基于有限体积法的铜母线连续挤压扩展成形的数值模拟

对连续挤压几何模型进行简化,基于MSC.SuperForge软件平台,成功实现10mm×80mm铜母线连续挤压扩展成形的有限体积数值模拟,避免了刚塑性有限元法模拟大变形需要多次网格重划,体积损失等难题。获得了金属在模腔内的流动-应力-温度-组织耦合变化规律,详尽的分析了整个扩展变形流动过程与各物理场之间的关系,进一步探明了模腔结构对成形过程的影响。结果表明,在成形过程中,坯料最高温度约为872K,出现在坯料与挡料块接触的表面上;当趋于稳定状态时,扩展腔内坯料温度分布比较均匀一致,约为660K;坯料密度发生了明显变化,镦粗段坯料密度最高,为8.962×10^3kg/m^3,产品成形区域坯料密度最低,在8.750×10^3kg/m^3-8.771×10^3kg/m^3之间。在镦粗段内,坯料与挤压轮的打滑量为32%,在镦粗前,坯料与挤压轮保持同步。坯料作用在腔体上的压力高点出现在腔体挡料块顶端,压力为473MPa。扭矩校核表明,数值模拟结果和实测结果吻合较好。

双轴各向异性介质中回线源瞬变电磁三维拟态有限体积正演算法

采用模拟离散的有限体积法实现了双轴各向异性地层回线源瞬变电磁三维正演.首先引入内积定义,采用自然边界条件,将瞬变电磁法的控制方程转化为弱形式表示.将计算区域划分为一系列的控制体积单元,采用交错网格对控制方程进行模拟有限体积空间离散,包括旋度算子离散和空间内积离散.基于斯托克斯定理的旋度积分定义公式实现旋度算子离散.中点平均实现电导率双轴各向异性的空间内积离散,从而得到离散化的控制方程.时间步迭代采用无条件稳定的欧拉后向差分格式.并通过均匀全空间中稳定电流回线源的磁场解析表达式得到回线源初始时刻的电磁场分布.为了同时保证计算精度和效率,本文采用分段等间隔的时间步迭代,利用直接法求解器PARDISO实现其快速求解.最后通过对比层状模型和各向异性半空间模型的正演计算结果,验证了本文算法的计算精度和计算效率;计算三维双轴各向异性模型的正演响应可知,水平方向电导率变化对电磁响应产生显著影响,而垂直方向的电导率变化对电磁响应几乎没有影响.产生这一现象的主要原因是回线源产生的感应电流主要是水平方向的,因此响应主要受到水平方向电导率的影响,垂直方向的电导率影响很小.

三维场景中体积云的研究与实现

云是一种常见的自然景物,三维场景中的体积云模拟是计算机图形学领域研究的难题。文中研究了体积云模拟的常用方法,其中物理模拟方法包括粒子系统、气泡建模和体素建模,经验模型方法包括纹理映射和噪音函数。在研究Perlin噪音函数的基础上,通过先构建噪音函数,然后平滑处理,最后进行插值处理这三个步骤,文中实现了基于四维Perlin噪音的体积云模拟算法。基于细胞自动机理论,文中实现了云动态生成和消失模拟。通过对这两种方法的对比和分析,说明了两种实现方式的优缺点及使用情况。

岩体节理体积频率的计算方法及工程应用

利用Monte-Carlo原理进行三维结构面网络模拟是研究岩体内节理面发育规律最常用的技术手段,节理体积频率(λv)则是影响结构面网络模拟正确与否的关键参数之一,需要根据野外实测节理线频率(λ)进行换算。利用三维结构面网络模拟程序,提出了基于线频率反演节理体积频率的新思路。首先赋给某组节理一个初始体积频率,利用三维结构面网络模拟程序,生成只包含该组节理的三维网络模型样本,计算此模型中该组节理在测线方向上的线频率,不同体积频率(λv)对应不同线频率(λ),进而可建立两者的函数关系,最后将测线方向上该组节理的线频率带入该函数即可确定其体积频率。以贵州省息烽县鱼简河水库坝址区岩体为例,按照上述思路根据测线法统计数据计算了节理体积频率,结果表明λv与λ之间呈现出高度的线性关系。当节理圆盘半径服从对数正态分布时,λv与λmax的比值约为0.4～1.0,而当节理圆盘半径服从负指数分布时,λv与λmax的比值约为1.3～3.5。最后依据《工程岩体分级标准(GB50218-94)》表3.3.1、表3.4.3和表3.4.4,分别基于线频率和体积频率对鱼简河水库坝肩岩体完整性进行了评价,结果表明,后者评价结果的可信度比前者高。

矢通量分裂隐式三维NND有限体积方法及应用

建立了三维矢通量分裂隐式 NND有限体积格式 ,对三维高超声速绕流及激波绕射问题数值模拟试验表明 :文中构造的格式仍保持 NND优点 ,具有较高的激波分辨率 ;有良好的计算稳定性 ,节省计算时间 .

