Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is the most common liver disorder in the United States and worldwide. Due to the...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is the most common liver disorder in the United States and worldwide. Due to the rapid rise of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of NAFLD has recently dramatically increased and will continue to increase. NAFLD has also the potential to progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver failure. NAFLD is strongly linked to caloric overconsumption, physical inactivity, insulin resistance and genetic factors. Although significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been achieved in years, the primary metabolic abnormalities leading to lipid accumulation within hepatocytes has remained poorly understood. Mitochondria are critical metabolic organelles serving as "cellular power plants". Accumulating evidence indicate that hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review is focused on the significant role of mitochondria in the development of NAFLD.展开更多
The epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)by peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied in the presence of SO3H-functional Brnsted acidic ionic liquid (I...The epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)by peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied in the presence of SO3H-functional Brnsted acidic ionic liquid (IL)[C3SO3HMIM][HSO4]as catalyst.The effects of hydrogen peroxide/ethylenic unsaturation ratio,acetic acid concentration,IL concentration,recycling of the IL catalyst,and temperature on the conversion to oxirane were studied.The kinetics and thermodynamics of unsaturated FAMEs epoxidation and the kinetics of oxirane cleavage of the epoxidized FAMEs by acetic acid were also studied.The conversion of ethylenic unsaturation group to oxirane, the reaction rate of the conversion to oxirane,and the rate of hydrolysis(oxirane cleavage)were higher by using the IL catalyst.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of palm diacylglycerol （PDAG）-enriched formulations for bakery shortening. Three types of palm diacylglycerol olein （PDAGOL） at different degree of unsa...The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of palm diacylglycerol （PDAG）-enriched formulations for bakery shortening. Three types of palm diacylglycerol olein （PDAGOL） at different degree of unsaturation （PDAGOL1V56, PDAGOLIV62 and PDAGOLIV64） were used as main raw materials blended with palm stearin （PS）. The blending compositions ranged from 30% to 70% of PDAGOLIV56/PS, PDAGOLIV62/PS and PDAGOLIV64/PS, respectively. The physicochemical properties of all binary blend systems were characterized for fatty acid composition （FAC）, slip melting point （SMP） and solid fat content （SFC）. The selected bakery shortening formulations were further characterised for polymorphic form of fat crystal and thermal behavior, using X-ray diffractometer （XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. Bakery shortening enriched with diacylglycerol that were produced from 40DS56 （40% PDAGOLIV56/60% PS）, 40DS62 （40% PDAGOL1V62/60% PS） and 40DS64 （40% PDAGOLIV64/60% PS） had 45%-50% unsaturated fatty acid and crystallized in β ＋ β polymorphs; thus they were suitable for shortening system. Based on product＇s baking performance, it could be found that all Madeira cakes prepared from bakery shortening enriched with diacylglycerol had higher specific cake volume as compared to commercial shortening （CS）. In customer acceptance test, Madeira cake made from 40DS56 shortening scored the highest rating for all sensory attributes, including overall customer acceptability. It had given an indication that 40DS56 shortening formulation was the most suitable fat blends to be used as bakery shortening.展开更多
Thermodynamic functions solutions of a 25 binary systems formed n-alcohols and esters of aliphatic acids by were calculated using the standards ideal solution and ideal gas. The value change regularity of the thermody...Thermodynamic functions solutions of a 25 binary systems formed n-alcohols and esters of aliphatic acids by were calculated using the standards ideal solution and ideal gas. The value change regularity of the thermodynamic functions of solutions depending on their molar mass and concentration of the solutions＇ components was determined by the thermodynamic analysis. The method of prediction of the thermodynamic properties of binary solutions was suggested on the basis of the determined regularities. The corresponding equations were obtained.展开更多
Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly am...Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly among seasons （P〈0.05）. Alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and asparagic acid were the most abundant amino acids. Total amino acid and essential amino acid contents both varied clearly with seasons （P〈0.05）. 16：0 and 16：1n7 were the primary saturated fatty acid （SFA） and monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA） respectively for all months. EPA （20：5n-3）, AA （20：4n-6） and DHA （22：6n-3） were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）. The proportions of SFA and PUFA yielded significant seasonal variations （P〈0.001）, but MUFA did not changed significantly. The results indicated that the biochemical compositions of the body wall in A. japonieus were significantly influenced by seasons and that the body wall tissue is an excellent source of protein, MUFA and n-3 PUFA for humans.展开更多
