A high characteristic temperature (T0) of 200K from a 1.3μm AlInGaAs/AlInAs single-quantum-well laser diode with the asymmetric waveguide layer structure under CW operation at 20 to 80℃ was obtained,which is the b...A high characteristic temperature (T0) of 200K from a 1.3μm AlInGaAs/AlInAs single-quantum-well laser diode with the asymmetric waveguide layer structure under CW operation at 20 to 80℃ was obtained,which is the best result reported in the laser diodes (LDs) of the same active materials structure and emitting wave- length. AllnGaAs as an active layer,therefore,is very promising for the fabrication of long-wavelength LDs with excellent high-temperature performance. It is found that the asymmetric waveguide layer structure can decrease optical absorption and improve the high-temperature performance and catastrophic optical damage threshold of LDs.展开更多
In this study,different influence mechanisms associated with temperatures and pH values were investigated through cemented paste backfill(CPB)systems.CPB samples were prepared with temperatures ranging from 10 to 50℃...In this study,different influence mechanisms associated with temperatures and pH values were investigated through cemented paste backfill(CPB)systems.CPB samples were prepared with temperatures ranging from 10 to 50℃ in 10℃ increments and pH values of 3,7,and 13.Then,the CPB mixture were subjected to rheological tests,thermogravimetric analysis(TG),derivative thermogravimetry analysis(DTG),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results demonstrated that the temperatures had significant effects on the rheological properties of CPB,whereas the effects of pH values were relatively unapparent.Higher temperatures(over 20℃)were prone to bring higher shear stress,yield stress,and apparent viscosity with the same pH value condition.However,an overly high temperature(50℃)cannot raise the apparent viscosity.Non-neutral conditions,for pH values of 3 and 13,could strengthen the shear stress and apparent viscosity at the same temperature.Two different yield stress curves could be discovered by uprising pH values,which also led to apparent viscosity of two various curves under the same temperatures(under 50℃).Microscopically,rheological properties of CPB were affected by temperatures and pH values which enhanced or reduced the cement hydration procedures,rates,products and space structures.展开更多
The numerical model for predicting the flow and temperature fields of the melt in holding furnace with porous brick purging system were set up using Euler-Lagrange approach.In this model,bubbles coalescence and disint...The numerical model for predicting the flow and temperature fields of the melt in holding furnace with porous brick purging system were set up using Euler-Lagrange approach.In this model,bubbles coalescence and disintegration were ignored based on the dimensionless analysis,and the bubble size was assumed to be obedient to Rosin-Rammler distribution with a mean size of 0.6 mm.The results show that on reference operating condition,during the heating and agitation process,melt mixes well in the furnace,and the melt velocity increases with the increase of gas flux.Holding the melt for 30 min causes the max temperature in the bulk melt to increase to 60 K.After holding the heat,the agitation processing restarts,and it takes 10 min for the stratified melt to retrieve the homogeneous temperature field when the gas flux is 10 L/min,which shows deficient alloying and degassing in the melt.With the increase of gas flux from 10 to 20,30 and 40 L/min,the necessary recovery time decreases from 10 to 6,5 and 4 min gradually,which shows the improvement of the stirring efficiency.Depending on the processing purposes,for both good degassing performance and gas saving,proper operating strategy and parameters (gas flux,primarily) could be adjusted.展开更多
Objective: There is a remarkable lack of scientific evidence to support the option to use alpha-stat or pH-stat management, as to which is more beneficial to brain protection during deep hypothermic CPB. This study ex...Objective: There is a remarkable lack of scientific evidence to support the option to use alpha-stat or pH-stat management, as to which is more beneficial to brain protection during deep hypothermic CPB. This study examined cortical blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, and brain oxygen consumption in relation to deep hypothermic CPB with alpha-stat or pH-stat management. Methods: Twenty-two pigs were cooled with alpha-stat or pH-stat during CPB to 15℃ esophageal temperature. CBF and cerebral oxygenation were measured continuously with a laser flowmeter and near-infrared spec-troscopy, respectively. Brain oxygen consumption was measured with standard laboratory techniques. Results: During CPB cooling, CBF was significantly decreased, about 52,2%±6.3% (P<0.01 vs 92.6%±6.5% of pH-stat) at 15℃ in alpha-stat, whereas there were no significant changes in CBF in pH-stat. While cooling down, brain oxygen extraction (OER) progressively decreased, about 9.5%±0.9% and 10.9%±1.5% at 15℃ in alpha-stat and pH-stat, respectively. At 31℃ the decreased value in pH-stat was lower than in alpha-stat (29.9%±2.7% vs 22.5%±1.9%; P<0.05). The ratio of CBF/OER were 2.0±0.3 in alpha-stat and pH-stat, respectively; it was kept in constant level in alpha-stat, and significantly increased by 