体育课程性质辨析——兼评体质(健康)说的非课程化倾向

体育课程的性质如何定位不仅是理论认识问题,同时也是教学实践迫切需要解决的具体问题。本研究将“体育课程”纳入“课程”的范畴之中,从“文化—教育—课程教育—体育课程—新人的形成”这一逻辑关系出发,对体育课程的基本性质是“以运动文化的传承为平台,使新一代在‘文化化’的过程中成为社会所需要的新人”这一观点进行了论证。同时,针对体质(健康)说的“非课程化”倾向进行了批评。

Health-related quality of life and impact of antiviral treatment in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C in Taiwan

AIM. To evaluate health-related quality of life （HRQOL） in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C （CH-C）, and the impact of antiviral treatment. METHODS： Short Form 36 （SF-36） Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaires to interview CH-C patients, and age- and sex-matched control subjects at outpatient clinics of a medical center in Taiwan were used. Data were transformed to scores for comparisons of eight major SF-36 domains. We also enrolled consecutive CH-C patients who completed one course of antiviral treatment （interferon α with ribavirin）, and measured the HRQOL before, at the 12m wk of treatment, at the end of treatment, and at mo 6, after stopping the treatment to evaluate the impact of antiviral treatment. RESULTS： A total of 371 outpatients were enrolled, including 182 with CH-C and 189 age- and sex-matched subjects without CH-C. CH-C subjects had obviously lower educational status （P〈0.01）. Mean scores of domains in general health, physical functioning, role-physical, role-emotional, vitality, and mental health of the SF-36 were significantly lower in subjects with CH-C than those without CH-C （P〈0.05）. In an analysis of 47 CH-C patients who received and completed the whole course of antiviral treatment, mean scores of all domains were significantly lower at wk 12 of treatment compared to baseline. The scores returned to pretreatment values by the end of treatment, but were significantly increased at mo 6 after stopping the treatment. Among the 47 CH-C patients, 21 had sustained responses and 26 had nonsustained responses to antiviral treatment. Compared to pretreatment values, subjects with sustained responses had significantly lower social functioning scores at wk 12 of treatment, and scores for all SF-36 domains returned to pretreatment values, and increased significantly at mo 6 after stopping the treatment. For non-sustained virological responders, scores of all SF-36 domains significantly decreased at wk 12 of treatment, and did not increase significantly by the end of treatment, or at mo 6 after stopping the treatment when compared to the pretreatment values. CONCLUSION： HRQOL in CH-C patients is significantly impaired in most SF-36 domains. Antiviral treatment impaired HRQOL of CH-C subjects during early treatment, mainly in non-sustained virological responders, and improved at mo 6 after stopping the treatment, mainly in sustained virological responders.

A systematic review: How to choose appropriate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in routine general practice?

In more recent times, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurements have formed an important part of as- sessing the quality of routine care in general practice. For a measure to have clinical usefulness it must not only be valid, appro- priate, reliable, responsive, and capable of being interpreted, but it must also be simple, fast to complete, easy to score, and provide useful clinical data. The Two-step method of choosing appropriate measures is introduced. Then through comparison of generic instruments with disease-specific instruments, we can conclude that sometimes a combination of generic and disease-specific HRQOL measures may be more appropriate for monitoring changes in a patient’s health status due to an intervention.

Health-related quality of life evaluated by tumor node metastasis staging system in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate and evaluate the change in healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL) by tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 140 patients diagnosed with HCC between June 2008 and April 2009 in our department were enrolled to this study. One hundred and thirty-five (96.5%) patients had liver cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 73 (54.07%) of them being HBV DNA positive; the other etiologies of liver cirrhosis were alcoholic liver disease (1.4%), hepatitis C (1.4%) or cryptogenic (0.7%). All subjects were fully aware of their diagnosis and provided informed consent. HRQoL was assessed before treatment using the functional assessment of cancer therapy-hepatobiliary (FACT-Hep) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate demographics and disease-specific characteristics of the patients. One-way analysis of variance and independent samples t tests were used to compare the overall FACT-Hep scores and clinically distinct TNM stages. Scores for all FACT-Hep items were analyzed by frequency analyses. The mean scores obtained from the FACT-Hep in different Child-Pugh classes were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean FACT-Hep scores were reduced significantly from TNM StageⅠto Stage Ⅱ, Stage ⅢA, Stage ⅢB group (687 ± 39.69 vs 547 ± 42.57 vs 387 ± 51.24 vs 177 ± 71.44, P = 0.001). Regarding the physical and emotional well-being subscales, scores decreased gradually from Stage Ⅰ to Stage ⅢB (P = 0.002 vs Stage Ⅰ; P = 0.032 vs Stage Ⅱ; P = 0.033 vs Stage ⅢA). Mean FACT-Hep scores varied by Child-Pugh class, especially in the subscales of physical well-being, functional well-being and the hepatobiliary cancer (P = 0.001 vs Stage I; P = 0.036 vs Stage Ⅱ; P = 0.032 vs Stage ⅢA). For the social and family well-being subscale, only Stage ⅢB scores were significantly lower as compared with Stage Ⅰ scores (P = 0.035). For the subscales of functional well-being and hepatobiliary cancer, there were significant differences for Stages ⅡΙ, ⅢA and ⅢB (P = 0.002vs StageⅠ). CONCLUSION: HRQoL of patients with HCC worsens gradually with progression of TNM stages. The most impaired subscales of HRQoL, as measured by FACT-Hep, were physical and emotional well-being.