TO THE EDITOR Bitter gourd （Momordica charantia）, has received widespread attention in the scientific community due to its beneficial effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and anti- inflammatory effects in l...TO THE EDITOR Bitter gourd （Momordica charantia）, has received widespread attention in the scientific community due to its beneficial effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and anti- inflammatory effects in laboratory studies. However, a well-defined mechanism by which this important plant food exerts its beneficial effects has not been elucidated. We present some of the latest findings on the plant＇s effects against colon cancer.展开更多
Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mech...Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mechanism against pathogen and parasitic invasion exist in the epidermal mucus which serves as a mechanical as well as biochemical barrier. The study was performed to identify the amino acid and fatty acid components using GC （gas chromatography） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus. The present study revealed 16 components of amino acid and 22 types of fatty acid in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatzts. Linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was the most prominent PUFA （polyunsaturated fatty acid） which contributed approximately 11.69% of total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids are palmitic acid （C 16：0）, oleic acid （C 18： l n9c）, linoledaidic acid （C18：2n6t）, arachidic acid （C20：0）, Gamma-Linoleic acid （C18：3n6） and gadoleic acid （C20：1） which contained reasonable amounts of 9.52%, 8.06%, 6.26%, 8.33%, 6.21% and 9.05% of total fatty acids, respectively. This present study also demonstrated the presence of various amino acids in skin extract. Glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagin and alanine were found at high concentration of 8.09%, 6.95%, 5.73%, 4.74%, 4.58% respectively. The most abundance percentage of linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was found to be the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid （AA） which inducing platelet aggregation, facilitate the blood clotting process and adhesion in endothelial cells during wound healing and might be responsible for rapid tissue growth in L. dimidiatus. It can be concluded that the amino acid and fatty acid profile from the epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus contains most of the essential components required to play a possible role in its defense mechanism. Understanding the biochemical properties of L. dimidiatus epidermal mucus in defense mechanism would enable to determine how this fish protect itself from parasitic infection.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major in- dependent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definit...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major in- dependent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definite treatment for NAFLD, a specific diet and an increase in physical activity represent the most commonly used therapeutic approaches. In this review, major literature data about the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty ac- ids （n-3 PUFAs） as a potential treatment of NAFLD have been described, n-3 PUFAs, besides having a beneficial impact on most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors （hy- pertension, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis） by regulating gene transcription factors [i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） cz, PPARy, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-i, carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein], im- pacts both lipid metabolism and on insulin sensitivity. In addition to an enhancement of hepatic beta oxidation and a decrease of the endogenous lipid production, n-3 PUFAs are able to determine a significant reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules （tumor necrosis factor-~ and interleukin-6） and of oxygen reac- tive species. Further strengthening the results of the in vitro studies, both animal models and human interven- tion trials, showed a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on the severity of NAFLD as expressed by laboratory pa- rameters and imaging measurements. Despite available results provided encouraging data about the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs as a treatment of NAFLD in humans, well- designed randomized controlled trials of adequate size and duration, with histological endpoints, are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of PUFA, as well as other therapies, for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. It is worthwhile to consider that n-3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from exogenous sources （fish oil, flaxseeds, olive oil） which are typical foods of the Mediterranean diet, known for its beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes and, in turn, cardiovascular events. According to these data, it is important to consider that most of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs can also be obtained by an equilibrate nutrition program.展开更多
