浅析诺齐克“体验机”思想实验对享乐主义的反对

从古到今,哲学家们从没放弃对“善”的把握。究竟什么是好的?什么是不好的?享乐主义是一种比较经典的回答。直觉上,我们确实是趋乐避苦的。有许多哲学家则认为享乐主义是站不住脚的。价值的多元论者对享乐主义做出过各种形式地批判。本文旨在阐明诺齐克的“体验机”思想实验反对享乐主义的思路,并对近期几种对“体验机”的反驳进行梳理,进一步探讨“体验机”对于享乐主义的反对的局限性。

从体验机到元宇宙:虚拟生活具有道德价值吗?

若将罗伯特·诺奇克的体验机思想实验运用于元宇宙,则会否认虚拟生活的道德价值。迈克尔·拉博西埃批评了诺奇克反对体验机的论证,而诺奇克对元宇宙的反对又招致了大卫·查默斯的批评。体验机的“非同一性假设”受到元宇宙的“模拟假说”的挑战,这一核心假设上的重要差异表明了虚拟生活符合道德生活的实在性原则、整体性原则、渐进性原则和语义学原则,因此,有理由认为元宇宙虚拟生活具有道德价值。此外,元宇宙无法取代现实世界:尽管虚拟生活可能有道德价值,但在技术上和经济成本上仍有局限性。

多模态人机数据驱动的值机体验服务设计

针对民航服务流程冗杂、体验不佳的问题,围绕值机体验,提出一种多模态人机数据驱动的服务设计方法。基于实地调研对民航体验的全流程进行了初探,对值机体验的起止节点进行了界定,对相关服务触点进行了梳理。依据服务触点设计脚本任务,组织实施人机交互实验,提出基于多模态人机数据的服务设计层次分析框架及评判体系。在脚本任务层,构建“眼动—心率变异性—行为”数据的综合评估模型,以快速判断设计的合理性。在触点层,进一步整合分析相关人机数据,挖掘用户需求,识别待改进的服务触点,进行精细化设计。以南京禄口机场为对象进行了实例研究,结果表明该方法可有效应用于民航值机体验服务的设计优化。

Gas desorption characteristics of the high-rank intact coal and fractured coal

The objective of this work is to study the gas desorption characteristics of the high-rank intact coal and fractured coal.The gas adsorption,mercury porosimetry and gas desorption experiments were carried out in this study.Then,the theories of thermodynamics,diffusion mechanism and desorption kinetics were used to estimate the gas desorption characteristics.The results of gas adsorption experiments show that the initial isosteric adsorption heat of the intact coal is greater than that of the fractured coal,indicating that the gas molecules desorb more easily from fractured coal than intact coal.Using the mercury porosimetry,we find that the diffusion channels of fractured coal are more developed than those of intact coal.The difficult diffusion form dominates in the intact coal during the gas diffusing,while the easy diffusion form dominates in the fractured coal.The results of gas desorption experiments show that the initial gas desorption volume and velocity of the fractured coal are both greater than those of the intact coal.Using the Fick diffusion law,the study calculates the gas diffusion coefficients of the intact coal and fractured coal.The diffusion coefficients of the fractured coal are 2 times and 10 times greater than those of the intact coal at the time of 0-120 and 0-10 min,respectively.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of patients with depression

Objective： To investigate the effects of sleep electroencephalogram-modulated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （SEM-rTMS） and conventional rTMS （C-rTMS） on the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis in patients with depression. Methods： In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 164 patients diagnosed with depression were randomized to treatment with SEM-rTMS （n=57）, C-rTMS （n=55） or sham rTMS （n=52） for 30 rain every day for 10 d. Before and after treatment plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） and cortisol （CORT） were measured, and the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale （HAMD-24） was used for assessment. Results： The HAMD-24 scores and plasma ACTH and CORT concentrations of these depressive patients before treatment were significantly different from those of the normal control group （P〈0.05）. The HAMD-24 scores and plasma ACTH and CORT concentrations in the SEM-rTMS group and conventional rTMS group were decreased significantly （P〈0.05）. There was a significant positive correlation between the HAMD-24 scores and plasma ACTH （n=240, r=0.105, P=0.048） and CORT concentrations （n-240, r=0.126, P=0.023） in the patients with depression before and after treatment. Conclusion： The antidepressant effect of rTMS, including SEM-rTMS, may be related to its decreasing HPA axis activity. （This trail was registered. No： ChiCTR-TRC-00000465）

