考虑空化效应的表面微凸体织构摩擦副润滑性能研究

采用数值模拟方法,分析在不同速度和不同结构参数条件下微凸体织构的摩擦副润滑过程,研究在流体润滑条件下摩擦副表面的微凸体织构诱导空化效应的规律。结果表明:增加表面之间相对运动速度、微凸体织构的宽度或高度、微织构前段和后端的角度,均能导致空化区域面积增加,使诱导空化现象更加明显;空化效应的出现抑制了微凸体后端负压区压力的降低,使得摩擦副的承载能力提高;空化效应可使界面之间由液体润滑转变为局部的气体润滑,使得界面之间摩擦因数的数值明显减小;考虑空化效应时,具有微凸体织构的摩擦副的承载力比不考虑空化效应时提高了35~74倍,摩擦因数降低了97.5%~98.7%。微凸体织构诱导产生的空化效应对提升承载力与降低摩擦因数的作用,明显大于微织构形成的流体动压作用,因此可以认为微织构诱导产生空化效应是微织构摩擦表面的一种重要承载机制。

稀土元素Ce对挤压态Mg-0.3Al-0.2Ca-0.5Mn合金板材体织构及力学各向异性的影响

针对Mg-0.3Al-0.2Ca-0.5Mn合金在热挤压过程中容易形成对称性差的强基面织构从而导致力学性能各向异性的问题,本工作通过稀土元素Ce合金化的方法优化其基面织构进而改善材料的力学性能。利用中子衍射技术,结合SEM和EBSD等微观测试手段,研究稀土元素Ce对Mg-0.3Al-0.2Ca-0.5Mn挤压态镁合金板材的微观组织、体织构和力学各向异性的影响。结果表明,随着Ce含量的增加,挤压态镁合金板材中的第二相颗粒逐渐从A_(l8)Mn_(5)转变为A_(l8)Mn_(4)Ce和Al_(11)Ce_(3),且第二相颗粒数量明显增多。0.05%Ce(质量分数)的添加并未明显改变合金板材的基面织构,而添加0.5%Ce后合金板材沿着挤压方向(ED)的双峰基面织构向双峰非基面织构转变,同时沿横向(TD)分布的丝织构组分明显减少,从而使得沿着ED和TD的拉伸屈服强度比值接近于1,合金板材各向异性显著降低。

中子织构谱仪原位加载装置

原位加载过程中织构演化研究对于深入理解材料在不同变形工艺及服役条件下变形方式和性能演化机制具有重要意义。本文基于中国先进研究堆(CARR)中子织构谱仪,设计并研制了一台专用原位加载装置。该装置的最大加载力为10 kN,加载速率在0.01~3 mm/min范围内连续可调,可绕中子织构谱仪欧拉环χ角在0°~90°旋转、沿装置拉伸轴进行0°~360°自转,以实现多晶材料在原位拉伸和挤压过程中微观结构和体织构实时演变测量。利用该装置对热挤压Mg-1.2Al-0.3Ca-0.47Mn(MMK1)合金原位拉伸过程中织构演化的研究发现,随着拉伸位移的增加,(0002)基面织构强度不断增加,表明该装置可实现多晶材料原位加载过程中织构演化测量。CARR中子织构谱仪原位加载装置的设计和研制,为了解多晶材料微观结构与力学性能关系,尤其是在外部载荷条件下材料结构演化的规律和机理研究提供了重要的技术支撑。

金刚石织构体及其纳米级亚晶

在冲击合成的金刚石中存在一种织构体组织。织构是由沿［１１０］ｃｄ和［１２－１０］ｈｄ方向排列的金刚石纳米级亚晶组成的。除常见的立方金刚石结构外，还存在一种罕见的六方金刚石结构。它们通常共存在一个金刚石织构体中，形成共生晶体。

