某铁路局机务段作业场所柴油机废气颗粒物污染状况调查

目的 了解机务段不同作业场所中柴油机废气的污染水平 ,测定柴油机废气的总颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物浓度及分散度。方法 用滤膜重量法、格林氏沉降法对作业场所的柴油机废气颗粒物 (DEP)的浓度及分散度进行测定。结果 DEP总颗粒物平均浓度以东风 4D型机车空载状态下最高 ,为 1 5mg/m3 ,其次为东方红 3型机车空载状态 ,浓度为 1 3mg/m3 ;DEP可吸入性颗粒物平均浓度以停车场机车启动后最高 ,为 1 0mg/m3 ,其次为新库班中 ,浓度为 0 5mg/m3 ;分散度测定显示 ,DEP以粒径 <5 μm的为主。结论 柴油机类型、运行状态、作业环境大小及有无通风设施是影响作业场所DEP浓度的主要因素 ;DEP中以可吸入性颗粒物为主。

基于sEMG的拉物行走作业肌肉疲劳发展机理研究

目的为了解拉物行走作业肌肉疲劳发展特征,避免肌肉疲劳累积,降低工作相关肌肉骨骼损伤(WMSDs)风险。方法设计并组织拉物行走试验,招募6名大学男生进行试验,测量2 km/h、30和40 kg负荷以及5 min作业时长下的肌力值和肱二头肌以及肱三头肌的肌肉活动特征,然后运用统计学方法分析负荷对肌力的影响并分析不同负荷下2个肌群的均方根值(RMS)和中位频率(MF)。结果负荷对肌力影响不显著;但40 kg负荷下作业时长显著小于30 kg;拉物行走作业姿势下,2个肌群肌肉疲劳均明显,40 kg负荷下2个肌群肌肉疲劳发展速度均大于30kg,且作业过程中肱二头肌需要募集更多运动单位参与、肌肉疲劳发展速度更快。结论负荷显著影响拉物作业肌肉疲劳发展,应该注意此类作业肱二头肌和肱三头肌肌肉疲劳累积问题。

任务空间内旋翼飞行机器人目标物作业控制

旋翼飞行机器人是在多旋翼飞行器上加装机械臂的新型空中机器人系统。针对其与外界环境的交互作业,提出了一种抗干扰任务空间目标物作业控制策略。首先,在广义坐标系下推导出旋翼飞行机器人的运动学模型与动力学模型,明确了系统的输入输出关系;其次,将整个系统分为位置、姿态和机械臂3个控制环,并采用线性自抗扰控制算法设计了抗干扰控制器,在控制算法中,将线性扩张观测器和PD控制律分别用来估计与补偿集总干扰;进而,分析了所设计控制算法的稳定性以及对控制器参数进行了整定;最后,搭建了实验系统对目标物抓取作业控制进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,所提控制算法抗干扰能力强、响应速度快,能够有效保持旋翼飞行机器人作业时的位姿稳定。

间歇拉物行走作业条件下拉力降幅特征分析

目的为了解间歇拉物行走作业条件下拉力降幅特征,避免肌肉疲劳累积,降低工作相关肌肉骨骼损伤(WMSDs)风险,设计并组织间歇拉物行走试验。方法招募8名大学男生和11名大学女生进行试验,测量工休比为1,30 kg和40 kg 2种负荷、1 km/h和2 km/h 2种行走速度条件下的拉力值和主观疲劳评分(RPE),然后运用统计学方法分析性别、负荷以及行走速度对拉力值、拉力降幅、相对拉力降幅和RPE的影响。结果性别显著影响拉力降幅,40 kg负荷下拉力降幅更快,速度对拉力降幅影响不显著,不同负荷间RPE差异显著,但不同性别和速度间RPE差异不显著。结论间歇拉物行走作业条件下,男女拉力差异显著且男性抗疲劳能力更强,负荷显著影响拉力降幅,但速度影响不显著,拉物行走作业中行走速度2m/s优于1m/s。

Overview on Soil Compaction and Sugar Beet Growth

With the advancement of agricultural mechanization,soil compaction has become a serious environmental problem.Soil compaction can increase soil bulk density and firmness,reduce porosity and permeability,and deteriorate soil structure,ultimately inhibit sugar beet growth and reduce both root yield and sugar content.However,few farmers recognize the link between soil compaction and these adverse effects.Soil compaction has a cumulative effect,with significant differences observed in the vertical range of compaction accumulation.The most significant soil compaction occurs in the topsoil of 0-10 cm,and the influence depth can reach 70 cm,but it is small in deep soil,and the inflection point is at a soil depth of 10 cm.The degree of soil compaction is related to soil type,water content,tractor shaft load,tyre type,tyre pressure and operation speed,etc.Therefore,in the production process of sugar beet,it is advisable to avoid high-humidity operations,use low pressure tyres,reduce the number of tractor-units passes over the farmland,and implement agricultural and agronomic measures to minimize soil compaction.These practices will help protect the soil environment and ensure sustainable production of sugar beets.

