依据体类特征建构实用文的“阅读经验”

实用文是非文学作品的统称,具有实用的文体特质。检视其意思,理解其意图,建构其意蕴等三个基本策略关注了实用文类的普遍性,坚守了其文体的独特性,是依据体类特征建构实用文的'阅读经验',开展言语实践的可行之举。

杜甫乐府诗的体类特征

杜甫乐府诗在音乐体制上,沿用乐府旧题者较少,使用新题者较多。旧题多尽可能发挥其原题之本意,并深入开掘。新题则完全扣题,就事论事,把反映现实生活的本来面目作为追求的目标,成为杜甫诗歌中最具史诗意义的传世佳篇。其乐府诗的语言则是追求更加自由的语法修辞,尽力回避近体诗的平仄、押韵、对仗等规范,以突显乐府诗自由灵活的语体特征。杜甫还创造性地使用了连章组诗的乐府诗形式,为扩张乐府诗的表现力做出了重要贡献。

杜甫歌行体诗的体类特征

以杜甫诗歌中诗题带有歌、行、叹、哀、吟、引、谣、曲等字样、七言为主体句式、常见三平尾者划为歌行(共87首),在与杜甫律诗的对比中,可以确认杜甫歌行的体类特征主要有以下几方面。一是杜甫歌行体诗无声律限制,多数采用自然音节,尽可能回避律句。二是押韵形式多样化,绝大多数作品使用两个及以上的韵部押韵(71首)。1.大多数作品平韵仄韵兼用,而且其中部分作品平韵仄韵互转;转韵作品中,每个押韵单元的句数不等,少则2句或4句,多则12句,最多者19句,灵活机动,以表意为主;每个单元的第一句以入韵为常例,如果使用入声韵,则往往邻韵通押,甚至混押。2.通首只用一个韵部(14首),以用平声韵为主,上声韵次之,去声、入声韵又次之。3.通首采用邻韵通押者,只有2首。三是多数作品有意回避对仗,出现较多词性虽同而声调未反的情况。

杜甫古体诗的体类特征

根据《昭明文选》将“骚体诗”单独列类的做法进行文体辨析,参照陈伯海《唐诗评论类编》的分类方法,本文所言杜甫古体诗是指除开“骚体”“乐府”“歌行”三类诗歌之外的杜甫古诗。以此审视杜甫的古诗,其语言形态的体制特征基本可以概括为:(1)句子无声律规范,多用非律句,有时一联中的两句末字声调相同,以打乱抑扬节奏;(2)用韵上,部分作品用平声韵,部分作品用仄声韵,五古以不转韵为常例,少量作品使用邻韵,七古则大量采用平仄韵转换的方式,五古七古皆不避讳重复使用韵字;(3)有意回避对仗,却大量使用无声律约束的对偶句。作为唐代律诗的大家,这些回避律诗规范的写作追求说明,杜甫的诗体意识是非常清晰的,他是有意向汉魏古体诗回归。

Fluvial reservoir characterization and identification:A case study from Laohekou Oilfield

Finding channel sandbodies is an important task in oil and gas exploration due to the importance of fluvial reservoirs. It is difficult to describe fluvial reservoirs in detail owing to their frequent changes and serious intersections, as well as limitations of S/N ratio and seismic data resolution. Based on the Laohekou 3D data in Shengli Oilfield, we analyze the general characteristics of fluvial reservoirs in this area, from which we find that they are characterized by strong amplitudes on seismic profiles, high continuity on time slices, and low frequency in the frequency domain. In addition, a cluster of strong string-bead- like reflections was found after color processing and detailed interpretation. To understand this observation, we conduct forward modeling to explain the mechanism. This provides a new way to identify ancient channels in similar areas. By using the multi-attribute fusion and RGB display techniques, channel incision is more obvious and the characteristics of the channel structures are manifested much better. Finally, we introduce and apply multi-wavelet detection technology to identify weaker fluvial reservoir signals.

Soil Aggregates and Fractal Features under Different Land Use Types in a Frequent Debris Flow Area

The stability of soil aggregates and the fractal characteristics of four typical land use types(farmland,grassland,woodland,and bare land) in the Jiangjiagou Ravine(Yunnan,China),a frequent debris flow occurring area,were studied according to the normal mean mass diameter and fractal theory.The present research showed that the stability of the soil aggregates was different for the different land use types.When the soil depth was 0-30 cm,farmland soil formed more aggregates with diameters greater than 0.25 mm,i.e.,the farmland soil was more stable than that of the other three land uses.When the soil depth was 30-45 cm,the order of stability of the soil aggregates was woodland > grassland > farmland > bare land.The fractal dimensions had a significant linear positive correlation with the amount of soil particles with diameters of <0.25 mm,and a significant negative linear correlation with the amount of soil particles with diameters of 0.25-0.5 mm,0.5-1 mm and 1-2 mm.Smaller fractal dimensions of the soil particles correlated with more stable soil aggregates.The fractal dimensions had a positive linear correlation with the soil bulk density and a negative correlation with the concentration of organic matter.These results showed that soil aggregates can be used as a parameter for characterizing the soil structures and properties.According to these results,the soil particle fractal dimensions could not only objectively characterize the stability of the soil structure but also could be used to indicate soil structure and properties.In addition,these results have great significance for the discussion of the comprehensive evaluation of soil.