先驱物的粒径对织构体Y123微结构的影响

研究分别用粗粉及细粉工艺制备的先驱物（ 液相组份先驱物粉末（ＢａＣｕＯ２ ＋ ＣｕＯ） ，异相ＳｎＯ２） 对高温超导体ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７－ δ（Ｙ１２３） 液相粉末熔融生长（ＬＰＭＧ） 织构工艺及微结构的影响， 结果表明： 在ＬＰＭＧ工艺熔化前的Ｙ１２３ 成相温区及熔融温区适当保持一段时间，可使样品的密度及结构度得到改善； 在部分样品的晶畴内可以观察到几十到几百纳米量级的微粒，

金刚石织构体及其纳米级亚晶

在冲击合成的金刚石中存在一种织构体组织，织构是由沿[110]cd和[12↑-10]hd方向排列的金刚石纳米级亚晶组成的。除常见的立方金刚石结构外，还存在一种罕见的六方金刚石结构，它们通常共存在一个金刚石织构体中，形成共生晶体。

纳米晶多晶体金刚石超细微粉在表面技术中的应用

纳米晶多晶体金刚石超细精微粉是一种用动态法爆炸合成的金刚石,它与用静态法压机合成的单晶体金刚石不同,颗粒由纳米晶织构体组成,呈不规则形状,表面凹凸不平,而后者颗粒呈多面体单晶状,表面光滑,棱边平直。作为磨粒,多晶体金刚石具有更多的切削刃,切削效率高。作为复合镀层中的增强粒子,它与镀层金属的接触面更大、机械结合力更强,使用时不易剥落,优势明显。在国外,它广泛应用于硬质合金、人工晶体、玉石、红宝石、蓝宝石和钻石等各种材料的表面精细加工领域中,以及作为电镀和化学镀的增强相。

Deformation mechanism of cold ring rolling in view of texture evolution predicted by a newly proposed polycrystal plasticity model

An explicit polycrystal plasticity model was proposed to investigate the deformation mechanism of cold ring rolling in view of texture evolution. The model was created by deducing a set of linear incremental controlling equations within the framework of crystal plasticity theory. It was directly solved by a linear algorithm within a two-level procedure so that its efficiency and stability were guaranteed. A subroutine VUMAT for ABAQUS/Explicit was developed to combine this model with the 3D FE model of cold ring rolling. Results indicate that the model is reliable in predictions of stress-strain response and texture evolution in the dynamic complicated forming process; the shear strain in RD of the ring is the critical deformation mode according to the sharp Goss component （{110}？100？） of deformed ring; texture and crystallographic structure of the ring blank do not affect texture type of the deformed ring;texture evolves rapidly at the later stage of rolling, which results in a dramatically increasing deformation of the ring.

Interaction among deformation, recrystallization and phase transformation of TA2 pure titanium during hot compression

TA2 pure titanium was chosen to research the interaction among deformation, recrystallization and phase transformation during hot compression. The samples were hot compressed by thermal simulation method with different processing parameters. Variant selection induced by stress during cooling after compression was found. The prismatical texture component which featured that the [0001] direction perpendicular to the compressing direction produced preferentially under the compressing stress. As a result, the transformedα phase possesses strong prismatical texture which is different with the basal texture of compressed αphase. The minimum elastic strain energy is demonstrated to be the main reason that causes the variant selection. Dynamic recrystallization behavior and microstructure evolution during hot compression were also studied.

Application of crystal plasticity modeling in equal channel angular extrusion

Some applications of crystal plasticity modeling in equal channel angular extrusion（ECAE） of face-centered cubic metals were highlighted.The results show that such simulations can elucidate the dependency of grain refinement efficiency on processing route and the directionality of substructure development,which cannot be explained by theories that consider only the macroscopic deformation behavior.They can also capture satisfactorily the orientation stability and texture evolution under various processing conditions.It is demonstrated that crystal plasticity models are useful tools in exploring the crystallographic nature of grain deformation and associated behavior that are overlooked or sometimes erroneously interpreted by existing phenomenological theories.