19 ℃ to 15℃ in pH-stat (4.9±0.9 vs 2.3±0.4; P<0.01). In mild hypothermia, cerebral oxyhemoglobin and oxygen saturation in alpha-stat were greater than that in pH-stat (102.5%±1.4% vs 99.1%±0.7%; P<0.05). In deep hypothermia, brain oxygen saturation in pH-stat was greater than that in alpha-stat (99.2%±1.0% vs 93.8%±1.0%; P<0.01), and deoxyhemoglobin in pH-stat decreased more greatly than that in alpha-stat (28.7%±6.8% vs 54.1%±4.7%; P<0.05). Conclusions: In mild hypothermic CPB, brain tissue oxygen saturation was greater in alpha-stat than in pH-stat. However, cerebral oxygenation and brain tissue oxygen saturation were better in pH-stat than in alpha-stat during profound hypothermia. PH-stat strategy provided much more oxygen to brain tissue before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.展开更多
The flow between a grooved and a flat plate was presented to investigate the effects of groove on the behavior of hydro-viscous drive. The flow was solved by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Fluent. Para...The flow between a grooved and a flat plate was presented to investigate the effects of groove on the behavior of hydro-viscous drive. The flow was solved by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Fluent. Parameters related to the flow, such as velocity, pressure, temperature, axial force and viscous torque, are obtained. The results show that pressure at the upstream notch is negative, pressure at the downstream notch is positive and pressure along the film thickness is almost the same. Dynamic pressure peak decreases as groove depth or groove number increases, but increases as output rotary speed increases. Consequently, the groove depth is suggested to be around 0.4 mm. Both the groove itself and groove parameters (i.e. groove depth, groove number) have little effect on the flow temperature. Circumferential pressure gradient induced by the groove weakens the viscous torque on the grooved plate (driven plate) greatly. It has little change as the groove depth increases. However, it decreases dramatically as the groove number increases. The experiment results show that the trend of experimental temperature and pressure are the same with numerical results. And the output rotary speed also has relationship with input flow rate and flow temperature.展开更多
A collocated finite volume method on unstructured meshes is introduced to simulate the viscoelastic flow of the polymer melt with viscous dissipation past a confined cylinder.The constitutive equation for the simulati...A collocated finite volume method on unstructured meshes is introduced to simulate the viscoelastic flow of the polymer melt with viscous dissipation past a confined cylinder.The constitutive equation for the simulations is non-isothermal FENE-P model,which is derived from the molecular theories.The temperature effect on the macroscopic fields(e.g.,velocity,stress) and microscopic fields(e.g.,molecular orientation,deformation,stretch) is investigated by comparison of isothermal and non-isothermal situations.This investigation indicates that temperature rise caused by viscous dissipation should not be neglected since it has significant effect on the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the polymer melt.展开更多
The simulation of three-dimensional (3D) non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid filling process is an extremely difficult task and remains a challenging problem, which includes polymer melt flow with free surface coupl...The simulation of three-dimensional (3D) non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid filling process is an extremely difficult task and remains a challenging problem, which includes polymer melt flow with free surface coupled with transient heat transfer. This paper presents a full 3D non-isothermal two-phase flow model to predict the complex flow in melt filling process, where the Cross-WLF model is applied to characterize the rheological behav- ior of polymer melt. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method with SIMPLEC algorithm on collocated grids and the melt front is accurately captured by a high resolution level set method. A domain exten- sion technique is adopted to deal with the complex cavities, which greatly reduces the computational burden. To verify the validity of the developed 3D approach, the melts filling processes in two thin rectangular cavities (one of them with a cylindrical insert) are simulated. The predicted melt front interfaces are in good agreement with the experiment and commercial software prediction. For a case with a rather complex cavity, the dynamic filling process in a hemispherical shell is successfully simulated. All of the numerical results show that the developed numerical procedure can provide a reasonable orediction for injection molding process.展开更多
