我国将进一步完善野生动物损害农作物补偿机制

随着森林资源增多．我国一些地区野生动物也逐渐增多，有的影响到当地群众的财产安全，甚至还造成了人身伤害。根据现行的野生动物保护法第十四条规定，因保护国家和地方重点保护野生动物造成农作物或者其他损失的，由当地政府给予补偿。

抗抑郁药物的分类及作用机制研究进展

目的：阐述抗抑郁药物分类及作用机制的研究进展。方法：查阅国内外相关文献,进行分析归纳。结果：抑郁症的防治已引起世界范围内的重视。结论：抑郁症将会有很好的治疗效果。

基因绝缘子——一类新发现的基因调节元件

最近几年 ,一类称为“绝缘子”的新的基因元件被众多的实验室发现和证实 ,大大丰富了我们对基因在染色质环境中如何形成拓扑学上独立的调节单元的认识。这个刚刚被找到的又一个基因“黑匣子” ,尽管我们对其仍是一知半解 ,但让人们意外和兴奋的是

以水为中心的农业生态研究——悼念黄秉维先生逝世一周年

本文概略地论述了黄秉维先生开拓以水为中心的农业生态研究的学术思想 ,理论渊源和方法论特征 ;追忆其为之不懈追求付诸实施的实践活动。在华北平原建立农业生态系统试验站 ,开展以水为中心的农业生态研究 ,为获取可靠数据 ,实验力求严谨精确 ,具有原创性和综合性 ;试验性质具有明确应用目标的基础研究。从 2 0世纪 70年代末以来 ,在北京和栾城农业生态系统试验站开展了下列研究 :微气象学方法研究农田物质能量交换 ;农田净辐射与热量平衡 ;水分传输及其驱动力机制 ;气孔行为与环境因素联系 ;作物生态模拟和模型 ;瞬态作物群体光能利用率与水分利用率 ;水势、冠层温度与气孔活动判别土壤水分亏缺 ,作物水分胁迫机制及其确定与利用等 ,在一系列重要方面均作了尝试并取得显著进展 ,为中国北方农业节水及发展节水农业。

Research Progress of Mechanism of Action of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

The paper first introduces the definition and classification of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR）, then reviews the research achievements on the mechanism of action of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, including growth pro-moting mechanism and bio-control mechanism, subsequently lists the use of excel-lent plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strains in recent years, especial y Pseu-domonas and Bacil us strains, and final y discusses problems existing in this area and points out issues requiring further exploration, including PGPR screening meth-ods, preservation methods, mechanism of action, in order to commercialize PGPR as soon as possible and practical y realize its application to production.

原料、炭化温度和生物质炭组分对小白菜生长的影响

【目的】探究不同原料、炭化温度和生物质炭不同组分对植物生长的影响,进而揭示生物质炭的增产机制。【方法】分别以木屑和玉米秸秆为原料,在350、450、550℃下裂解得到生物质炭。采用热水浸提法将生物质炭中的可溶性组分(浸提液)与难溶性组分(炭骨架)分离。通过盆栽试验,研究不同生物质炭及组分对小白菜生长的影响。【结果】添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下,小白菜地上部生物量平均为16.1 g/盆,显著高于添加木屑生物质炭及其各组分(13.0 g/盆)和对照处理(13.5 g/盆)。与地上部生物量类似,添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下小白菜根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数等形态学指标较木屑生物质炭和对照处理显著改善。添加炭骨架处理下小白菜地上部生物量平均为16.5 g/盆,较添加原状生物质炭和浸提液分别提高26.9%和17.9%。添加炭骨架处理下小白菜根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数较添加浸提液处理分别提高64.1%、51.1%、38.3%和80.0%。不同炭化温度裂解得到的生物质炭对小白菜地上部生物量和根系生长无显著影响。与添加原状生物质炭处理相比,添加炭骨架处理下小白菜地上部氮含量提高25.9%,而磷和钾含量分别降低39.7%和14.1%。添加玉米秸秆生物质炭及其各组分处理下土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较添加木屑生物质炭处理分别提高0.1个单位、20.3%、19.1%、29.1%和189.2%。与添加原状生物质炭相比,添加生物质炭骨架处理下土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别降低14.6%、6.6%、41.3%和55.1%,土壤pH升高0.13个单位;而添加生物质炭浸提液处理下土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量分别降低49.8%、18.9%和24.2%,土壤pH和速效钾含量无显著变化。相关分析表明,不同处理下小白菜地上部生物量与根长、表面积、平均直径、根体积、根尖数等根系形态指标和土壤pH呈正相关,与小白菜地上部磷含量呈负相关。【结论】生物质炭制备原料和组成是影响植物生长的重要因素,玉米秸秆生物质炭较木屑生物质炭有更好的增产效果;玉米秸秆生物质炭经热水浸提后再添加至土壤中有更好的增产效果。生物质炭中可溶性组分对根系生长的促进作用是生物质炭增产的主要机制,而可溶性组分对根系促生作用与原料、制备温度和其本身物质组成密切相关。

