九华地藏信仰起源之佛典“钩锁骨鸣”

九华山金地藏信仰中,费冠卿所说"经云:菩萨钩锁、百骸呜矣"其实有着深厚的经典依据,但长期以来未深入探考。实际上佛典中对从凡夫到至诸象狮及十住菩萨与佛的骨骸结构与力量大小有一套说法,亦说骨骸声鸣能反映其五趣六道所在。这些经典说法对灵验故事僧俗传记都产生了影响,在金地藏信仰中也起到重要作用。

Effect of Vacuum Cooling on Shelf Life of Organic Chayote Shoot （Sechium edule Sm.）

The effect of vacuum cooling on shelf life of organic chayote was investigated. Vacuum cooling processes of organic chayote shoot packed in perforated polyethylene package using different vacuum pressure reserving operation modes were experimented. The holding final pressures for vacuum-cooled organic cilantro packed in holed polyethylene bags were set at two different levels, namely at 10 and 11 millibar. The pressures were experimented with 3 levels of reserving time of 3, 4 and 5 minutes. The weight loss percentage of chayote shoot during precooling to the temperature of 8 ~ 1 ~C using reserving pressure of 10 milibars for 3, 4, and 5 minutes were 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, respectively. For the weight loss percentage during precooling using reserving pressure of 11 milibars for 3, 4, and 5 minutes were 0.4, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively. The optimum parameter for vacuum cooling process of organic chayote shoot at the initial temperature of 19-23 ℃to 8 ±1 ℃was the reserving pressure of 11 mbar with reserving time of 5 minutes. The precooled organic chayote shoot was then stored at 8 ℃ for quality analysis. The results showed that vacuum cooling had no effect on the change of color, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll. However, precooled organic chayote shoots showed better appearance than non-precooled vegetables. Vacuum cooling can reduce weight loss percentage. The amount of total soluble solids in organic chayote shoots increased with storage time. Precooled organic chayote shoot had longer shelf life of 8 days compared to normal storage life of 5 days.

Strain rate effects on sand and its quantitative analysis

Strain rate effects on the stress-strain behavior of sand were investigated by performing special plane strain and triaxial compression tests on saturated and air-dried sand specimens. In these tests, the loading strain rate was changed many times by a factor of up to 1 000 during otherwise monotonous loading at a constant axial strain rate. Test results show that the stress jump upon a stepwise change in the strain rate decays with an increase in the irreversible strain when monotonous loading continues at the changed strain rate and the amount of stress jump is essentially proportional to the instantaneous stress. Based on the amount of these stress jumps, a parameter fl called the rate-sensitivity coefficient is introduced to represent the quantity of the observed viscous properties of sand, which equals 0.021 3 and 0.024 2 respectively for Hostun and Toyoura sands. Further analyses on the results indicate that the effect of the presence of pore water is deemed to be negligible with sand and the fl value is rather independent of loading method, wet condition and confining pressure.

The Raid of the ＂Plus Ultra＂. The First Aerial Crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean

When World War I ended in 1918 the aviators wanting to fly higher and further and they started a raced in which everyone wanted to be first. The Spanish pilots were initially excluded by the Moroccan War, which demanded all available air forces be used to put an end to the conflict. Motivated by the successes of The Alhucemas amphibious landing, one of best Spanish aviators, Major Ramon Franco presented to the Government in 1925 a project to undertake a flight to Argentina across the South Atlantic Ocean in a DornierJ Wal seaplane. In the memorandum, Franco said： The Spain-Argentina flight would be a worthwhile trial and verification of air navigation. It would also serve to let the entire world know of the merits of our Aviation and allow us to occupy the aeronautical place that belongs to us in aeronautics. It would also help us strengthen our ties with our brothers at the other side of the ocean. The DornierJ Walwas named ＂Plus Ultra＂ referring to the Discovery of America. The route should be Palos de la Frontera-Las Palmas de Gran Canaria-Cape Verde islands-Fernando Noronha island-Pernambuco-Rio de Janeiro-Montevideo and Buenos Aires. Franco reasoned that the best time of year to make the flight was from December to April. The raid started in the city Palos de la Frontera on 22 January 1926 and ended in Buenos Aires on February 9, after flying 10,825 kilometers in 59 hours and 48 minutes.

Comparative study of static and dynamic parameters of rock for the Xishan Rock Cliff Statue

Ultrasonic wave testing was applied to investigate the quality and weathering status of rock specimens obtained in two borings situated in the Xishan Buddha rock slope in Taiyuan, China. This paper pays special attention to the distribution of bulk density, dynamic parameters and static parameters of rock specimens as well as the relationship between static and dynamic parameters. The results illustrate that the distribution of both parameters is identical along the depth of two drilled holes in the rock slope. When the hole depth increases, the density of rock mass, saturated compression strength and static elastic modulus, dynamic elastic modulus and wave velocity also show increase tendency. The weathering degree in the rock mass ranging from the surface of cliff to the depth of 2.5 m is the highest while the rock mass is unsalted and more rigid when the depth is larger than 3.0 m. The relationship between dynamic elastic modulus, sonic wave velocity and horizontal depth indicates that dynamic elastic modulus is more sensitive than sonic wave velocity. Conversely, by comparing quantity relationship between static elastic modulus and sonic wave velocity, it is found that the composition of rock has a great influence on the relationship between static and dynamic parameters, that is, inequality of rock composition will lead to dispersion and abnormality of the distribution of static and dynamic parameters.