产品包装适量化的设计

从包装体量适应生活方式变化、包装结构减量设计、包装材料应对生态平衡要求及包装情感识别等非物质因素符合多层面的文化消费诉求等 4个方面进行了深入探讨,以期将适量化包装设计思维整合到包装设计程序中。

基于空间尺寸与布局特征的中小学校体量类型化解析

中小学校事关国家基础教育事业根本。中小学校具备空间类型统一、体量构成逻辑性强的特征。文章基于类型学的归纳思维,运用图解等分析方法,通过规范与案例的解读、空间尺寸的分析与整合以及整合空间的功能布局解析,最终提出了一种中小学校体量及其模式类型的构成语汇——由基本体量、连接体量与附加体量构成的中小学校体量设计体系以及由连接体量和附加体量构成的体量深化模式。根据中小学建筑空间单体及其组合的规律对建筑进行类型化解析,为该类型建筑的优化与生成式设计提供指导及参考指标。

多种BIM软件在建筑设计中的综合应用

在应用BIM技术进行建筑设计的过程中,需要多种BIM软件的配合才能实现预期的目标。文章分析了BIM软件在设计过程中的优势与缺陷,对多种BIM软件与3D建模软件在设计过程中的配合应用作出介绍,着重介绍了BIM软件在概念体量设计、参数化设计、可视化表现等方面的应用。

阿道夫·路斯住宅设计研究分析

作为20世纪伟大的建筑师之一,阿道夫·路斯的住宅建筑设计理论具有十分重要的影响力。斯坦纳住宅作为路斯早期代表作品之一,被称为第一所现代派建筑,是现代建筑一个极具影响力的典范。本文主要探索了阿道夫·路斯的“空间体量”住宅设计理论及其发展历程,并对其代表作斯坦纳住宅进行了一系列分析。

自由动感科技——株洲汽博园交易中心一体化设计探讨

承认建筑的复杂并不否定康所说的"追求简单的欲望",能深刻有力地满足人们心灵需求的简单之美,都来自内在的复杂性。有效地简化是分析事物过程的一个部分,甚至是形成复杂建筑的一种方法。在株洲汽车博览园交易中心A、B、C馆的设计过程中始终能体会到,占地近100亩场地的大体量建筑,在周边还不成熟的城市肌理中,具有绝对的统领作用,但是也最容易陷入到英雄主义的情境当中,给城市带来割裂的危险。

住宅体形系数与能耗关系的再解读

从体形系数的概念入手,分析了住宅体形系数与能耗关系的漏洞,提出了修正体形系数的概念,并通过拆分体形系数的表达式,总结了决定体形系数大小的二元影响因子,同时,基于对长三角地区313栋已建成住宅建筑的数据汇总与统计,归纳了6种基本形态的住宅原型,结合6项体量设计方案,对其进行了能耗模拟与分析,并从二元影响因子和三维形体构成层面系统解读了体形系数、住宅体量与住宅能耗的关系,明确了体形系数在住宅形体与能耗之间的媒介作用,提出了节能住宅体量设计的基本要点。

Effects of the profile of a supercavitating vehicle's front-end on supercavity generation

The authors designed three different front profiles for supercavitating vehicles based on cavity theory and the Granville streamlined equation are designed. Experiments were done using these front profiles in the Northwestern Polytechnical University high-speed water tunnel. The experiments indicated that the critical volume of gas required for supercavitation is affected by the axial distribution of the front-end＇s slope. The experimental data showed critical gas flow rates required for the three designs were less than rood-l, with the greatest decrease 24%. The experimental results also showed the supercavitation generation speeds of the models were faster than mod-1 by up to 32.4%. This verifies that the front profile of a supercaviting vehicle effects supercavity generation speed and critical gas flow rates. The smaller the changes in axial distribution of pressure, the higher the supercavity generation speed. The smaller the changes in curvature distribution of axial, the smaller the critical gas flow rates.

Ethnography of Women＇ s Perception of Their Workwear： Comparative Study between South Afi＇ica and Uganda

The study investigates women＇s perception of the workwear, and their awareness about how garment fit can affect one＇s body image. Drawing on the theory of practice, we propose an ethnographic account of women＇s perception of workwear and their preferred alternative. The study presents a comparative perspective of attitudes, and perceptions about the workwear of women in South Africa and Uganda explored through the habitus. We present pro-vocal recollections of women perceptions on the current workwear ideal for men which omits women＇ body physique. In particular, from the current personal protective equipment （PPE）, we examine ＂the overall＂ common attire at site and an integral part of the PPE. Overalls are designed following the men＇s physique, and women in work place are subjected to put them on yet, differences in body structure/shapes amongst women, namely, hour glass, bottom hourglass, spoon, and pear shape, are hardly considered. The identification of different female body shapes is made possible through the 3D anthropometric measurements using a Three Dimensional （3D） Body Scanner （TC2）. We develop endogenous explanations of what women would want to see as workwear based on the understanding of women found on site in men＇s workwear or without any work weal- in South Africa and Uganda. Using ethnographic design approach, we capture voices of 10 women from South Africa and Uganda through participant observation and unstructured interviews. We analyze data thematically to determine the patterns of their responses toward an appropriate workwear. Moreover, we （re）construct these responses into possible design models that would be ideal workwear for women, which gives them the pride, respect, dignity, and confidence as women.