Low frequency damping capacities of commercial pure magnesium

The amplitude-dependent and temperature-dependent low frequency damping capacities of magnesium with 99.96% purity were studied by a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The pure magnesium alloys include CPM1 and CPM2 castings having textures of columnar grains which extraordinarily influence the damping behaviours. The commercial pure magnesium alloy CPM was re-melted to obtain equiaxed grains, which could remove the effect of texture orientation on the damping behaviours of these pure magnesium alloys. The results of strain amplitude-dependent damping spectrums of these pure magnesium alloys show that the pure magnesium with equiaxed grains possesses the highest damping capacity. In temperature-dependent damping plot for all these three pure magnesium alloys, there are two damping peaks P1 and P2 located at 80 and 230 °C, respectively. These two damping peaks are considered to be caused by the interaction between dislocation and point defects, and the movement of grain boundaries, respectively.

人造六方金刚石的工艺及其在表面技术中的应用——六方金刚石的特点及其应用

介绍了人造六方金刚石的形成机理,指出这是一种在强大冲击压强下六方晶石墨转变为六方晶金刚石的无扩散相变过程,类似于钢中的马氏体相变。介绍金刚石织构体与共生晶体形成原理。叙述了六方金刚石的特点及其在表面技术中的应用。

Simulation of texture evolution during plastic deformation of FCC,BCC and HCP structured crystals with crystal plasticity based finite element method

Two alternative formulations of single crystal plasticity model were introduced respectively and two schemes were implemented in the explicit FE code with software ABAQUS/Explicit by writing the user subroutine VUMAT.Meshes containing material data were created with solid elements.Each element represented an individual grain,and the grain orientations were explicitly stored and updated at each increment.Tangential modulus method was employed to calculate the plastic shear strain increment of deformation systems in combination with a hardening law to describe the hardening responses.Both two developed subroutines were applied to simulate the texture evolution during the uniaxial tension of copper（FCC）,cold rolling of IF steel（BCC） and uniaxial compression of AZ31 magnesium alloy（HCP）.The predicted texture distributions are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.

Polycrystal modeling of hot extrusion texture of AZ80 magnesium alloy

The visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model is extended to take the dynamical recrystallization (DRX) into account so that the hot extrusion texture of AZ80 magnesium alloy can be properly modeled. The effects of extrusion temperatures and imposed boundary conditions on the resulting textures were investigated, and good agreement can be found between the simulated and the measured extrusion textures. The simulated results show that the DRX grains are responsible for the formation of the {2110} fiber component since the {1010} poles of the DRX grains are tilted away from those of the unrecrystallized grains during the formation of their high angle boundaries (HABs). Furthermore, the basal poles of the grains are favorably oriented to the transversal direction (TD) where the imposed deformation is larger due to lower slip resistance of the basal slip. The elevated temperature enhances the activity of pyramidal ?c+a? slip modes and gives rise to a larger recrystallized volume fraction, resulting in a weakened extrusion texture.

Microstructure and texture evolution of Al-7075 alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing is an effective technique to control the texture and microstructure of metals and alloys. Texture and microstructure of an Al-7075 alloy subjected to repetitive equal channel angular pressing through a 90° die were evaluated by X-ray diffractometer and orientation imaging microscopy. It is observed that processing through different routes leads to different types of textures, in both qualitative and quantitative senses. The texture calculation by Labotex software reveals that texture strengthens after the first pass and weakens by progressing ECAP process up to 4 passes. Microstructure investigations show that after 4 passes of equal channel angular pressing via routes BC and A, very fine grains with average grain size of about 700 nm and 1 μm appear, respectively, and most of the grains evolve into arrays of high angle boundaries. The effects of covering the Al-7075 billets with copper tube on texture and microstructure were also studied.

Effects of laser surface melting on crystallographic texture, microstructure, elastic modulus and hardness of Ti-30Nb-4Sn alloy

The biocompatibility of orthopedic implants is closely related to their elastic modulus and surface properties.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cold rolling,recrystallization and laser surface melting(LSM)on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a biphase(α″+β)Ti-30Nb-4Sn alloy.X-ray diffraction(XRD)texture analysis of the cold-rolled substrate revealed the[302]α″//ND texture component,while analysis of the recrystallized substrate showed the[302]α″//ND and[110]α″//ND components.Theβ-phase texture could not be directly measured by XRD,but the presence of the[111]β//ND texture component was successfully predicted by considering the orientation relationship between theα″andβphases.Nanoindentation measurements showed that the elastic modulus of the cold-rolled substrate(63GPa)was lower than that of the recrystallized substrate(74GPa).Based on the available literature and the results presented here,it is suggested that this difference is caused by the introduction of crystal defects during cold deformation.The combined nanoindentation/EBSD analysis showed that the nanoindentation results are not affected by crystal orientation.LSM of the deformed alloy produced changes in hardness,elastic modulus and crystallographic texture similar to those produced by recrystallization heat treatment,creating a stiffness gradient between surface and substrate.