The configuration mechanism of English and Chinese double-object construction for verbs of creation

Verbs of creation in English and Chinese demonstrate asymmetries in its projection to double-object construction. But underling the projection process there is a uniform operation mechanism, namely that the configuration is affected by the interaction between the Meaning Assignment Principle （MAP）, the Distance Principle of Iconicity （DPI） and the Lexical Feature Constraints （LFC）, among which MAP and DPI are inviolable due to its cross-linguistic universality. Once LFC is violated, there must be compensation on the part of DPI, otherwise, the verb of creation in question would be unacceptable to double-object construction.

Recent Progress on Biocatalysis and Biotransformations in Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids have negligibly low vapor pressure, high stability and polarity. They are regarded as green solvents. Enzymes, especially lipases, as well as whole-cell of microbe, are catalytically active in ionic liquids or aqueous-ionic liquid biphasic systems. Up to date, there have been many reports on enzyme-exhibited features and enzyme-mediated reactions in ionic liquids. In many cases, remarkable results with respect to yield, catalytic activity, stability and (enantio-, regio-) selectivity were obtained in ionic liquids in comparison with those observed in conventional media. Accordingly, ionic liquids provide new possibilities for the application of new type of solvent in biocatalytic reactions.

Protective effect of ascorbic acid in experimental gastric cancer: reduction of oxidative stress

AIM;Oxidative stress participates in the cell carcinogenesis by inducing DNA mutations.Our aim was to assess whether ascorbic acid,an antioxidant,could have a role in preventing ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species)generation in experimental gastric carcinoma in a rat model. METHODS:Experimental gastric cancer was induced in twelve Wistar male rats(weighting 250-350 g)by profound duodeno-gastric reflux throught split gastrojenunostomy.The rats were allocated to the following groups:Group Ⅰ(n=6) was the control;Group Ⅱ(n=6)which was mantained with daily intake of tape water with Vitamin C(30 mg/Kg).After 6 or 12 months,samples of gastric tumor or non tumor mucosa were taken from the anastomosis of both groups. Oxidative stress was measured by superoxide quantification through lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence base and by staining with Nitrobluetetrazolium.The histopathologic confirmation of adenocarcinoma was made by eosin- hemathoxilin method. RESULTS:The intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma was microscopically identified in all animals of group Ⅰ whereas only 3 rats of group Ⅱ showed an adenocarcinoma without macroscopic evidence of them.The cancers were located in the anastomosis in all cases.Basal luminescence from tumor gastric tissue generated 38.4±6.8 count per minute/mg/×10~6(mean±SD)and 14.9±4.0 count per minute/mg/×10~6,respectively,in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ animals(P <0.05).The Nitrobluetetrazolium method showed intense staining in tumor tissues but not in non neoplasic mucosa. CONCLUSION:Experimental gastric tumors seem to produce more reactive oxygen species than non neoplasic gastric tissue.The reduction of oxidative stress and gastric tumor incidence in rats were induced by the intake of ascorbic acid.Therefore,it may have a role in the prevention of gastric carcinoma. Oliveira CPMS Kassab P Lopasso FP Souza HP Janiszewski M Laurindo FRM Iriya K Laudanna AA.Protective effect of ascorbic acid in experimental gastric cancer:reduction of oxidative stress.World J Gastroenterol 2003;9(3):446-448 http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/9/446.htm

ROLE OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR β(TGF-β)IN REPAIRING OF BONE DEFECTS

TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates many aspects of cellular function, including periosteal mesenchymal cell proliferation, differentiation. This experiment is to study its effects on bone defect repair. A rabbit radial bone defect model was used to evaluate the effect of TGF-β, which was extracted and purified from bovine blood platelets, on the healing of a large segmental osteoperiosteal defect. A 1. 5-centimeter segmental defect was created in the mid-upper part of the radial shaft of adult rabbits. The defect was filled with implant containing TGF-β that consisted of carrier and bovine TGF-β. Limbs served as controls received carrier alone. The defectswere examined radiographically and histologically at 4, 8,12 , 16 and 20 weeks after implantation. The results showed that in TGF-β implant group . the defect areas at 12 weeks post operation were bridged by uniform new bone and the cut ends of cortex could not be seen;while in control group, the defects remained clear. Only a small amount of new bone formed as a cap on the cut bone ends. In the experimental group, new lamellar and woven bone formed in continuity with the cut ends of the cortex. An early medullar canal appears to be forming and contained normal-appearancing marrow elements; while the control group displayed entirely fibrous tissue within the defect site. Remnants of the cancellous bone carrier were observed in the control specimen. These data demonstrate that exogenous TGF-β initiate osteogenesis and stimulate the bone defects repair in animal model.