Low-concentration methane(LCM) has been one of the biggest difficulties in using coal mine methane.And previous studies found that premixed combustion in porous media is an effective method of low calorific gas utiliz...Low-concentration methane(LCM) has been one of the biggest difficulties in using coal mine methane.And previous studies found that premixed combustion in porous media is an effective method of low calorific gas utilization. This paper studied the combustion of LCM in a divergent porous medium burner(DPMB) by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD), and investigated the effect of gas initial temperature on combustion characteristic, the distribution of temperature and pollutant at different equivalence ratios in detail. Besides, the comparison of divergent and cylindrical burners was also performed in this paper. The results show that: the peak temperature in DPMB increases as the increasing of equivalence ratio, which is also suitable for the outlet NO discharge; the linear correlation is also discovered between peak temperature and equivalence ratios; NO emission at the initial temperature of 525 K is 5.64 times,larger than NO emission at the initial temperature of 300 K. Thus, it is preferable to balance the effect of thermal efficiency and environment simultaneously when determining the optimal initial temperature range. The working parameter limits of divergent burner are wider than that of cylindrical one which contributes to reducing the influence of LCM concentration and volume fluctuation on combustion.展开更多
High-temperature superconductors in superconductor apparatuses are subjected to mechanical strains under operating conditions.These strains cause the degradation of the critical current densities and influence AC loss...High-temperature superconductors in superconductor apparatuses are subjected to mechanical strains under operating conditions.These strains cause the degradation of the critical current densities and influence AC losses in the superconductors.Based on the dynamic process of thermomagnetic interaction,we report the results of numerical analysis of AC losses in an infinite high-temperature superconducting slab subjected to a uniform in-plane strain in an alternating external magnetic field parallel to the sample surface.The numerical analysis shows the details of electromagnetic phenomena in the slab and the dependences of AC loss on various external parameters including the uniform strain in the slab and the amplitude and frequency of the external magnetic field.In this paper,we find that whether the magnetic field fully penetrates the superconductor is the key factor that influences the features of AC loss.When the magnetic field cannot fully penetrate the superconductor,the loss rises with increasing strain or decreasing frequency.When the magnetic field can fully penetrate the superconductor,the feature is just opposite.We also analyze the effects of periodic strain on AC loss.It is interesting to find that when the periodic strain frequency equals the external magnetic field frequency,the AC loss reaches the maximum,regardless if the magnetic field fully penetrates the superconductor or not.展开更多
Objective: To study the effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, pH and body temperature (PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT) in patients with acute severe head injur...Objective: To study the effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, pH and body temperature (PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT) in patients with acute severe head injury. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with acute severe head injury were treated with mild hypothermia, meantime PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT were monitored in order to study the changes of PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT. Results: In patients with acute head injury, mild hypothermia obviously increased PbrO2, decreased PbrCO2 and CO2 accumulation and acidosis in brain tissue. BT was 1℃-(1.5)℃ higher than rectal temperature(RT) after injury. The BT and RT were decreased when the patients were treated with mild hypothermia, but at the same time the difference between BT and RT was increased. Conclusions: In patients with acute severe head injury the direct monitoring of PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT was safe and reliable, and is helpful in estimating prognosis and mild hypothermia therapy.展开更多
The temperature characteristics of near infrared surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors with Kretschmann configuration are studied theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results match with the numerical...The temperature characteristics of near infrared surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors with Kretschmann configuration are studied theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results match with the numerical simulations in the temperature range from 10 ℃ to 40.℃. With the increase of temperature, the resonance angle for gas increases slightly, but that for aqueous solution decreases obviously. No matter the dielectric layer is gas or aqueous solution, the resonance peaks are both broadened.展开更多
文摘A high characteristic temperature (T0) of 200K from a 1.3μm AlInGaAs/AlInAs single-quantum-well laser diode with the asymmetric waveguide layer structure under CW operation at 20 to 80℃ was obtained,which is the best result reported in the laser diodes (LDs) of the same active materials structure and emitting wave- length. AllnGaAs as an active layer,therefore,is very promising for the fabrication of long-wavelength LDs with excellent high-temperature performance. It is found that the asymmetric waveguide layer structure can decrease optical absorption and improve the high-temperature performance and catastrophic optical damage threshold of LDs.