宁陵县用直升机作业统防统治小麦病虫害

5月3日，河南省宁陵县利用农用直升机作业60多架次，在小麦高产示范方免费为农民进行药物喷洒作业，对小麦病虫害进行一喷三防。由于天气异常的原因，今年小麦病虫害发生增长较快。为对其进行有效控制，宁陵县农业局组织专业机防队对8万亩高产示范方进行统一防范、统一治理，力夺今年小麦丰收。

Effects of Different Agricultural Managements on Characteristics of Soil Microbial Community under Continuous Cropped Strawberry(Fragaria ananassa Duchesne)

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different agricultural managements on soil microbial population,activity,functional diversity and soil enzyme activity in continuous mono-cropping field of strawberry.[Method]A field plot experiment was carried out to evaluate characteristics of soil microbial community by soil enzyme analysis,microbial cultivation and Biolog analysis.[Result]The results showed that bacteria population proportion,the ration of bacteria to fungi,microorganism amount,AWCD,soil dehydrogenase activity,the Shannon,Simpson,and Mcintosh indices of soil microbial communities were obviously increased under strawberry-rice rotation,soil solarization with rice bran,and calcium cyanamide（CaCN2）treatments,in addition,soil urease activity was significantly increased under strawberry-rice rotation and soil solarization with rice bran treatment,when compared with no fertilization.When compared with conventional fertilization treatment,strawberry-rice rotation and soil solarization with rice bran both significantly increased AWCD and Mcintosh index of soil microbial communities,meanwhile respectively increased soil urease and dehydrogenase activity.PCA analyses suggested that carbon utilization of soil microbial communities under strawberry-rice rotation,soil solarization with rice bran,and calcium cyanamide treatment was obviously different from that of conventional fertilization and no fertilization treatment.[Conclusion] strawberry-rice rotation and soil solarization with rice bran were effective agricultural managements to control soil biological degradation under Continuous Cropped Strawberry.

A Mode Research of Straw Recycling Based on Circular Agriculture Theory

Recycling of crop residues resources has become an urgent problem to be addressed in agriculture and rural areas of China.Compared to single use patterns of crop residues resources,crop residues circular agriculture characterized by multi-grade utilization and recycling is more important to improve the added value of crop residues,to enhance product market competitiveness,and to promote scale development and industrialization of crop residues recycling.This paper discussed the basic principles of the development of crop residues circular agriculture mode,and summarized five main crop residues circular agriculture mode.

A multi-objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water resources and its method

Cropping structure has a close relationship with the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. Based on the analysis of the relationship between agricultural water resources and sustainable development, this paper presents a multi objective fuzzy optimization model for cropping structure and water allocation, which overcomes the shortcoming of current models that only considered the economic objective,and ignored the social and environmental objectives. During the process, a new method named fuzzy deciding weight is developed to decide the objective weight. A case study shows that the model is reliable, the method is simple and objective, and the results are reasonable. This model is useful for agricultural management and sustainable development.

Relationships between changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor during development stages of F_1 seeds of sh_2 sweet corn

The changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor in F1 seeds of sh2 sweet corn during seed development stage were investigated and the relationships between them were analyzed by time series regression (TSR) analysis. The results show that total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents gradually declined, while starch and soluble protein contents increased throughout the seed development stages. Germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index gradually increased along with seed development and reached the highest levels at 38 d after pollination (DAP). The TSR showed that, during 14 to 42 DAP, total soluble sugar content was independent of the vigor parameters determined in present experiment, while the reducing sugar content had a significant effect on seed vigor. TSR equations between seed reducing sugar and seed vigor were also developed. There were negative correlations between the seed reducing sugar content and the germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index, respectively. It is suggested that the seed germination, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index could be predicted by the content of reducing sugar in sweet corn seeds during seed development stages.