Measurements and Terminology of Different Measure Methods

Body measuring is very important for garment sizing and pattern making. In this paper, we study the difference of the landmarks between the traditional method and 3D scanner and we also select the 19 circumference measurements,29 height and length measurements, 18 breadth and depth measurements and 3 other measurements, which are quite important in fashion body measuring, to compare the terminology of them in these two measuring method. 3D scanners seem better than the traditional method on these aspects, which are the number of measurements, speed,privacy and data accuracy, but they are limited on measuring posture. And there is no uniform standard for the scanners and the definitions of the measurements in the scanners are diversified.

Experimental study on convection heat transfer and air drag in sinter layer

Convection heat transfer coefficient and air pressure drop in sinter layer are important factors for the design of sinter cooling craft. Due to the lack of necessary data, the two parameters are studied by experimental method. The experimental results show that heat conduction of sinter impacts the measurement of convection heat transfer coefficient. Convection heat transfer increases with the increase of air volumetric flow rate. Sinter layer without small particles(sample I) gives higher convection heat transfer coefficient than that with small particles(sample II). Under the considered conditions, volumetric convection heat transfer coefficient is in the range of 400-1800 W/(m3·°C). Air pressure drop in sinter layer increases with the increase of normal superficial velocity, as well as with the rise of air temperature. Additionally, air pressure drop also depends on sinter particle size distribution. In considered experimental conditions, pressure drop in sinter sample II is 2-3 times that in sinter sample I, which resulted from 17% small scale particles in sinter sample II.

Geotechnical investigations and remediation design for failure of tunnel portal section： a case study in northern Turkey

Mass movements are very common problems in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey due to its climate conditions, geological, and geomorphological characteristics. High slope angle, weathering, dense rainfalls, and anthropogenic impacts are generally reported as the most important triggering factors in the region. Following the portal slope excavations in the entrance section of Cankurtaran tunnel, located in the region, where the highly weathered andesitic tuff crops out, a circular toe failure occurred. The main target of the present study is to investigate the causes and occurrence mechanism of this failure and to determine the feasible remedial measures against it using finite element method(FEM) in four stages. These stages are slope stability analyses for pre-and postexcavation cases, and remediation design assessments for slope and tunnel. The results of the FEM-SSR analyses indicated that the insufficient initial support design and weathering of the andesitic tuffs are the main factors that caused the portal failure. After installing a rock retaining wall with jet grout columns and reinforced slope benching applications, the factor of safety increased from 0.83 to 2.80. In addition toslope stability evaluation, the Rock Mass Rating(RMR), Rock Mass Quality(Q) and New Austrian Tunneling Method(NATM) systems were also utilized as empirical methods to characterize the tunnel ground and to determine the tunnel support design. The performance of the suggested empirical support design, induced stress distributions and deformations were analyzed by means of numerical modelling. Finally, it was concluded that the recommended stabilization technique was essential for the dynamic long-term stability and prevents the effects of failure. Additionally, the FEM method gives useful and reasonably reliable results in evaluating the stability of cut slopes and tunnels excavated both in continuous and discontinuous rock masses.

Office Furniture Design for Wheelchair User

There are an estimated 1.19 million wheelchair users in Spain. People use wheelchairs for a variety of reasons, the most common one is paralysis from spinal cord injuries. Current estimates indicate there are around 504,000 people alive in Spain with spinal cord injuries. Among other reasons for using wheelchairs are： fatigue from multiple sclerosis, muscle weakness from muscular dystrophy, lower limb spasticity from cerebral palsy, and missing limbs due to amputation. People who use wheelchairs may encounter a variety of obstacles at their workstations depending on their limitations. Some possible accommodations could be adjustable height desk or table for a person who cannot work comfortably at an existing desk, accessible filing system or office supplies, and frequently used materials on most accessible shelves or drawers for a person who cannot reach upper and lower shelves and drawers. This paper presents the graphical design of a workstation for wheelchair users, in this case, technical, anthropometric, ergonomic, aesthetics and scientists aspects have been analyzed. The design of composite structure conduct to explicit safety constraints applied to office furniture requirements kept continuously current and updated as part of innovation. Finally, results are showed in a three-dimensional model.