球铁件无冒口铸造的计算机模拟

应用有限差分方法,对球铁件凝固过程中的温度场进行了摸拟.在此基础上,根据球铁凝固中石墨析出引起其体积膨胀这一物性,对球铁件的体积变化情况也进行了定量的模拟计算,取得良好效果.

起伏地形频率域可控源电磁二维快速正反演

起伏地形频率域可控源电磁正反演研究受到众多学者的关注和重视,目前普遍实用的为未考虑地形的二维正反演算法程序。本文基于积分方程法正演和多场源、多频率、对比源反演算法,开展起伏地形条件下频率域可控源电磁二维快速正反演研究。通过引入层状参考模型、将地形与目标体整体作为异常场剖分区域,实现起伏地形可控源电磁正反演计算。针对包含地形在内的大尺度剖分区域引起的大型计算代价问题,采用快速傅里叶算法提高正反演计算效率。通过与现有正反演算法进行模型算例对比,验证了本文采用方法的可行性与有效性。

Numerical Study of Pinching Liquid Filament Using VOF Method

Study on pinching liquid nlament in literature was reviewed. The breakup of liquid filaments under surface tension is governed by incompressible, two-dimensional (2-D), Navier-Stokes Equations. Surface tension was expressed via a CSF (continuous surface force) modei that ensures robustness and accuracy. A new surface reconstruction scheme, alternative phase integration (API) scheme was proposed to solve the kinematic equation, and was compared with other three referential schemes. A general-purpose computer program has been developed for simulating transient, 2-D, incompressible fluid flows with free surface of complex topology. The transient behavior of breaking Newtonian liquid filaments under surface tension was simulated successfully using the developed program. The initial wave growth predicted using API-VOF (volume of fluid) scheme was in good agreement with Rayleigh's linear theory and one-dimensional (1-D) long-wave theory. Both long wave theory and two-dimensional (2-D) API-VOF modei on fine meshes show that as time goes on, these waves pinch off large droplets separated by smaller satellite ones that decrease in size with decreasing wavelength. Self-similar structure during the breakup was found using 1-D and 2-D models, and three breakups were predicted for a typical case. The criterion of filament breaking predicted by the 2-D modei is that the wavelength is longer than the circumference of a filament. The predicted sizes of main and satellite droplets were compared with published experimental measurements.

CFD gas–liquid simulation of oriented valve tray

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) has recently emerged as an effective tool for the investigation of the hydraulic parameters and efficiency of tray towers.The computation domain was established for two types of oriented valves within a tray and meshed into two parts with different grid types and sizes.The volume fraction correlation concerning inter-phase momentum transfer source was fitted based on experimental data,and built in UDF for simulation.The flow pattern of oriented valve tray under different operating conditions was simulated under Eulerian-Eulerian framework with realizable k-ε model.The predicted liquid height from CFD simulation was in good agreement with the results of pressure drop and volume fraction correlations.Meanwhile,the velocity distribution and volume fraction of the two phases were demonstrated and analyzed,which are useful in design and analysis of the column trays.

Compatible taper and stem volume equations for Larix kaempferi(Japanese larch) species of South Korea

In this study, compatible taper and stem volume equations were developed for Larix kaempferi species of South Korea. The dataset was split into two groups： 80% of the data were used in model fitting and the remaining 2o% were used for validation. The compatible MB76 equations were used to predict the diameter outside bark to a specific height, the height to a specific diameter and the stem volume of the species. The result of the stem volume analysis was compared with the existing stem volume model of Larix kaempferi species of South Korea which was developed by the Korea Forest Research Institute and with a simple volume model that was developed with fitting dataset in this study. The compatible model provided accurate prediction of the total stem volume when compared to the existing stem volume model and with a simple volume model. It is concluded that the compatible taper and stem volume equations are more convenient to use and therefore it is recommended to be applied in the Larix kaempferi species of South Korea.