Crystal plasticity based modeling of grain boundary sliding in magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet

The aim of present work is to develop a crystal plasticity modeling approach to integrate slip,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)and grain boundary sliding(GBS)for simulating the deformation behavior and texture evolution of magnesium alloys at high temperatures.Firstly,the deformation mechanisms of an AZ31B Mg alloy sheet at 300°C were investigated by examining texture and microstructure evolution during uniaxial tension and compression tests.DRX refines microstructure at strains less than 0.2,and subsequently GBS plays a significant role during deformation process.A GBS model is developed to evaluate strain and grain rotation induced by GBS,and implemented into the polycrystal plasticity framework VPSC.The VPSC-DRX-GBS model can well reproduce the stress−strain curves,grain size,texture evolution and significant texture differences in tension and compression tests due to GBS.The calculated GBS contribution ratio in tension is obviously higher than that in compression due to easier cavity nucleation at grain boundaries under tension loading.

Stress-induced martensite phase transformation of FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloy subjected to mechanical vibrating polishing

Fe66Mn15Si5Cr9Ni5(wt.%)shape memory alloy(SMA)withγaustenite andεmartensite was subjected to mechanical vibrating polishing and consequently its surface suffered from plastic deformation in the case of compressive stress.Almost completeεmartensite transformation is found to occur in FeMnSiCrNi sample subjected to mechanical vibrating polishing,where stress-induced martensite transformation plays a predominant role.Stressinduced martensite transformation of FeMnSiCrNi SMA is closely related to the orientation of external stress.The complicated compressive stress which results from the mechanical vibrating polishing contributes toεmartensite transformation fromγaustenite of FeMnSiCrNi SMA.Mechanical vibrating polishing has a certain influence on the surface texture ofεmartensite of FeMnSiCrNi SMA,where■<0001>texture appears in the polished FeMnSiCrNi SMA.

Finite element simulation of influences of grain interaction on rolling textures of fcc metals

A rate dependent crystal plasticity constitutive model considering self and latent hardening in finite element analysis was developed to simulate rolling textures of pure aluminum. By changing the assignment of orientations to finite elements, i.e. assigning the same set of orientations to all elements or different orientations to different elements, the influences of grain interaction on the formation of rolling textures were numerically simulated with this kind of crystal plasticity finite element model. The simulation results reveal that the grains without considering grain interaction rotate faster than those considering grain interaction, and the rotation of grain boundary is slowed down due to the grain interaction. For a good simulation more elements should be assigned to one grain, in which the effects of both the boundary and interior parts of grain contribute to the formation of rolling textures.

Formation kinetics and transition mechanism of CaO·SiO2 in low-calcium system during high-temperature sintering

The crystal structure,formation kinetics and micro-morphology of CaO·SiO2 during high-temperature sintering process were studied in low-calcium system by XRD,FT-IR,Raman and SEM-EDS methods.When the molar ratio of CaCO3 to SiO2 is 1.0,β-2CaO·SiO2 forms firstly during the heating process,and then CaO·SiO2 is generated by the transformation reaction of pre-formed 2CaO·SiO2 with SiO2.3CaO·SiO2 and 3CaO·2SiO2 do not form either in the heating or sintering process.Rising the sintering temperature and prolonging the holding time promote the phase transition of 2CaO·SiO2 to CaO·SiO2,resulting in the sintered products a small blue shift and broadening in Raman spectra.The content of CS can reach 97.4%when sintered at 1400℃ for 1 h.The formation kinetics of CaO·SiO2 follows the second-order chemical reaction model,and the corresponding apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor are 505.82 kJ/mol and 2.16×10^14 s^−1 respectively.