ANTI-PROLIFERATION EFFECT OF ORIDONIN ONHL-60 CELLS AND ITS MECHANISM

ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-proliferation effect of oridonin on leukemic HL-60 cells and its mechanism. Methods HL-60 cells invitroin culture medium were given different concentrations of oridonin. The inhibitory rate of cells were measured by microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, cell apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry (FCM),morphology of cell apoptosis was observed by hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining, and the activity of telomerase was det-ected using telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) PCR-ELISA before and after apoptosis occurred. Results Oridonin could decrease telomerase activity, inhibit growth of HL-60 cells, and cause apoptosis significantly. The suppression was both in time- and dose-dependent manner. Marked morphological changes of cell apoptosis including condensation of chromatin and nuclear fragmentation were observed clearly by hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining especi-ally after cells were treated 48-60 hours by oridonin. Conclusions Oridonin has apparent anti-proliferation and apoptotic effects on HL-60 cells invitro, decreasing telomerase activity of HL-60 cells may be one of its most important mechanisms. These results will provide strong laboratory evidence of oridonin for clinical treatment of acute leukemia.

Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 as biomarkers of ulcerative colitis activity

AIM:Overexpression of mucosal metalloproteinases(MMP) has been demonstrated recently in inflammatory bowel disease.Their activity can be counterbalanced by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases(TIMP).The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ulcerative colitis(UC)on MMP- 1 and TIMP-1 plasma concentrations,as two possible biomarkers of the disease activity. METHODS:MMP-1 and TIMP-1 plasma concentrations were measured with an enzyme immunoassay in 16 patients with endoscopically confirmed active UC. RESULTS:Plasma concentrations of both MMP-1(13.7±0.2 ng/ml)and TIMP-1(799±140 ng/ml)were significantly elevated in UC patients in comparison to healthy controls (11.9±0.9 ng/ml and 220±7 ng/ml respectively).There was no correlation between TIMP-1 and MMP-1 concentrations (r=0.02).TIMP-1 levels revealed significant positive correlations with scored endoscopic degree of mucosal injury, disease activity index and clinical activity index values as well as C-reactive protein concentration.There was no correlation between MMP-1 and laboratory,clinical or endoscopic indices of the disease activity.CONCLUSION: These results confirm the role of both MMP- 1 and TIMP-1 in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. However only TIMP-1 can be useful as a biomarker of the disease activity, demonstrating association with clinical and endoscopic pictures.

Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil－Water－Plant System and its Mechanism： I．Pb－Cd Interaction in Red Soil－Plant System

A study on the effect of Pb-Cd interaction on plant growth and on the chemistry of elements in plants was conducted under greenhouse condition with red soil-wetland rice system in different growth stage. The results showed that Pb-Cd interactions on growth and metal uptake varied with different growth stageS and chemical compounds added. The plant height and the root weight were markedly affected by Pb-Cd interiction in the young stage but not in the ripening stage of rice at the treatments of PbCl_2 and CdCl_2 added. However, the weight of rice straw in the ripening stage was significantly effected by Pb-Cd interaction with the treatments of Pb(OAc)_2 and CdCl_2. The chemistry of elements in plants also depended on Pb-Cd interaction in varying degrees on account of different plant parts and growth stage. It seems that Pb-Cd interaction occurred not only in roots but also in other parts of wetland rice.

Toxic hepatitis in occupational exposure to solvents

The liver is the main organ responsible for the metabolism of drugs and toxic chemicals, and so is the primary target organ for many organic solvents. Work activities with hepatotoxins exposures are numerous and, moreover, organic solvents are used in various industrial processes. Organic solvents used in different industrial processes may be associated with hepatotoxicity. Several factors contribute to liver toxicity; among these are: species differences, nutritional condition, genetic factors, interaction with medications in use, alcohol abuse and interaction, and age. This review addresses the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. The main pathogenic mechanisms responsible for functional and organic damage caused by solvents are: inflammation, dysfunction of cytochrome P450, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The health impact of exposure to solvents in the workplace remains an interesting and worrying question for professional health work.

STUDY ON INHIBITION OF PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETION BY SOMATOSTATIN IN RATS

We used a potent and specific monoclonal antibody to somatostatin to test the physiologic inhibitory role of the tetradecapeptide somatostatin on pancreatic secretion.Somatostatin immunoneutralization increased both the total amylase and volume of pancreatic secretion.Cholecystokinin-A receptor antagonism abolished the stimulatory effect of somatostatin immunoneutralization.We conclude that somatostatin tonically inhibits pancreatic secretion in fasted rats via inhibition of the release or action of cholecystokinin.Furthermore,the source of these peptides is likely islet delta cells and intrapancreatic neurons,respectively.