NFC电子标签与二维码标签双技术的通信资源管理研究

基于NFC电子标签、二维码标签和Android智能终端等物联网技术的研究,主要针对通信行业中最难管理的设备出线侧、配线设施和用户设备,研究通过物联网技术解决到用户最后100m的信息管理问题,解决哑设备的存量以及在用信息与通信资源管理系统的有效结合,改变工作人员现场作业模式,最终大大减轻站端维护人员的数据维护压力和工作强度,提高工作效率以及经济效益,并提出NFC电子标签与二维码标签双物联网技术方案实现通信资源管理手段的突破创新,形成一套低成本、简单易用、成效显著的通信资源物联网技术解决方案。

Effect of Ploughing Depth on the Growth and Yield of Heracleum candicans:a Threatened Medicinal Herb and a Less-explored Potential Crop of the Himalayan Region

This paper examines the effect of ploughing depths （A -- 60 cm, B -- 45 cm and C -- 30 cm） on the growth and yield of Heracleum candicans Wall （Apiaceae）, a threatened medicinal herb of the Himalayan region. This less-explored plant is being suggested as a potential crop for the mountain agriculture. The study was carried out in an orchard in Himachal Pradesh, India at 2500 m altitude, for two successive growth years. During the first year, all plants remained in juvenile state; in the second year, nearly 65 % plants produced flowers only under 60cm ploughing depth. Among its morphological traits, plant height, collar diameter and aboveground flesh weight were found to be strongly correlated （P 〈 0.01） with the belowground biomass during the first year （r =0.968, 0.925 and 0.973, respectively） and during the second year （r=0.945, 0.928 and 0.775, respectively）. Increase in the ploughing depth was significantly correlated （P〈0.01） with all growth parameters, including the belowground dry weight, marketable portion of the produce. The belowground biomass （commercial yield; 16.28 Qt/hec） at depth A was about 2.6 and 4.7 times higher than those recorded at depths B and C, respectively. The results clearly justify the importance of deep ploughing and this paper strongly recommends it for economically sustainable cropping.

The biomethane producing potential in China： A theoretical and practical estimation

Biomethane has been developed rapidly in many countries as a renewable energy which upgraded from biogas. China also began to pay attention to it even though we still at a initial stage, primarily, understanding the hiomethane potential and development prospect, choosing appropriate biomass as the biomethane source is very important. In this work, the theoretical and practical biomethane producing potential from five main bio- mass resources in China were estimated with appropriate methods based on the data collected, and during cal- culation, two appropriate energy crops were assumed to be planted on marginal lands for biomethane production. Our estimation showed that the theoretical and practical biomethane potentials in China can reach to 888.78 and 316.30 billion m3 per year, agricultural waste should be the preferential development biomass, and planting energy crops on marginal lands is the most promising way to enhance biomethane production in China. Finally, biomethane is compared with natural gas, and the result showed that 48.15% of the practical biomethane potential can meet the total Chinese natural gas consumption in 2013.

Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents

The liver is the main organ responsible for the metabolism of drugs and toxic chemicals, and so is the primary target organ for many organic solvents. Work activities with hepatotoxins exposures are numerous and, moreover, organic solvents are used in various industrial processes. Organic solvents used in different industrial processes may be associated with hepatotoxicity. Several factors contribute to liver toxicity; among these are: species differences, nutritional condition, genetic factors, interaction with medications in use, alcohol abuse and interaction, and age. This review addresses the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. The main pathogenic mechanisms responsible for functional and organic damage caused by solvents are: inflammation, dysfunction of cytochrome P450, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The health impact of exposure to solvents in the workplace remains an interesting and worrying question for professional health work.

Digitalization of mine operations:Scenarios to benefit in real-time truck dispatching

One of the key factors in a profitable open-pit mine is the efficiency of the waste disposal system. Using GPS-technology, the truck-dispatching decisions can be made in real-time but the chosen strategy has a crucial role. Therefore, finding the optimal dispatching strategy for truck-shovel operations is extremely important. Dispatching strategies have been reported in the literature, but the comparison of these strategies is still missing. This paper illustrates the differences between the strategies by conducting a stochastic simulation study based on the data gathered from an actual mine. The findings underline the importance of the global vision in dispatching decisions.

Complex Research of Using Microwave in Processing Grains and Plants Materials for Agriculture

It is observed contamination and subsequent growth of various types of mycotoxins in the production and processing of grain and non-grain crops. The contamination of grain and non-grain cereals crops harvest was analyzed. The aim of this research is using of microwave energy to disinfect grains of harvest and giving new properties to the grains and plants materials. The author has presented researches of the grains disinfection, during seedbed preparation and post processing. Rational parameters of heating rates of different biological objects were identified, revealed their dependence and impact on infection pathogens, through using of microwave energy technology. The author found a reduction of the number of pathogenic microbes and organisms at the various stages of processing agricultural products during using of microwave energy, and found new qualitative indicators of the products properties.