QTPV Data Model and Algorithm and Its Application to Geological Exploration Engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted indifferent domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPVdefinition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregularnatural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. Theproposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topologicalrelationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed indetail. Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineeringaccording to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane isdiscussed. Using VC^(++)6. 0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphiclibrary under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experimentresult shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.

In vitro simulation studies of silica deposition induced by lignin from rice

To reveal the possible mechanism of silica deposition in higher plants, lignin was isolated from rice straw following a modified method to conduct a simulation experiment in vitro. UV and infrared absorption spectra showed that the substance had the unique characteristics of pure lignin. The presence of silicon in the precipitation was revealed by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) with EDXA (energy dispersive X-ray analysis) device. It was found that in the borax solution where lignin precipi-tation occurred silica-lignin co-precipitation was produced but not in the DMSO solution where lignin was broken into its com-position compounds and did not precipitate. This means that it is macromolecular lignin itself but not its compounds that could induce silica deposition in higher plants.

Numerical simulation of nitrogen injection of goaf in fire prevention based on Finite Volume Method

The numerical simulation is used to research the influence of nitrogen injection on spontaneous combustion in goaf. The spontaneous combustion mathematical model on the coupling of air flow field, oxygen concentration field, and residual coal temperature field was established with nitrogen injection in goat＇. Then the software of numerical computation was pro- grammed by Finite Volume Method. Combined with the example, the distributions of air flow field, oxygen concentration field and residual coal temperature field at different nitrogen injection volume were obtained by the software. The results show that the nitrogen injection could effectively prevent the spontaneous combustion fire in goaf and the highest temperature in goaf decreased with the nitrogen injection volume increasing. Finally, the accuracy of the numerical simulation was verified by the temperature observation in field. The achievement of this research is of theoretical and practical significance for the prevention of coal spontaneous combustion in goaf.

Effect of Boundary Layers on Polycrystalline Silicon Chemical Vapor Deposition in a Trichlorosilane and Hydrogen System

This paper presents the numerical investigation of the effects of momentum, thermal and species boundary layers on the characteristics of polycrystalline silicon deposition by comparing the deposition rates in three chemical vapor deposition （CVD） reactors. A two-dimensional model for the gas flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer was coupled to the gas-phase reaction and surface reaction mechanism for the deposition of polycrystalline silicon from trichlorosilane （TCS）-hydrogen system. The model was verified by comparing the simulated growth rate with the experimental and numerical data in the open literature. Computed results in the reactors indicate that the deposition characteristics are closely related to the momentum, thermal and mass boundary layer thickness. To yield higher deposition rate, there should be higher concentration of TCS gas on the substrate, and there should also be thinner boundary layer of HCl gas so that HCl gas could be pushed away from the surface of the substrate immediately.

Microstructure,hardness and corrosion properties of laser processed Ti6Al4V-based composites

Nb and Ti-13 Nb powders were used for improving the surface of Ti6Al4 V alloy.The deposition of the powders was carried out at various laser powers.The scanning electron microscopy（SEM）-EDS and optical microscopy were used for characterization.X-ray diffractometer（XRD） was used for analyzing the elemental composition and phase constituents.The hardness,wear and corrosion properties were achieved.The corrosion and the wear behaviours of the deposited layers were studied in a Hanks solution（simulated body fluid,SBF）.The microstructures of Nb coatings reveal the presence of orthorhombic,dendritic α″ and metastable β-Nb phases which produce uneven hardness with an average of HV 364.For Ti-13 Nb coatings,martensitic α′ and metastable β-Nb phases with an average hardness of HV 423 were observed.The resistance of wear on dry sliding of Ti-13 Nb coating is attributed to the increase in hardness.Experimental results indicate that deposition of Nb and Ti-13 Nb on Ti6Al4 V grossly reduces the mass fractions of Al and V in all coatings.In SBF,Nb reinforcement produces the best coating that reveals the best wear and corrosion resistances as compared with the substrate.Hence,this coating will perform best for orthopaedic implant material enhancement.