Ninety six pigs average weight 9.15 kg were used to study the effects of feeding diets containing multiple sources of dietary fiber （DF） on weight gain and concentration of fermentation products in the digestive tra...Ninety six pigs average weight 9.15 kg were used to study the effects of feeding diets containing multiple sources of dietary fiber （DF） on weight gain and concentration of fermentation products in the digestive tract. The experiment employed four diets and four pens diet1. Diets included a low fiber diet （LFD）, as control and three antibiotic free high-fiber diets （HFD） containing a 1：2, 1：1 or 2：1 oats：barley ratios. At the end of the 70 d feeding trial three pigs of comparable weight diefI were slaughtered. Digesta taken from the stomach, cecum and colon were used for the determination of volatile fatty acids （VFA）. Results indicated that inclusion of HFD increased （P 〈 0.05） feed intake but not weight gain. As revealed by the higher feed intake the nutritional value of HFD was approximately 88% of LFD. Also, as the amount of oats in the diet was increased, VFA concentration was also increased while isobutyrate decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Lower concentration of isobutyrate may indicate parallel reduction in other putatively toxic products of protein fermentation in the digestive tract. Thus, inclusion of multiple sources of fiber in the diet impacted feed intake and the products of gut fermentation in growing pigs.展开更多
Abstract A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids （n-3 LC-PUFA） on growth, nutritional composition and immune function of marin...Abstract A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids （n-3 LC-PUFA） on growth, nutritional composition and immune function of marine fish Sebastiscus marmoratus. Five diets containing 3.6, 10.2, 18.2, 26.5, or 37.0 g/kg n-3 LC-PUFA were prepared. The results reveal significant influences of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA on the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and condition factor. As dietary n-3 LC- PUFA increased, weight gain and specific growth rate increased and were significantly higher in groups fed 18.2, 26.5 and 37.0 g/kgthan in groups fed 3.6 and 10.2 g/kg （P〈0.05）; there was no significant difference between groups fed 18.2, 26.5, or 37.0 g/kg （P〉0.05）. With increasing dietary n-3 LC-PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexenoic acid content in muscle and liver increased significantly, immunoglobulin class M content gradually increased from 9.1 to 14.8 Ixg/L, and lysozyme activity content increased from 1 355 to 2 268 U/mL. Broken line model analysis according to weight gain indicated that a dietary n-3 LC-PUFA level of 18.2 g/kg is essential for normal growth at a fat level of 125 g/kg. Therefore, appropriate dietary n-3 LC-PUFA not only promote growth and improve the n-3 LC-PUFA content, but also enhance immune function in S. marmoratus.展开更多
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is the most common liver disorder in the United States and worldwide. Due to the rapid rise of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of NAFLD has recently dramatically increased and will continue to increase. NAFLD has also the potential to progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver failure. NAFLD is strongly linked to caloric overconsumption, physical inactivity, insulin resistance and genetic factors. Although significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been achieved in years, the primary metabolic abnormalities leading to lipid accumulation within hepatocytes has remained poorly understood. Mitochondria are critical metabolic organelles serving as "cellular power plants". Accumulating evidence indicate that hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review is focused on the significant role of mitochondria in the development of NAFLD.
文摘The epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs)by peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was studied in the presence of SO3H-functional Brnsted acidic ionic liquid (IL)[C3SO3HMIM][HSO4]as catalyst.The effects of hydrogen peroxide/ethylenic unsaturation ratio,acetic acid concentration,IL concentration,recycling of the IL catalyst,and temperature on the conversion to oxirane were studied.The kinetics and thermodynamics of unsaturated FAMEs epoxidation and the kinetics of oxirane cleavage of the epoxidized FAMEs by acetic acid were also studied.The conversion of ethylenic unsaturation group to oxirane, the reaction rate of the conversion to oxirane,and the rate of hydrolysis(oxirane cleavage)were higher by using the IL catalyst.
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of palm diacylglycerol （PDAG）-enriched formulations for bakery shortening. Three types of palm diacylglycerol olein （PDAGOL） at different degree of unsaturation （PDAGOL1V56, PDAGOLIV62 and PDAGOLIV64） were used as main raw materials blended with palm stearin （PS）. The blending compositions ranged from 30% to 70% of PDAGOLIV56/PS, PDAGOLIV62/PS and PDAGOLIV64/PS, respectively. The physicochemical properties of all binary blend systems were characterized for fatty acid composition （FAC）, slip melting point （SMP） and solid fat content （SFC）. The selected bakery shortening formulations were further characterised for polymorphic form of fat crystal and thermal behavior, using X-ray diffractometer （XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. Bakery shortening enriched with diacylglycerol that were produced from 40DS56 （40% PDAGOLIV56/60% PS）, 40DS62 （40% PDAGOL1V62/60% PS） and 40DS64 （40% PDAGOLIV64/60% PS） had 45%-50% unsaturated fatty acid and crystallized in β ＋ β polymorphs; thus they were suitable for shortening system. Based on product＇s baking performance, it could be found that all Madeira cakes prepared from bakery shortening enriched with diacylglycerol had higher specific cake volume as compared to commercial shortening （CS）. In customer acceptance test, Madeira cake made from 40DS56 shortening scored the highest rating for all sensory attributes, including overall customer acceptability. It had given an indication that 40DS56 shortening formulation was the most suitable fat blends to be used as bakery shortening.