Distribution,Properties,Land Use and Management of Mollisols in South America

Mollisols are common in South America. They cover about 8.87 × 107ha, 1.3 × 107ha and 4.3 × 106ha in Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil respectively, which is 11.5% of the world total. Most of South American Mollisols were developed on Pleistocene and Holocene sediments and lie within the limits of the temperate zone, though the extreme north is bordering subtropical and the extreme south is within a cold-temperate zone. All suborders of Mollisols occur in Argentina, the most extensive being Udolls followed by Ustolls, whereas only Udolls, Aquolls and Albolls occur in Uruguay. Vertisols in Uruguay have many properties similar to Mollisols, and the occurrence of Vertisols is strongly associated with Mollisols. The Pampean Mollisols are a significant component of the global breadbasket of modem times. The main Argentine crops are wheat, corn, sorghum, barmy, soybeans and sunflower, while Mollisols in Uruguay remain mostly dedicated to cattle and sheep grazing though crop production has been increasing very rapidly in the last decade. Throughout South America, research has shown that Mollisols are experiencing losses of soil organic matter and nutrients, and degradation of physical properties after long cropping periods, resulting in soil scientists calling for increased conservation practices to reduce future losses and a deterioration of soil quality, and thus a more sustainable agriculture in the region.

Studies on the Combination of Some Selected Microorganisms for Biodegradation of Cassava Peel Wastes （Manihot Esculenta）

Cassava peel has a lot of nutrients which can be utilized as fertilizer in agriculture. However, high cellulose contents may cause difficulty for organic digestion and slow down the nutrient absorption for plants. This study aims to reach the microorganisms or their combination for biodegradating the cassava peel waste. The initial result shows that after 21 days the glucose concentration in all samples was the highest during experiment times. The reducing glucose produced in mg/mL by the selected bacteria was 9.32, higher than the selected fungie of 1.57 mg/mL. The percentage degradation of cassava peel weigh was the highest for fungi which was 52% of weigh, respectively. Meanwhile, bacteria only degradated about 31.6% after 4 weeks. However, the combination between bacteria and fungi provides the highest glucose concentration, 19.29 mg/mL and digests 62% of the mass cassava in experiment. This study suggests that biodegradation of agro-wastes in the environment to reduce biomass waste pollution is very promising.

Study on Vitalizing Port Operation at Ulsan Port： Focused on Main Port of Ulsan

Ulsan port is the hugest industry-oriented port in South Korea. It has the third highest traffic volume of cargo, and also it has the most liquid bulk in Korea. However, on account of thoughtless development, there are other cases like Ulsan port that liquid cargo and general cargo are simultaneously handled. The demurrage ratio takes up to 12.5% of probability on average. In 2010, it has less room at berths for liquid bulk than general cargo and it totally has 107% of processing ratio （throughput）. This indicates that Ulsan port concentrates on liquid cargo more than general cargo depending on the characteristics of the port. This research suggests the effects as alternatives for efficiency and effectivity at both ports, Ulsan port and Pohang port in the case that the general cargo handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port in terms of the characteristics of products which Pohang port and its hinterland the most focused on. Namely, we estimate volume of relocated volume suitable for relocation in assumption that volume handled in Ulsan port is relocated to Pohang port scenario by scenario, analyze the effects of relocated volume, and suggest alternatives for vitalizing Ulsan port.

Economic Evaluation of the Resource-Saving Technologies in Non-irrigated Lands

Conservation agriculture （CA） is especially relevant for Uzbekistan＇s agriculture, particularly in non-irrigated lands where soil fertility has been steadily declining and the risk of crop failure has been growing. CA has three main characterizations given in scientific literature, which are the minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation and surface crop residue retention. Nowadays, the majority of farmers are not widely using CA in their agricultural practices in Uzbekistan. Maybe, this is due to different perception of the economic efficiency of CA. The objective of the research was to calculate economic efficiency of CA in non-irrigated lands and to show whether it is effective or not in agricultural production. To achieve this objective, literature review including a variety of secondary data is employed. Overall, the costs of labor and fuel consumption per ha at CA technology are less in comparison with conventional technology. Using CA practices gives a chance to increase labour productivity, to use resource effectively and to improve soil quality and crop diversification.