION: FasL expressed in gallbladder carcinoma cells permits tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance of organism by inducing apoptosis in infiltrating lymphocytes of carcinoma tissues. Up-regulation of FasL expression plays an important role in invasive depth, histological classification and metastasis of gallbladder carcinoma.

High concentration of antimitochondrial antibodies predicts progressive primary biliary cirrhosis

AIM： To evaluate the serum concentration of antimitochondrial antibodies （AMAs） as a prognostic indicator of progressive primary biliary cirrhosis （pPBC）. METHODS： Serum concentrations of AMA subtypes （anti-M2, anti-M4, and anti-M9）, biochemical indices of liver function and Mayo risk factor （MRF） were determined in 30 women with diagnosed primary biliary cirrhosis （PBC） selected among 348 females with elevated alkaline phosphatase but without signs of hepatic decompensation. They were followed up for 5 years for possible development of hepatic decompensation. RESULTS： Anti-M2 concentration was significantly correlated with bilirubin and albumin levels as well as MRF, whereas anti-M4 was significantly correlated with albumin level, prothrombin time and MRF. During the 5-year follow-up, progressive PBC （pPBC） was diagnosed in 3 among 23 patients available for evaluation. These 3 patients were positive for both anti-M2 and anti-M4. Anti-M2 serum concentration exceeded 1 300 RU/mL in patients with pPBC and only in 1 among 20 non-progressive PBC persons （5%）. Anti-M4 serum concentration exceeded 400 RU/mL in 2 of the progressive patients and none in the non-progressive group. In contrast, anti-M9 serum concentration was below 100 RU/mL in all patients with pPBC, and higher than 100 RU/mL in 11 women （55%） among the non-progressive group. CONCLUSION： Females with elevated alkaline phosphatase and high anti-M2 and anti-M4 concentrations are at a high risk for developing pPBC. Quantitative AMA detection should be considered as a method for early diagnosis of pPBC. 2005 The WJG Press and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Overexpression of decoy receptor 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its association with resistance to Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis

AIM： To characterize the expression and genomic amplification of decoy receptor 3 （DcR3） in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） and to evaluate the role of DcR3 in apoptosis.METHODS： We examined 48 cases of HCC for DcR3 expression by RT-PCR and DcR3 gene amplification by quantitative genomic PCR. DcR3 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP digoxigenin nick and labeling （TUNEL） was used to identify the apoptosis cells in tissues. Primary hepatoma cell culture and MTT test were used to evaluate the protection against FasL- and chemicalinduced apoptosis by DcR3 expression. RESULTS： DcR3 mRNA overexpression was detected in 60% HCC （29/48） patients. The occurrence of HCC was not associated with amplification of the gene. One sample base substitution was found in three sites as a sequence in Genbank. The expression of DcR3 in HCC was associated with the apoptotic index （0.067±0.04 vs 0.209±0.12, P〈0. 01）, size of mass, stage, and infiltration or metastasis （41.2% vs71.0%, 40% vs75%, 51.8% vs84.6%, P〈0. 05）. DcR3 expression could protect hepatoma cells against apoptosis induced by FasL, but not by chemicals. CONCLUSION： These data suggest that in addition to gene amplification there may be another mechanism underlying DcR3 overexpression. The effect of overexpression of DcR3 on the apoptosis of cancer cells may have direct therapeutic implications for the management of HCC.

UN system efforts to support the response to AIDS in China

In the last two years, we have seen a remarkable intensification in the response to AIDS in China. A number of organizations have joined and contributed to the efforts of the Chinese government in responding the AIDS epidemic in China. This article specifically describes the role of the United Nations in supporting and strengthening those responses. Achievements of the United Nations （UN） highlighted in the article include： strengthened leadership and political commitment to respond to AIDS; improved HIV/AIDS surveillance and information; expanded prevention efforts; improved treatment, care and support to people living with HIV and increased resources for AIDS programs. Additional roles of the United Nations system in the near future include strengthening national leadership by supporting the ‘three ones＇, i. e., one national plan on AIDS; one national coordinating authority for AIDS; and one monitoring and evaluation system for AIDS. In addition, the UN system is expected to strengthen alignment and harmonization of activities of all international organizations and improved accountability and oversight. Remaining challenges identified include increasing awareness of AIDS and reducing stigma and discrimination; reducing vulnerability and risk behaviour among specific groups; providing improved treatment, care and support for people living with HIV; promoting stronger engagement by civil society, and; addressing the gender dimensions of AIDS.

Involvement of pancreatic and bile ducts in autoimmune pancreatitis

AIM：To examine the involvement of the pancreatic and bile ducts in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. METHODS： Clinical and cholangiopancreatographic findings of 28 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis were evaluated. For the purposes of this study, the pancreatic duct system was divided into three portions： the ventral pancreatic duct, the head portion of the dorsal pancreatic duct; and the body and tail of the dorsal pancreatic duct. RESULTS： Both the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts were involved in 24 patients, while in 4 patients only the dorsal pancreatic duct was involved. Marked stricture of the bile duct was detected in 20 patients and their initial symptom was obstructive jaundice. Six patients showed moderate stenosis to 30%-40% of the normal diameter, and the other two patients showed no stenosis of the bile duct. Although marked stricture of the bile duct was detected in 83% （20/24） of patients who showed narrowing of both the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts, it was not observed in the 4 patients who showed involvement of the dorsal pancreatic duct alone （P = 0.0034）. CONCLUSION： Both the ventral and dorsal pancreatic and bile ducts are involved in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis.

Labeling of influenza viruses with synthetic fluorescent and biotin-labeled lipids

Direct labeling of virus particles is a powerful tool for the visualization of virus–cell interaction events. However, this technique involves the chemical modification of viral proteins that affects viral biological properties. Here we describe an alternative approach of influenza virus labeling that utilizes Function-Spacer-Lipid(FSL) constructs that can be gently inserted into the virus membrane. We assessed whether labeling with fluorescent(fluo-Ad-DOPE) or biotin-labeled(biot-CMG2-DOPE) probes has any deleterious effect on influenza virus hemagglutinin(HA) receptor specificity, neuraminidase(NA) activity, or replicative ability in vitro. Our data clearly show that neither construct significantly affected influenza virus infectivity or viral affinity to sialyl receptors. Neither construct influenced the NA activities of the influenza viruses tested, except the A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) strain. Our data indicate that lipid labeling provides a powerful tool to analyze influenza virus infection in vitro.