Results and analysis:a pilot study on quality of life of soldiers in the first response army

Objective： To explore the fundamental theory, methods and data of the quality of life （QOL） of soldiers and its influence factors in the first response army. Methods： Totally 215 soldiers in the first response army of a military area in China were inquired by using self-regulating questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF （Chinese Edition）. Resalts： WHOQOL-BREF had good acceptability, reliability and validity in the first response army. QOL of soldiers in the first response army was middling. The influencing factors of QOL of the soldiers in first army includes self-report health, different areas where the army men come from, different arms of services, whether only child in family. And the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion： WHOQOL-BREF is fit for evaluating the quality of life of soldiers in the first response army. There are differences of the quality of life among the soldiers in the first response army. So we should take appropriate measures to improve the soldiers＇ quality of life.

Physical activity and exercise in children with chronic health conditions

In the last two or three decades,physical activity(PA) has gained increasing recognition as being essential for maintaining good health and improving quality of life for all ages.Children have traditionally been active in both free play and organized sports.However,there has been a recent decline in the PA levels among children for various reasons.This lifestyle change has resulted in increased obesity accompanied by a rise in diabetes and cardiovascular risk among otherwise healthy children.These lifestyle changes have been shown to be even more a problem when the child is already affected by a chronic disease.Due to medical limitations and contraindications,much care must be taken to make certain that these children are involved in the appropriate volume and intensity of exercise.The type of activity must also be given careful consideration to avoid undue risk for the child who may have problems such as poor balance,limited strength,poor vision,or cognitive disability.Further complications are either caused or exacerbated by lack of sufficient PA.The priority beyond concern for safety should be focused on ensuring the highest quality of life possible.The purpose of this review is to examine how PA can benefit children with selected chronic health conditions.

Practical Paths towards Lowering Black Carbon Emissions

Black carbon （BC） aerosol, accounting for a minor fraction of atmospheric aerosols, is attracting increased attentio1 due to its impact on air quality, human health, and climate change. Focusing on BC emission reduction, this paper give1 a brief introduction to the sources and global distribution of BC. Along with the decrease of BC emissions from sue1 actions as the reduction of global greenhouse gases （GHGs） and regulating local air quality, it also highlights othet BC reduction approaches such as control and improvement of combustion conditions, the elimination of open biomas burning, and the sequestration of BC by biomass pyrolysis. Finally, it is stressed that at this moment there is no enougt reason to push BC reduction into any climate change related negotiations, although BC has been included in some o so-called win-win reduction targets for the quick response to both climate and non-climate appeals.

Manipulative skill competency and health-related physical fitnes in elementary school students

Background：Improving motor skill competency and enhancing health-related physical fitnes are desired learning outcomes for school-aged children.Achieving motor skill competency and a healthy level of physical fitnes lay a foundation for being a physically active person across a lifetime.The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between levels of manipulative skill competency and physical fitnes for elementary school boys and girls.Methods：In this study,565 fourth-grade students and their 9 physical education teachers were voluntary participants.The students were assessed in 4 basic specialized manipulative skills and 4 fitnes components during regular physical education lessons.Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics,univariate analyses,and multiple R2 liner regression methods.Results：Boys were more proficien at the manipulative skills than girls,while girls had significan higher percentages for meeting the healthy fitnes zone for the fitnes tests than boys.Four manipulative skills significant y predicted progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run（PACER）,push-up,and trunk lifts tests at p〈0.05 level,but not curl-up test for both boys and girls.Boys and girls in the skill-competent group significant y outperformed their counterparts in the skill-incompetent group on PACER,push-up,and trunk lifts tests at p〈0.05 level,with an exception of curl-up test.Conclusion：The more competent in manipulative skills,the higher healthy level in cardiovascular endurance,upper-body muscular strength and endurance,and fl xibility the students demonstrated.Demonstrating manipulative skill competence and maintaining a healthy level of physical fitnes are 2 major desired learning outcomes for elementary school students to be able to achieve.