文摘Thermodynamic functions solutions of a 25 binary systems formed n-alcohols and esters of aliphatic acids by were calculated using the standards ideal solution and ideal gas. The value change regularity of the thermodynamic functions of solutions depending on their molar mass and concentration of the solutions＇ components was determined by the thermodynamic analysis. The method of prediction of the thermodynamic properties of binary solutions was suggested on the basis of the determined regularities. The corresponding equations were obtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 40906071)National Key Technology R & D Program (No.2006BAD09A02)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (Nos.2006AA100304 and 2006AA10A411)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No. 2009-ts-07)
文摘Seasonal variation in proximate, amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated. The proximate composition, except for ash content, changed significantly among seasons （P〈0.05）. Alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and asparagic acid were the most abundant amino acids. Total amino acid and essential amino acid contents both varied clearly with seasons （P〈0.05）. 16：0 and 16：1n7 were the primary saturated fatty acid （SFA） and monounsaturated fatty acid （MUFA） respectively for all months. EPA （20：5n-3）, AA （20：4n-6） and DHA （22：6n-3） were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）. The proportions of SFA and PUFA yielded significant seasonal variations （P〈0.001）, but MUFA did not changed significantly. The results indicated that the biochemical compositions of the body wall in A. japonieus were significantly influenced by seasons and that the body wall tissue is an excellent source of protein, MUFA and n-3 PUFA for humans.
文摘TO THE EDITOR Bitter gourd （Momordica charantia）, has received widespread attention in the scientific community due to its beneficial effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and anti- inflammatory effects in laboratory studies. However, a well-defined mechanism by which this important plant food exerts its beneficial effects has not been elucidated. We present some of the latest findings on the plant＇s effects against colon cancer.
文摘Labroides dimidiatus has been proven to remove ectoparasites and monogeneans from client fishes and studies showed that they were not infected with the parasite. Due to this, there is a possibility that a defense mechanism against pathogen and parasitic invasion exist in the epidermal mucus which serves as a mechanical as well as biochemical barrier. The study was performed to identify the amino acid and fatty acid components using GC （gas chromatography） and HPLC （high performance liquid chromatography） in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus. The present study revealed 16 components of amino acid and 22 types of fatty acid in epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatzts. Linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was the most prominent PUFA （polyunsaturated fatty acid） which contributed approximately 11.69% of total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids are palmitic acid （C 16：0）, oleic acid （C 18： l n9c）, linoledaidic acid （C18：2n6t）, arachidic acid （C20：0）, Gamma-Linoleic acid （C18：3n6） and gadoleic acid （C20：1） which contained reasonable amounts of 9.52%, 8.06%, 6.26%, 8.33%, 6.21% and 9.05% of total fatty acids, respectively. This present study also demonstrated the presence of various amino acids in skin extract. Glycine, glutamine, arginine, asparagin and alanine were found at high concentration of 8.09%, 6.95%, 5.73%, 4.74%, 4.58% respectively. The most abundance percentage of linoleic acid （C18：2n6c） was found to be the metabolic precursor of arachidonic acid （AA） which inducing platelet aggregation, facilitate the blood clotting process and adhesion in endothelial cells during wound healing and might be responsible for rapid tissue growth in L. dimidiatus. It can be concluded that the amino acid and fatty acid profile from the epidermal mucus ofL. dimidiatus contains most of the essential components required to play a possible role in its defense mechanism. Understanding the biochemical properties of L. dimidiatus epidermal mucus in defense mechanism would enable to determine how this fish protect itself from parasitic infection.