A randomized open-label trial of on-demand rabeprazole vs ranitidine for patients with non-erosive reflux disease

AIM： To compare the efficacy of the proton-pump inhibitor, rabeprazole, with that of the H2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine, as on-demand therapy for relieving symptoms associated with non-erosive reflux disease （NEED）.METHODS： This is a single center, prospective, randomized, open-label trial of on-demand therapy with rabeprazole （group A） vs ranitidine （group B） for 4 wk. Eighty-three patients who presented to the American University of Beirut Medical Center with persistent gas- troesophageal reflux disease （GERD） symptoms and a normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were eligible for the study. Patients in group A （n = 44） were al-lowed a maximum rabeprazole dose of 20 mg twice daily, while those in group B （n = 39） were allowed a maximum ranitidine dose of 300 mg twice daily. Ef- ficacy was assessed by patient evaluation of global symptom relief, scores of the SF-36 quality of life （QoL） questionnaires, total number of pills used, and number of medication-free days.RESULTS： Among the 83 patients who were enrolled in the study, 76 patients （40 in the rabeprazole group and 36 in the ranitidine group） completed the 4-wk trial. Baseline characteristics were comparable between both groups. After 4 wk, there was no significant difference in the subjective global symptom relief between the rabeprazole and the ranitidine groups （71.4% vs 65.4%, respectively; P = 0.9）. There were no statistically significant differences between mean cumulative scores of the SF-36 QoL questionnaire for the two study groups （rabeprazole 22.40±27.53 vs ranitidine 17.28 ± 37.06; P = 0.582）. There was no significant difference in the mean number of pills used （rabeprazole 35.70±29.75 vs ranitidine 32.86±26.98; P = 0.66）. There was also no statistically significant difference in the mean number of medication-free days between both groups.CONCLUSION： Rabeprazole has a comparable efficacy compared to ranitidine when given on-demand for the treatment of NERD. Both medications were associated with improved quality of life.

Experimental and simulation study of nylon 6 solid–liquid extraction process

The solid–liquid extraction process of nylon 6 to eliminate small molecules, i.e., caprolactam(CL), cyclic dimers(CD) and cyclic trimers(CT), is investigated in detail by both batch extraction experiments and numerical simulations. In the batch extraction experiments, due to the small molecules attaching to the polymeric surface, the basic physical mechanism shifts from surface diffusion to internal diffusion as the extraction proceeded. The experimental data are well reproduced by a diffusion model consisting of two distinct steps, characterized as surface diffusion and internal diffusion. Furthermore, based on the established mass transfer mechanism and diffusion model of the two distinct steps, the equilibrium constants and internal diffusion coefficients of CL, CD and CT are acquired. An industrial countercurrent extraction tower is further simulated. It is found that the extraction efficiency of CL can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature at the bottom portion of the tower. The elimination of CD, which can be greatly promoted by a high-concentration CL-water solution, is controlled by mass transfer resistance, whereas the removal of CL is mainly affected by the equilibrium.

Phage displaying peptides mimic schistosoma antigenic epitopes selected by rat natural antibodies and protective immunity induced by their immunization in mice