Study on the Research and Application of Network Teaching Courseware in Aerobics in Colleges and Universities

Aerobics teaching in colleges and universities is the most important part of higher education, and the important means to carry out quality-oriented education and cultivate all-round developed talents. The reform of aerobics teaching in colleges and universities should be geared to the demands of the times, and explore new innovation and continual development. In this paper, using the research methods of documentation, courseware development, teaching experiment and mathematical statistics, we study on the making and application of college aerobics network teaching courseware. It is revealed that, with the combination of modem network technology and college aerobics teaching, the resulted college aerobics network teaching courseware is the important media to not only upgrades college aerobics teaching quality, but also help develop students＇ habits of doing physical exercise, and promote physical health. Therefore, this is meaningful and practical in promoting the education of college students in physical quality development.

Impact of insect-resistant GM rice on pesticide use and farmers' health in China

The economic benefits of insect-resistant genetically modified(GM) crops have been well documented, but the impact of such crops and the consequent reduction in pesticide use on farmers' health remains largely unknown. Through the analysis of the data collected from the physical examination from farmers in China, we show that GM rice significantly reduces pesticide use and the resultant not only visible but also invisible adverse effects on farmers' neurological, hematological, and electrolyte system. Hence, the commercialization of GM rice is expected to improve the health of farmers in developing countries, where pesticide application is necessary to mitigate crop loss.

A New Approach for the Health Assessment of River Systems Based on Interconnected Water System Networks

Interconnected river system networks is a national water conservancy strategy in China and focus of research. Here we discuss the classification system, material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes, various dynamic flows and ecological functions of river-lake interconnected relationships. We then propose a novel method for the health assessment of river systems based on interconnected water system networks. In a healthy river system there is ＂material and energy exchange＂ and it is the first and foremost relationship of material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes. There are unobstructed various ＂flows＂ between rivers and lakes including material flows （water, dissolved substances, sediments, organisms and contaminants）, energy flows （water levels, flow and flow velocity）, information flows （information generated with water flows, organisms and human activities） and value flows （shipping, power generation, drinking and irrigation）. Under the influences of na- ture and human activity, various flows are connected by river-lake interconnection to carry material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes to achieve river-lake interactions. The material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes become one of the approaches and the direct driving forces of changes in river-lake interconnected relationships. The benignant changes in river-lake interconnected relationship tend to be in relatively steady state and in ideal dynamic balance.

Histone Variant H3.3:A versatile H3 variant in health and in disease

Histones are the main protein components of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone variants and histone modifications modulate chromatin structure, ensuring the precise operation of cellular processes associated with genomic DNA. H3.3, an ancient and conserved H3 variant, differs from its canonical H3 counterpart by only five amino acids, yet it plays essential and specific roles in gene transcription, DNA repair and in maintaining genome integrity. Here, we review the most recent insights into the functions of histone H3.3, and the involvement of its mutant forms in human diseases.

Distributions of Sasang constitutions and six syndromes in patients with functional dyspepsia and healthy subjects

OBJECTIVE:To investigated the characteristics of patients with functional dyspepsia(FD)in terms of Sasang constitutional medicine.METHODS:A total of 116 patients with FD were recruited based on diagnosis by gastroscopy and symptomatic measurements.The distributions of Sasang constitutions and six syndromes in terms of TKM theory in the patients was compared with those from 1423 healthy subjects.RESULTS:The distribution of Sasang constitutions for the patients with FD significantly differed from that for healthy subjects,especially among women;36.7%vs 45.6%for Taeumin,28.9%vs 33.9%for Soumin,and 34.4%vs 20.4%for Soyangin.Our results assumed a high prevalence in Soyangin women(around 1.7 folds),and Soumin(45.2%),inparticular,had a high prevalence of"deficiency and coldness of spleen and stomach"compared with Taeumin(14.9%)and Soyangin types(15.7%).CONCLUSION:This study identified a trend for the frequency of FD and the Sasang constitutions.The findings may provide new ideas for the study of prevention and management of FD.