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has been recognized as a major health burden. It is the most important cause of chronic liver disease and a major in- dependent cardiovascular risk factor. Lacking a definite treatment for NAFLD, a specific diet and an increase in physical activity represent the most commonly used therapeutic approaches. In this review, major literature data about the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty ac- ids （n-3 PUFAs） as a potential treatment of NAFLD have been described, n-3 PUFAs, besides having a beneficial impact on most of the cardio-metabolic risk factors （hy- pertension, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis） by regulating gene transcription factors [i.e., peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） cz, PPARy, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-i, carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein], im- pacts both lipid metabolism and on insulin sensitivity. In addition to an enhancement of hepatic beta oxidation and a decrease of the endogenous lipid production, n-3 PUFAs are able to determine a significant reduction of the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules （tumor necrosis factor-~ and interleukin-6） and of oxygen reac- tive species. Further strengthening the results of the in vitro studies, both animal models and human interven- tion trials, showed a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on the severity of NAFLD as expressed by laboratory pa- rameters and imaging measurements. Despite available results provided encouraging data about the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs as a treatment of NAFLD in humans, well- designed randomized controlled trials of adequate size and duration, with histological endpoints, are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of PUFA, as well as other therapies, for the treatment of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. It is worthwhile to consider that n-3 PUFAs cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be derived from exogenous sources （fish oil, flaxseeds, olive oil） which are typical foods of the Mediterranean diet, known for its beneficial effects in preventing obesity, diabetes and, in turn, cardiovascular events. According to these data, it is important to consider that most of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs can also be obtained by an equilibrate nutrition program.
文摘Ninety six pigs average weight 9.15 kg were used to study the effects of feeding diets containing multiple sources of dietary fiber （DF） on weight gain and concentration of fermentation products in the digestive tract. The experiment employed four diets and four pens diet1. Diets included a low fiber diet （LFD）, as control and three antibiotic free high-fiber diets （HFD） containing a 1：2, 1：1 or 2：1 oats：barley ratios. At the end of the 70 d feeding trial three pigs of comparable weight diefI were slaughtered. Digesta taken from the stomach, cecum and colon were used for the determination of volatile fatty acids （VFA）. Results indicated that inclusion of HFD increased （P 〈 0.05） feed intake but not weight gain. As revealed by the higher feed intake the nutritional value of HFD was approximately 88% of LFD. Also, as the amount of oats in the diet was increased, VFA concentration was also increased while isobutyrate decreased （P 〈 0.05）. Lower concentration of isobutyrate may indicate parallel reduction in other putatively toxic products of protein fermentation in the digestive tract. Thus, inclusion of multiple sources of fiber in the diet impacted feed intake and the products of gut fermentation in growing pigs.
基金Supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2011BAD13B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31202009)the Central Nonprofit Basic Scientific Research Project for the Scientific Research Institutes of China(No.East-2011M09)
文摘Abstract A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids （n-3 LC-PUFA） on growth, nutritional composition and immune function of marine fish Sebastiscus marmoratus. Five diets containing 3.6, 10.2, 18.2, 26.5, or 37.0 g/kg n-3 LC-PUFA were prepared. The results reveal significant influences of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA on the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and condition factor. As dietary n-3 LC- PUFA increased, weight gain and specific growth rate increased and were significantly higher in groups fed 18.2, 26.5 and 37.0 g/kgthan in groups fed 3.6 and 10.2 g/kg （P〈0.05）; there was no significant difference between groups fed 18.2, 26.5, or 37.0 g/kg （P〉0.05）. With increasing dietary n-3 LC-PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexenoic acid content in muscle and liver increased significantly, immunoglobulin class M content gradually increased from 9.1 to 14.8 Ixg/L, and lysozyme activity content increased from 1 355 to 2 268 U/mL. Broken line model analysis according to weight gain indicated that a dietary n-3 LC-PUFA level of 18.2 g/kg is essential for normal growth at a fat level of 125 g/kg. Therefore, appropriate dietary n-3 LC-PUFA not only promote growth and improve the n-3 LC-PUFA content, but also enhance immune function in S. marmoratus.