AIM: To obtain the short peptides mimic antigenic epitopes selected by rat natural antibodies to schistosomes, and to explore their immunoprotection against schistosomiasis in mice.METHODS: Adults worm antigens (AWA) were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked transferred immunoblotting methods with normal SD rat sera (NRS). The killing effects on schistosomula with fresh and heat-inactivated sera from SD rats were observed. Then the purified IgG from sera of SD rats was used to biopan a phage random peptide library and 20 randomly selected positive clones were detected by ELISA and 2 of them were sequenced.Sixty female mice were immunized thrice with positive phage clones (0, 2nd, 4th wk). Each mouse was challenged with 40 cercariae, and all mice were killed 42 d after challenge. The worms and the liver eggs were counted. RESULTS: NRS could specifically react to the molecules of 75 000, 47 000, 34 500 and 23 000 of AWA. Sera from SD rats showed that the mortality rate of schistosomula was 76.2%, and when the sera were heat-inactivated in vitro, the mortality rate was decreased to 41.0% after being cultured for 48 h. The specific phages bound to IgG were enriched about 300-folds after three rounds of biopanning. Twenty clones were detected by ELISA, 19 of them bound to the specific IgG of rat sera. Immunization with these epitopes was carried out in mice. Compared with the control groups, the mixture of two mimic peptides could induce 34.9% (P = 0.000) worm reduction and 67.6% (P = 0.000) total liver egg reduction in mice. Two different mimic peptides could respectively induce 31.0% (P = 0.001), 14.5% (P = 0.074) worm reduction and 61.2% (P = 0.000), 35.7% (P = 0.000) total liver egg reduction. The specific antibody could be induced by immunization of the mimic peptides, and the antibody titer in immunized mice reached more than 1:6 400 as detected by ELISA.CONCLUSION: Specific peptides mimic antigenic molecules can be obtained by biopanning the phage random peptide library and a partially protective immunity against schistosome infection can be stimulated by these phage epitopes in mice.

Pulse Electromagnetic Effect on Metal Melts

The aim of the work was the study of the effect of NEMP （nanosecond electromagnetic pulses） on steel properties. Steel treatment was performed under the workshop conditions. The mechanical properties and the microstructure of the experimental samples and samples prepared by usual way were analyzed. The treatment of metal melt with nanosecond electromagnetic pulses at the crystallization stage makes it possible to change mechanical properties of metal and its structure.

Population Ageing,Financial Leverage and Systemic Risk

Population ageing and high financial leverage are two common problems .faced by the worM＇s major economies. The recent financial crisis proved that the two issues could lead to systemic risk if not handled properly. Based on dynamic panel data from 1980 to 2012 in 119 countries, this paper examines the impact of population ageing on financial leverage J？om an empirical point of view and finds that there is a signOqcant inverted U-shape relationship between the two. In addition, empirical studies show that after passing the ＂turning point＂ of ageing, there will be a marked increase in the probability of financial crisis during the ＂deleveraging＂ process. It can be projected from the empirical conclusions of this paper that China will likely enter the range of a turning point between 2019 and 2028. After that, population ageing, deleveraging and asset price collapse may have a ＂resonance＂ effect to severely impact the stability of the financial system. Therefore, China should shift to more proactive macro financial regulations as quickly as possible, as dynamic and robust management of financial leverage and forward-looking control of bubbles could ensure that the financial system remain flexible enough to avoid systemic risk to the greatest extent.

An Intelligent System for Analysing Manas Prakrti in Human Resource Management

Human resource management is said to be the importance of spiritual, ethical, and human values that condition human behaviour. The immediate problem that it poses for a full understanding of human functioning is that the inner subjective experiences of consciousness based on human resource management. Ayurveda occupies the heights of human psychological accomplishment and could usefully call upon the insights of any of these sources to aid in addressing the problematic nature of modern-day businesses and have significant bearing on human behaviour. Manas prakrti in Ayuverda contributes to the study of personality. Tamas-Rajas-Sattva temperamental groups give rise to the framework of Space-Time-Causation when evolution starts in association with Consciousness Principle in manas prakrti. In this paper I present a methodology to analyze Temperamental groups that are found in manas prakrti by using an intelligent system. This will guide understand, instrumental values, operating values, and weak values of employees in human resource management.

A quantification of the treadmill 6-min walk test using the My Wellness Key^(TM) accelerometer