基金Project(2019zzts678)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘In this study,different influence mechanisms associated with temperatures and pH values were investigated through cemented paste backfill(CPB)systems.CPB samples were prepared with temperatures ranging from 10 to 50℃ in 10℃ increments and pH values of 3,7,and 13.Then,the CPB mixture were subjected to rheological tests,thermogravimetric analysis(TG),derivative thermogravimetry analysis(DTG),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results demonstrated that the temperatures had significant effects on the rheological properties of CPB,whereas the effects of pH values were relatively unapparent.Higher temperatures(over 20℃)were prone to bring higher shear stress,yield stress,and apparent viscosity with the same pH value condition.However,an overly high temperature(50℃)cannot raise the apparent viscosity.Non-neutral conditions,for pH values of 3 and 13,could strengthen the shear stress and apparent viscosity at the same temperature.Two different yield stress curves could be discovered by uprising pH values,which also led to apparent viscosity of two various curves under the same temperatures(under 50℃).Microscopically,rheological properties of CPB were affected by temperatures and pH values which enhanced or reduced the cement hydration procedures,rates,products and space structures.
基金Project(2008AA11A116) supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China
文摘The numerical model for predicting the flow and temperature fields of the melt in holding furnace with porous brick purging system were set up using Euler-Lagrange approach.In this model,bubbles coalescence and disintegration were ignored based on the dimensionless analysis,and the bubble size was assumed to be obedient to Rosin-Rammler distribution with a mean size of 0.6 mm.The results show that on reference operating condition,during the heating and agitation process,melt mixes well in the furnace,and the melt velocity increases with the increase of gas flux.Holding the melt for 30 min causes the max temperature in the bulk melt to increase to 60 K.After holding the heat,the agitation processing restarts,and it takes 10 min for the stratified melt to retrieve the homogeneous temperature field when the gas flux is 10 L/min,which shows deficient alloying and degassing in the melt.With the increase of gas flux from 10 to 20,30 and 40 L/min,the necessary recovery time decreases from 10 to 6,5 and 4 min gradually,which shows the improvement of the stirring efficiency.Depending on the processing purposes,for both good degassing performance and gas saving,proper operating strategy and parameters (gas flux,primarily) could be adjusted.