EXPRESSION OF TISSUE－TYPE PLASMINOGENACTIVATOR IN SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS OF INJUREDILIAC ARTERIES IN RABBITS

In this experiment, expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was measured at different intervals after the arterial injury. In the normal iliac arteries, only low levels of t-PA activity were estimated. t-PA activity in extracts of the iliac arteries increased significantlyat the 4th day after the injury, equivalent to the process that SMCs migrated from the media to the intima,and the t-PA activity was then decreased approximately to the normal level at the 7th day. Coexistent to the above data, results from in situ hybridization showed that the expression of t-PA mRNA in the intima as well as media increased also significantly at the 4th day after the arterial injury, and at the 7th day, tPA mRNA was detected only in those SMCs locating closely adjacent to the internal elastic lamina. These results suggest that t-PA might play an important role in SMC migration following endothelial injury, andantagonism of t-PA expression and/or activity within the vessel wall might be helpful in intervening the de velopment of restenosis following angioplasty.

CHANGES OF NITRIC OXIDE AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITORS IN NEWBORN RATS WITH SEPSIS

In a newborn rat model of sepsis, the changes of nitric oxide and the protective effects of methylene blue orland dexamethason were investigated. The results revealed that plasma nitric oxide levels were elevated at 6 h and peaked at 12 h after bacterial challenge. The treatment with methylene or/and dexamethasone was found to blunt hypoglycemia and hyperlacticemia, to reduce the occurrence rate of loss of response to pain, and to prolong the survival time. Moreover, therapy by dexamethasone was shown to decrease the 24 h mortality. The results suggested that nitric oxide play an important role during the course of fatal P. aeruginosa sepsis, but it is clear that the clinical value of nitric oxide and its inhibitors need to be further studied.

Test Bench for the Mechanical Distribution of Predators to Control Insect Pests

In agriculture, chemical insecticides are widely used to protect crops from insect pests. Over a period of years, some insects such as Colorado potato beetle （CPB） succeed in developing resistance to most of the registered chemical insecticides. Consequently, heavy applications of chemical insecticides to control this pest become ineffective on a long-term basis and can lead to serious health and environmental problems. The use of natural enemies to control CPB is an interesting alternative to chemical means However, hand release of predators is not feasible on a large scale in the field. The main objective of this research study was to design and build a test bench to investigate the technical feasibility of mechanically releasing predators. The test bench consisted of a vertical chain conveyor mounted on two vertical shafts driven by an electric motor. Since the predators are small and fragile, they were placed in a specially designed container to preserve their physical integrity. Trials using this test bench showed that a carrier material was required, because most of the predators remained inside the container. The success of this mass predator release system will be highly valuable for the biological control of insect pests in many crops.

Constraints Hindering the Adoption of Scientific Dairy Farming Practices by Members and Non-members of Dairy Co-operative Societies （DCS）/Milk Producer Institutions （MPI）

The present study was conducted in four districts of Telangana State of India with 120 respondents in which 60 were members and other 60 were non-members of DCSs （Dairy Co-operative Societies）/MPIs （Milk Producer Institutions）. Constraints perceived in dairy farming and suggestions elicited by members and non-members were noted, tabulated and analyzed. The major constraints perceived by half or more than half of members were scarcity of water （91.67%）, lack of green fodder （88.33%）, preferring NS （natural service） than AI （Artificial Insemination） （83.33%）, negligence in feeding pregnant and dry animals （81.37%）, insufficient loan amount （78.33%）, tendency to feed only grass and brans （71.67%）, lack of availability of sufficient labour （70.00%）, lack of remunerative price for milk （66.67%）, high cost of feed （61.67%）, lack of fodder conservation （55.00%） and high cost of animals （50.00%）. Whereas major constraints perceived by non-members were scarcity of water （96.67%）, lack of green fodder （93.33%）, preferring NS than AI （88.33%）, lack of availability of sufficient labour （85.00%）, negligence in feeding pregnant and dry animals （83.33%）, tendency to feed only grass and brans （78.33%）, high cost of animals （75.00%）, complex procedure for obtaining loans （71.67%） and high cost of feed （66.67%）. Suggestions elicited by members majorly were providing subsidy for purchase of animals/providing loans on par with the cost of animal （81.67%）, enhancing the procurement price （70.00%）, providing more incentives （60.00%）, encouraging calf rearing （58.33%） and conducting frequent animal health camps （50.00%）. In case of non-members major suggestions elicited were conducting frequent animal health camps （68.33%） and providing subsidy on purchase of animals/providing loans on par with the cost of animal （58.33%）. Considering the above constraints perceived and suggestions elicited by dairy farmers a proper linkage strategy should be developed among private and public sectors in providing need based services to the dairy farmers.