Background： Accelerometers have been suggested to provide additional information during the 6-min walk test which may be useful in evaluating changes in functional exercise capacity. The aim of the study was to identify whether the additional information measured by the My Wellness Key^TM（MWK） accelerometer during a treadmill 6-min walk test（t-6MWT） was related to currently used outcome measures.Methods： Fifteen participants（9 males, 6 females） performed a self-paced t-6MWT. Respiratory gas analysis and walking distance were measured whilst wearing the MWK.Results： A significant correlation was established between activity counts and 6-min walk distance（6MWD）（r=-0.847, p 〈 0.001） yet not 6-min walk work（6MWW）（r=-0.337, p=0.220）. Energy expenditure estimated by the MWK was strongly correlated to 6MWW（r=0.938, p 〈 0.001）but not 6MWD（r=0.477, p=0.072）. The MWK significantly underestimated energy expenditure（36.73, CI=33.9-39.7 kcal） compared to gas analysis（54.35, CI=46.2-61.4 kcal） demonstrating poor agreement between the two analyses（Bias=-17.61 kcal, Limits of agreement=-37.4,t2.2 kcal）. Measurement of time spent undertaking light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity was not significantly different（ p 〉 0.05）between the MWK and gas analysis.Conclusion： Estimated energy expenditure provided by the MWK was strongly correlated to 6MWW; however, MWK underestimated energy expenditure as measured by gas analysis. The MWK may provide outcome data that supplement those currently provided by the 6MWD for functional capacity assessment during the t-6MWT.

Animal Experiment Study on Antitumor Effect of Matrine Liposome

Objective： To study the antitumor effect of matrine liposome in mice. Methods： The mice were selected as the research object, and SPSS （statistic package for social science）, matrine and matrine liposome were used for grouping. The antitumor effects of EAC, S 180 and H22 were evaluated by tumor weight, thymus weight and spleen weight. Results： The inhibitory effect of matrine liposome on EAC, S180 and H22 in mice was significantly higher than matrine, P 〈 0.05, which had statistical significance. Conclusion： Matrine liposome can effectively enhance the anti-tumor effect and improve the immunity of animals, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

The experimental study on combustion characteristics and emissions of a CMM fueled engine

In this paper, an experimental study on combustion characteristics and emissions of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with coal-mine methane （CMM） is investigated under various loads. CMM is simulated by the compressed nature gas（ CNG）/nitrogen blend fuels. Based on experiment results, it is shown that under 0% - 35% nitrogen volume fraction in CNG/nitrogen blends, the maximum cylinder pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise and the rate of heat release decrease, the flame propagation period increases, the center of heat release curve is closed to the top dead centre （TDC）markedly with the increase of nitrogen volume fraction. Meanwhile, the hydrocarbon （HC）, CO emissions increase, the NOx emission decreases apparently with the increase of nitrogen volume fraction.

Application of ICT in Art Education： A Case Study of HIFA

This paper intends to expound the application of information and communication technology （ICT） in art education, making a case of study of Hubei Institute of Fine Arts （HIFA）. Despite financial pressure, HIFA has invested heavily in the infi＇aslructure. The classrooms at HIFA can be roughly divided into three kinds： studios, multimedia classrooms and computer labs with reference to ICT. There are three general approaches to the instructional use of the technology at HIFA, namely： learning about computers and the Intemet; learning with computers and the Intemet and learning through computers and the Internet. The utilization oflCT has shaped the art education model of HIFA considerably and has brought about a lot of changes and benefits to the faculty and students. However, its disadvantage may overweigh the advantage unless it is properly harnessed.

3 m Twin-Segment Solid Rocket Engine Tested Successfully

On August 2,a twin-segment solid rocket motor of the largest diameter,grain mass and thrust in China completed its ground test firing with success.The3 m solid motor was independently developed by the Academy of Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology（AASPT）under CASC.

虚拟世界是没有价值的吗?

近期有研究者指出,根据诺齐克"体验机"思想实验,虚拟世界是没有价值的。因为根据传统解释,体验机生成的世界不是实在的。然而该结论缺乏正当性。首先,最新经验研究发现,许多人拒绝接入体验机这件事与虚拟世界的实在性几乎毫无关系,真正导致该结果出现的是"安于现状"的心理偏误。其次,即便价值的确由实在性决定,我们也可以通过查尔莫斯的虚拟数字主义主张虚拟对象的实在性,并由此推知虚拟对象也是有价值的。最后,即使虚拟数字主义被推翻,我们也可以通过沃尔顿的虚构理论说明,由于虚拟世界与实在世界一样具有交互性和客观性,因此诺齐克没有充分的理由说明虚拟世界是没有价值的。

Paying less but harvesting more:the effect of unconscious acceptance in regulating frustrating emotion

Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation may occur unconsciously, without the cost of cognitive effort, while conscious acceptance may enhance negative experiences despite having potential long-term health benefits. Thus, it is important to overcome this weakness to boost the efficacy of the acceptance strategy in negative emotion regulation. As unconscious regulation occurs with little cost of cognitive resources, the current study hypothesizes that unconscious acceptance regulates the emotional consequence of negative events more effectively than does conscious acceptance. Subjects were randomly assigned to conscious acceptance, unconscious acceptance and no-regulation conditions. A frustrating arithmetic task was used to induce negative emotion. Emotional experiences were assessed on the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale while emotion-related physiological activation was assessed by heart-rate reactivity. Results showed that conscious acceptance had a significant negative affective consequence, which was absent during unconscious acceptance. That is, unconscious acceptance was linked with little reduction of positive affect during the experience of frustration, while this reduction was prominent in the control and conscious acceptance groups. Instructed, conscious acceptance resulted in a greater reduction of positive affect than found for the control group. In addition, both conscious and unconscious acceptance strategies significantly decreased emotion-related heart-rate activity(to a similar extent) in comparison with the control condition. Moreover, heart-rate reactivity was positively correlated with negative affect and negatively correlated with positive affect during the frustration phase relative to the baseline phase, in both the control and unconscious acceptance groups. Thus, unconscious acceptance not only reduces emotion-related physiological activity but also better protects mood stability compared with conscious acceptance. This suggests that the clinical practice of acceptance therapy may need to consider using the unconscious priming of an accepting attitude, instead of intentionally instructing people to implement such a strategy, to boost the efficacy of acceptance in emotion regulation.

Effects of Chinese herbs combined with in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation on infertility:a clinical randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE： To assess the effects of using Chinese herbs in assisted reproductive technology. METHODS： Four hundred and thirty-three subjects aged less than 42 years with infertility due to Fallo- pian tube or male-related factors who were willing to undertake in vitro fertilization and embryo trans- plantation were randomly allocated to a Chinese herb intervention group （n=216） or a conventional treatment control group （n=217）. All subjects re- ceived one of four routine ultra-ovulation-promot- ing therapies at the Reproductive Center in the Third Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University ac- cording to their physician＇s assessments. The sub- jects in the intervention group received various Chi- nese herbs depending on their conventional treat- ment. Endometrial thickness, number of acquired eggs, and rates of normal fertility, high-quality em- bryos, biochemical and clinical pregnancy of sub- jects were assessed in both groups.RESULTS： The high-quality embryo rate of 51.9%, biochemical pregnancy rate of 51.0%, clinical preg- nancy rate of 44.2% and endometrial thickness of （10.84± 1.75） mm in the intervention group were all significantly higher than those in the control group [48.7%, 38.9%, 34.8%, and （10.52±1.50） mm, respec- tively; P〈O.05]. The normal fertility rate of 58.5% in the Chinese herb group was also significantly supe- rior to the 54.7% achieved in the control group （P〈 0.01）. There were no statistically significant differ- ences （P〉0.05） in the average number of acquired eggs within a single cycle, incidence of excessive stimulation of ovary, rates of embryo transplanta- tion or early abortion and birth of living babies be- tween the two groups. CONCLUSION： Our findings indicate that Chinese herbs increase endometrial thickness, improve the quality of fertility and embryo, and promote embry- onic nidation, thus enhancing the success rate of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injec- tion-embryo transplantation cycle. Using Chinese herbs improves the outcomes and safety of assist- ed reproductive technologies.

Value and Heterogeneity: Using a Choice Experiment to Evaluate the Coastal Recreational Environment

The management of the coastal park environment is a major ecological and economic development issue. In developing effective policies, relevant information is essential, especially the economic valuation of various recreation-related environmental attributes. This study used Dalian coastal parks as a pilot study area and estimated the willingness to pay(WTP) of tourists using three different discrete choice models. In this study, we analyzed the preference heterogeneity among the respondents regarding a combination of park attributes, and the individual respondent’s WTP values were estimated for each attribute. The results indicate that water quality amelioration and trash reduction had the highest economic values among the given attribute factors. In addition, the estimated tourist WTP varied considerably among different segments, such as among the visitors who preferred different recreational activities. These findings provide valuable information that will allow coastal park managers to develop policies which maintain a balance between tourism development and improvement of the coastal environment.