Design Principles of External Lighting for Architectural Objects

Nowadays, lighting design is the modern attractive field of professional activity. Although its theoretical and methodological bases are in the initial stage of formulation. Though there are standards for regulating illumination quantitatively, the science has never created a bridge to transfer illumination quantity into illumination quality. How to keep a day image of architectural object without imitating natural lighting？ How unrecognizably to change the image, to make it extraordinary and catchy？ This paper offers a solution in the form of external illumination designing principles. This paper proposes two conceptual ways of creating artificial lighting of buildings and constructions that pursue different goals： the principle of ＂tectonic＂ illumination and the principle of ＂decorative＂ illumination. These principles were developed based on the analysis of the state of the art experience of lighting architectural objects and author＇s empirical study. The latter contained measuring luminosity with luminance meter, processing the data, statistical survey （180 respondents） and lighting modeling in the laboratory of Moscow Architectural Institute.

Influences of cavity leakage on the design of low flow coefficient centrifugal impeller

The low flow coefficient centrifugal impeller(LFCCI)gives a relatively low efficiency and a special treatment is required for the design of this kind of impeller.This paper investigates the influences of cavity leakage on the performance prediction and design of LFCCI based on Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)techniques.The results show that,the reduction in the effi-ciency of impeller due to the introduction of cavity leakage varies with the blade shape of impeller in a wide range since there is a strong and complex interaction of main flow and leakage flow in the LFCCI.To get a credible optimization result,the backside and foreside cavities should be considered in the CFD-based design of LFCCI.

Constructal design for a steam generator based on entransy dissipation extremum principle

Steam generator is optimized by applying entransy dissipation extremum principle and constructal theory and adopting analyti-cal method.The obtained results show that the optimal spacing between adjacent tubes,the mass flow rate of gas and the maximum entransy dissipation rate all depend on the dimensionless diameter of one tube,the dimensionless pressure difference number and the dimensionless length of flow channel of gas.Besides the three dimensionless groups,the optimal numbers of riser tubes and downcomer tubes and their summation all depend on the dimensionless height of one tube.The maximum entransy dissipation rate increases as the pressure difference that drives the gas flowing increases,and as the diameter of one tube and the length of flow channel both decrease.The mean heat flux in the heat transfer process of hot gas grows greatly,and the performance of the system is improved.Compared with the optimal construct with heat transfer rate maximization,the optimal construct with entransy dissipation rate maximization can improved the heat transfer effect of the steam generator more.

Design and optimization of low-energy transfer orbit to Mars with multi-body environment

This paper discusses the problem of design and optimization of low-energy transfer orbit with multi-body environment. A new integrative method is proposed to effectively solve the problem, in which the parameterized patched manifolds in CR3BP(circular restricted three-body problems), the shape-based method with multi-body environment, the homotopic method with multi-body environment, and the low-thrust capturing and descending algorithm with multi-body environment are all included. Firstly, the parameters describing the patched manifolds in CR3 BP are optimized until the least total absolute velocity increment has been got, including the employment of the shape-based method with multi-body environment. Secondly, the low-thrust control laws of the transfer orbit are optimized employing the homotopic method with multi-body environment that transfers the fuel optimization problem to an easier energy optimization problem. Thirdly, the low-thrust descending orbit around Mars is computed using the laws proposed in this paper. As a typical example, the Earth-Mars transfer orbit design is discussed. The results showed that the parameters describing the patched manifolds could be optimized by the DE(differential evolution) algorithm effectively; the homotopic method with multi-body environment could get the optimal value that meets the first order optimality conditions; and the low-thrust descending orbit could effectively be captured by Mars and finally become a circular parking orbit around it by the hypothesis control laws proposed in this paper. It shows that the final fuel cost is much less than the optimal transfer in the patched two-body problems. In conclusion, the method proposed in this paper could effectively solve the low-energy low-thrust optimal control problem in multi-body environment for the future deep space explorations.

LUT:A Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope

The Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope （LUT） is a funded lunar-based ultraviolet telescope dedicated to continuously monitor- ing variable stars for as long as dozens of days and performing low Galactic latitude sky surveys. The slow and smooth spin of the Moon makes its step by step pointing strategy possible. A flat mirror mounted on a gimbal mount is configured to enlarge the sky coverage of the LUT. A Ritehey-Chretien telescope with a Nasmyth focus configuration is adopted to reduce the total length of the system. A UV enhanced back illuminated AIMO CCD 47-20 chip together with the low noise electric design will minimize the instrumental influence on the system. The preliminary proposal for astrometric calibration and photometric cali- bration are also presented.

Performance Analyses for a Cyclone Type Filter

Flow characteristics inside a cyclone filter were investigated by the use of computational fluid dynamics(CFD). For computations, SST model was adopted. Parametric study was carried out considering the filtering performance. Revolution speeds were changed from 100 to 550 with 50 increments. A skirt is the driving source for cyclone operation. The influence of several design factors, such as the skirt length, the skirt gap and the return length to filtering performance was investigated under the particle diameter 100μm of debris material(Al, s.g.=2.7). The filtering performance was also investigated with the skirt length 28 mm changing the debris diameters from 1μm to 50μm. The flow rate of the working fluid was maintained at 0.55kg/s. It has been verified that the most influential factors to the filtering efficiencies was the skirt gap between the cyclone generator and the cyclone vessel.