文摘Objective: There is a remarkable lack of scientific evidence to support the option to use alpha-stat or pH-stat management, as to which is more beneficial to brain protection during deep hypothermic CPB. This study examined cortical blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, and brain oxygen consumption in relation to deep hypothermic CPB with alpha-stat or pH-stat management. Methods: Twenty-two pigs were cooled with alpha-stat or pH-stat during CPB to 15℃ esophageal temperature. CBF and cerebral oxygenation were measured continuously with a laser flowmeter and near-infrared spec-troscopy, respectively. Brain oxygen consumption was measured with standard laboratory techniques. Results: During CPB cooling, CBF was significantly decreased, about 52,2%±6.3% (P<0.01 vs 92.6%±6.5% of pH-stat) at 15℃ in alpha-stat, whereas there were no significant changes in CBF in pH-stat. While cooling down, brain oxygen extraction (OER) progressively decreased, about 9.5%±0.9% and 10.9%±1.5% at 15℃ in alpha-stat and pH-stat, respectively. At 31℃ the decreased value in pH-stat was lower than in alpha-stat (29.9%±2.7% vs 22.5%±1.9%; P<0.05). The ratio of CBF/OER were 2.0±0.3 in alpha-stat and pH-stat, respectively; it was kept in constant level in alpha-stat, and significantly increased by 19 ℃ to 15℃ in pH-stat (4.9±0.9 vs 2.3±0.4; P<0.01). In mild hypothermia, cerebral oxyhemoglobin and oxygen saturation in alpha-stat were greater than that in pH-stat (102.5%±1.4% vs 99.1%±0.7%; P<0.05). In deep hypothermia, brain oxygen saturation in pH-stat was greater than that in alpha-stat (99.2%±1.0% vs 93.8%±1.0%; P<0.01), and deoxyhemoglobin in pH-stat decreased more greatly than that in alpha-stat (28.7%±6.8% vs 54.1%±4.7%; P<0.05). Conclusions: In mild hypothermic CPB, brain tissue oxygen saturation was greater in alpha-stat than in pH-stat. However, cerebral oxygenation and brain tissue oxygen saturation were better in pH-stat than in alpha-stat during profound hypothermia. PH-stat strategy provided much more oxygen to brain tissue before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
基金Project(50475106)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The flow between a grooved and a flat plate was presented to investigate the effects of groove on the behavior of hydro-viscous drive. The flow was solved by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, Fluent. Parameters related to the flow, such as velocity, pressure, temperature, axial force and viscous torque, are obtained. The results show that pressure at the upstream notch is negative, pressure at the downstream notch is positive and pressure along the film thickness is almost the same. Dynamic pressure peak decreases as groove depth or groove number increases, but increases as output rotary speed increases. Consequently, the groove depth is suggested to be around 0.4 mm. Both the groove itself and groove parameters (i.e. groove depth, groove number) have little effect on the flow temperature. Circumferential pressure gradient induced by the groove weakens the viscous torque on the grooved plate (driven plate) greatly. It has little change as the groove depth increases. However, it decreases dramatically as the groove number increases. The experiment results show that the trend of experimental temperature and pressure are the same with numerical results. And the output rotary speed also has relationship with input flow rate and flow temperature.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10590353 10871159) the National Basic Research Program of China(2005CB321704) the Doctoral Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University(CX200817)
文摘A collocated finite volume method on unstructured meshes is introduced to simulate the viscoelastic flow of the polymer melt with viscous dissipation past a confined cylinder.The constitutive equation for the simulations is non-isothermal FENE-P model,which is derived from the molecular theories.The temperature effect on the macroscopic fields(e.g.,velocity,stress) and microscopic fields(e.g.,molecular orientation,deformation,stretch) is investigated by comparison of isothermal and non-isothermal situations.This investigation indicates that temperature rise caused by viscous dissipation should not be neglected since it has significant effect on the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the polymer melt.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB025903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91434201,11402210)
文摘The simulation of three-dimensional (3D) non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid filling process is an extremely difficult task and remains a challenging problem, which includes polymer melt flow with free surface coupled with transient heat transfer. This paper presents a full 3D non-isothermal two-phase flow model to predict the complex flow in melt filling process, where the Cross-WLF model is applied to characterize the rheological behav- ior of polymer melt. The governing equations are solved using finite volume method with SIMPLEC algorithm on collocated grids and the melt front is accurately captured by a high resolution level set method. A domain exten- sion technique is adopted to deal with the complex cavities, which greatly reduces the computational burden. To verify the validity of the developed 3D approach, the melts filling processes in two thin rectangular cavities (one of them with a cylindrical insert) are simulated. The predicted melt front interfaces are in good agreement with the experiment and commercial software prediction. For a case with a rather complex cavity, the dynamic filling process in a hemispherical shell is successfully simulated. All of the numerical results show that the developed numerical procedure can provide a reasonable orediction for injection molding process.