Construction of a 3D meso-structure and analysis of mechanical properties for deposit body medium

For deposit body medium, the internal structural properties may be the controlling factors for the strength of the material and the mechanical response. Based on the results of soil-rock meso-statistics using digital imaging, a simulated annealing algorithm is adopted to expand the meso-structural features of deposit bodies in 3D. The construction of the 3D meso-structure of a deposit body is achieved, and then the particle flow analysis program PFC3 D is used to simulate the mechanical properties of the deposit body. It is shown that with a combination of the simulated annealing algorithm and the statistical feature functions, the randomness and heterogeneity of the rock distribution in the 3D inner structure of deposit body medium can be realized, and the reconstructed structural features of the deposit medium can match the features of the digital images well. The spatial utilizations and the compacting effects of the body-centered cubic, hexagonal close and face-centered packing models are high, so these structures can be applied in the simulations of the deposit structures. However, the shear features of the deposit medium vary depending on the different model constructive modes. Rocks, which are the backbone of the deposit, are the factors that determine the shear strength and deformation modulus of the deposit body. The modeling method proposed is useful for the construction of 3D meso-scope models from 2D meso-scope statistics and can be used for studying the mechanical properties of mixed media, such as deposit bodies.

Simulation of turbulent combustion in DLR Scramjet

Turbulent combustion in a DLR (German Aerospace Center) Scramjet engine was simulated using the newly-proposed Partially Resolved Numerical Simulation (PRNS) procedure. The PRNS procedure uses temporal filtering to define large-scale turbulence, and the model developed to account for unresolved scales is grid independent. No problem about inner commutation error and inconsistencies will arise from the PRNS, while such issues are of concern in traditional Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methods. The mean results have good agreement with the experiment data and the flow structures with small scales are well resolved.

Calcium phosphate deposition on surface of porous and dense TiNi alloys in simulated body fluid

Porous and dense TiNi alloys were successfully fabricated by powder metallurgy(P/M) method, and to further improve their surface biocompatibility, surface modification techniques including grind using silicon-carbide(SiC) paper, acid etching and alkali treatment were employed to produce either irregularly rough surface or micro-porous surface roughness. X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) attached to SEM were used to characterize surface structure and the Ca-P coatings. Effects of the above surface treatments on the surface morphology, apatite forming ability were systematically investigated. Results indicate that all the above surface treatments increase the apatite forming ability of TiNi alloys in varying degrees when soaked in simulated body fluid(SBF). More apatite coatings formed on TiNi samples sintered at 1050℃ and 1100℃ due to their high porosity and pure TiNi phase that is beneficial to heterogeneous nucleation. Furthermore, more uniform apatite was fabricated on the sample sintered from the mixture of Ni and Ti powders.

Numerical Simulations of Structural Deformation and Fluid Flow in Xiangshan Deposit

The Xiangshan deposit in Jiangxi province is one of the most important uranium deposits in China. The aim of this study is to achieve a better understanding of mineralization in the Xiangshan deposit through numerical simulation. In order to find the most favorable locations of mineralization and to help further mineral exploration, a coupling deforma- tion and fluid flow model has been established to describe the mineralization process. In this model, the simulation re- constructs the strata deformations under fields of compressive stress and thrust structure on the hanging wall of the Zou-Shi fault. Compared with practical information, the simulation results are consistent with the No. 51 exploration section of the western Xiangshan. In addition, on the basis of geological information provided by previous investigators, the model simulates the flow process of fluids under compressive stress fields. The result suggests that many tensional areas are formed, which can help the fluid flowing upward from deeper parts. The fluid is easy to concentrate on the breccia fractured zone between two volcanic layers, especially on the intersection parts with faults, resulting in the for- mation of favourable locations of mineralization. In addition, the model is significant in guiding the exploration of ura- nium deposits in the western Xiangshan and provides clues for further exploration of deposits.

Study of Water Movement in Unsaturated Copper Ore

Leaching is widely applied in the exploitation of depleted ores. In order to discover the law of leachant movement in the leaching process and calculating volumes and time intervals of spraying leachant,experiments and numerical simulation with the TOUGH2/EOS3 module were carried out in order to find out the principle of water movement in unsaturated copper ore. The results show that water volume increases at the same location over time,that copper ore tends to become saturated and that liquid velocity decreases at the same time as the distance from top in-creases. On the other hand,a comparison and analysis of our experimental and simulated results indicate that the EOS3 module could accurately simulate the water movement in an unsaturated state.