The Empirical Guidance in The Vanity of Human Wishes

This paper looks into Samuel Johnson＇s famous poem The Vanity of Human Wishes： The Tenth Satire Imitated （1903）. For centuries, the poem is under hot discussion for its form, tone, theme, and even the imitated style and holds well its position as Johnson＇s greatest poem. Based on the former criticism but avoiding the detailed investigation into thematic concern and stylistic features, the paper pays more attention to Johnson＇s instructive purpose of literary creation and argues that as an observant poet of life, Johnson aims to provide empirical guidance to the reader and human beings and thereby distributes some instructions implicitly through the poetic depiction of human experiences.

Recognition of newspaper printed in Gurumukhi script

In this work,a system for recognition of newspaper printed in Gurumukhi script is presented.Four feature extraction techniques,namely,zoning features,diagonal features,parabola curve fitting based features,and power curve fitting based features are considered for extracting the statistical properties of the characters printed in the newspaper.Different combinations of these features are also applied to improve the recognition accuracy.For recognition,four classification techniques,namely,k-NN,linear-SVM,decision tree,and random forest are used.A database for the experiments is collected from three major Gurumukhi script newspapers which are Ajit,Jagbani and Punjabi Tribune.Using 5-fold cross validation and random forest classifier,a recognition accuracy of 96.19%with a combination of zoning features,diagonal features and parabola curve fitting based features has been reported.A recognition accuracy of 95.21%with a partitioning strategy of data set(70%data as training data and remaining 30%data as testing data)has been achieved.

Engineering geological classification of the structural planes for hydroelectric projects in Emeishan Basalts

The scale and characteristics of rock mass are important indexes of the rock mass structural plane classification. This paper firstly analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics, the structural plane types （original structural plane, tectonic structural plane and hypergenic structural plane） and the associated features of the Emeishan basalts and then studies the classification schemes of the built hydropower structure planes of different rock areas （the east district, the central district and the west district） in the Emeishan basalt distribution area, Southwest China. Based on the analysis and comparison of the scale and the engineering geological characteristics of the typical structure planes in the basalt hydroelectric Stations, the types of structural planes are used in the first order classification. The secondary order classification is made by considering the impact factors of rock mass quality, e.g., the state of the structural planes, infilling, joint opening, extending length, the grade of weathering and strength. The engineering geological classification for Emeishan basalt is proposed. Because there are no evidences of a large structure presenting in study area, the first-order （Ⅰ） controlling structural planes do not appear in the classification, there only appear Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ grade structural planes influencing the rock-mass quality. According to the different rock-block types in bedding fault zone, the second-grade （Ⅱ） structural planes consisted of bedding fault zone is further classified into Ⅱ1, Ⅱ2 and Ⅱ3. The third-grade （Ⅲ） structural planes constructed by intraformational faulted zones are not subdivided. According to the different characteristics of intrusion, alteration and weathering unloading structural planes, the Ⅳ grade structure plane is divided into Ⅳ1, Ⅳ2 and Ⅳ3. According to the development characteristics of joints and fractures, the V grade structure plane is divided into fracture Ⅴ1 and columnar joint Ⅴ2. In all, the structural planes are classified into four groups with nine subsets. The research proposes the engineering geological classification of the structural plane for the hydropower project in the Emishan basalts, and the result of the study has a potential application in similar regions.

Belgian Emrepreneurs＇ Motivations： Proposition of a Typology

The aim of this paper is to perform a typology of Belgian entrepreneurs based on their motivations and to determine whether they are ＂motivated＂ or ＂forced＂ to create their firms. The authors used the methodology of the principal component analysis followed by an algorithm of classification to categorize groups of entrepreneurs. These groups were characterized by qualitative and quantitative variables. If the quantitative data were extracted from the firms＇ financial report and financial statements, the qualitative data were collected by means of a survey of Belgian entrepreneurs. The empirical study, made from a sample of 94 firms （representative of 10,728 firms）, confirms that the main motivations of Belgian entrepreneurs are positive （the need for autonomy, achievement, power, etc.） and are the same as in the literature. The study identifies five groups of entrepreneurs from the most highly-motivated one （46.81% of the entrepreneurs） to the ones （3.19%） who are forced into the entrepreneurship.

The Research on the Characteristics of the Bureaucratic Administration -based upon the Classifications ofWeber＇s Legitimate Authority

Political legitimacy is the question about how a regime could be stable and lasting. Max Weber, a scholar, defined legitimacy earliest and carried out a systematic study in the history. He divided the legitimate authority into traditional authority, authority of charisma and authority of legal theory. This paper is just based upon authority rules of the three types, and discusses the organization＇s establishment, operational and managerial characteristics under the three kinds of authority. It is expected to provide references for reform of the administrative system.

A new method of block shape classification

The shapes of block within the rock mass have an important effect on the rock properties, so it＇s very important to evaluate the shapes of rock fragmentation and to determine the geometric characteristics distribution of the block. The previous methods to classify rock block shape are based on the assumption that a block shape is approximately orthogonal, which is acceptable in only a few rock masses. This paper proposes a new method for block shape classification using triangular diagram together with parameters of co-linearity e and volume coefficient K, which combines the shape categorization with block volume for statistical analysis. Rock block equivalent size calculation methods based on block shape is proposed and the block cumulative percentage of total volume statistical analysis is given. In order to verify this block shape classification method, three ideal rock masses with approximately orthogonal joint sets have been generated and simulated.