基金the supports by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011CB201205)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51204169)+1 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20110095120017)the Fund of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 20110491482)
文摘Low-concentration methane(LCM) has been one of the biggest difficulties in using coal mine methane.And previous studies found that premixed combustion in porous media is an effective method of low calorific gas utilization. This paper studied the combustion of LCM in a divergent porous medium burner(DPMB) by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD), and investigated the effect of gas initial temperature on combustion characteristic, the distribution of temperature and pollutant at different equivalence ratios in detail. Besides, the comparison of divergent and cylindrical burners was also performed in this paper. The results show that: the peak temperature in DPMB increases as the increasing of equivalence ratio, which is also suitable for the outlet NO discharge; the linear correlation is also discovered between peak temperature and equivalence ratios; NO emission at the initial temperature of 525 K is 5.64 times,larger than NO emission at the initial temperature of 300 K. Thus, it is preferable to balance the effect of thermal efficiency and environment simultaneously when determining the optimal initial temperature range. The working parameter limits of divergent burner are wider than that of cylindrical one which contributes to reducing the influence of LCM concentration and volume fluctuation on combustion.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11032006,11121202 and 11202087)National Key Project of Magneto-Constrained Fusion Energy Development Program(Grant No.2013GB110002)
文摘High-temperature superconductors in superconductor apparatuses are subjected to mechanical strains under operating conditions.These strains cause the degradation of the critical current densities and influence AC losses in the superconductors.Based on the dynamic process of thermomagnetic interaction,we report the results of numerical analysis of AC losses in an infinite high-temperature superconducting slab subjected to a uniform in-plane strain in an alternating external magnetic field parallel to the sample surface.The numerical analysis shows the details of electromagnetic phenomena in the slab and the dependences of AC loss on various external parameters including the uniform strain in the slab and the amplitude and frequency of the external magnetic field.In this paper,we find that whether the magnetic field fully penetrates the superconductor is the key factor that influences the features of AC loss.When the magnetic field cannot fully penetrate the superconductor,the loss rises with increasing strain or decreasing frequency.When the magnetic field can fully penetrate the superconductor,the feature is just opposite.We also analyze the effects of periodic strain on AC loss.It is interesting to find that when the periodic strain frequency equals the external magnetic field frequency,the AC loss reaches the maximum,regardless if the magnetic field fully penetrates the superconductor or not.
文摘Objective: To study the effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, pH and body temperature (PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT) in patients with acute severe head injury. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with acute severe head injury were treated with mild hypothermia, meantime PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT were monitored in order to study the changes of PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT. Results: In patients with acute head injury, mild hypothermia obviously increased PbrO2, decreased PbrCO2 and CO2 accumulation and acidosis in brain tissue. BT was 1℃-(1.5)℃ higher than rectal temperature(RT) after injury. The BT and RT were decreased when the patients were treated with mild hypothermia, but at the same time the difference between BT and RT was increased. Conclusions: In patients with acute severe head injury the direct monitoring of PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT was safe and reliable, and is helpful in estimating prognosis and mild hypothermia therapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61177076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2013-Ia-038,2013-Ia-006 and 2013-ZY-121)
文摘The temperature characteristics of near infrared surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors with Kretschmann configuration are studied theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results match with the numerical simulations in the temperature range from 10 ℃ to 40.℃. With the increase of temperature, the resonance angle for gas increases slightly, but that for aqueous solution decreases obviously. No matter the dielectric layer is gas or aqueous solution, the resonance peaks are both broadened.