ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals from organic fertilizer in soil and plant. MethodThree plots were chosen in Shanghai suburb to measure the heavy metal accumulation by monitori...ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals from organic fertilizer in soil and plant. MethodThree plots were chosen in Shanghai suburb to measure the heavy metal accumulation by monitoring their concentrations in soil and plant after organic fertilizer was applied. We also analyzed the correlations of the heavy metals in soil and plants. Single-factor pollution index and Nemerow’s synthetical pollution index were adopted to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in soils. Moreover, how many years before the heavy metal accumulation will exceed the environmental capability if 45 t/hm 2 organic fertilizer is applied every year was also estimated in the present study. ResultThe rules of heavy metals’ accumulation in soil changed with the various soil characters and pH. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd and As in the tested plants exceeded the limits. The average concentration of Cu in the tested soil shared positive correlation with that in the tested plants. The average concentration of Pb in the tested soil was negatively correlated with that in the tested plant while the other heavy metals didn’t show the rule like that. Organic fertilizer application caused no obvious pollution to the soils. Cu would exceed the standard environmental capacity within 15 years if 45 t/hm 2 organic fertilizer is applied every year, while for Hg, it will be 2 000 years. ConclusionWhen the excessive organic fertilizer is put into the land, the heavy metals from organic fertilizer would accumulate in soil and plant. With continued excessive fertilization, the heavy metals especially Cu would exceed the stan- dard environmental capacity. More attention should be paid to the inputting amount of the organic fertilizer.展开更多
China is now the world’s largest producer and user of industrial fertilizers and manures. Consequently China plays a substantial role in global N cycle dynamics and in man’s disruption of the nitrogen cycle though t...China is now the world’s largest producer and user of industrial fertilizers and manures. Consequently China plays a substantial role in global N cycle dynamics and in man’s disruption of the nitrogen cycle though there are still significant uncertainties about the size and importance of emission and leaching rates. A major cause of China’s global role is the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers, which is most serious with intensive vegetable production where application rates can be up to 50% greater than crop needs, but is also a problem with wheat, rice and maize. China’s overuse of nitrogen fertiliser over the past 10-20 years has resulted in non-point source (NPS) pollution from crop production becoming a major cause of water pollution, and the situation is projected to get worse. In contrast, water pollution from point sources such as intensive livestock production and urban or industrial development is being brought more under control. The consequences for air pollution are equally serious. Emissions of nitrous oxide from fertilizers and manures may be so large that China could be responsible for 25-30% of global emissions of this damaging greenhouse gas and of the global warming resulting from it. The main national and local issues relate particularly to low fertilizer use efficiency and the losses of ammonia and NOx that lead to acid precipitation, and leaching and run-off losses that result in high nitrate levels in groundwater and eutrophication of rivers and lakes. The reasons why farmers overuse nitrogen fertilizer are complex and not fully understood. They involve agro-climate differences between provinces and counties, farming systems and farm income structures. Although there is a wide range of institutional and technological improvements that can greatly reduce this overuse rapid progress in reducing NPS is unlikely.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in a farmer's field at Haji Mora Village, Dera Ismail Khan (D.I. Khan) in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWPP) of Pakistan to compare various management...A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in a farmer's field at Haji Mora Village, Dera Ismail Khan (D.I. Khan) in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWPP) of Pakistan to compare various management practices, such as the effect of various organic manures and gypsum in a rice-wheat cropping system on a saline-sodic Entisol (Zindani soil series). The treatments consisted of 1) a control (rice-wheat), 2) gypsum, 3) farmyard manure (FYM), 4) berseem (Trifolium alexzndrinum L.) as green manure (GM), and 5) dhancha (Sesbania sp.) as GM. All treatments increased yields of both rice and wheat significantly (P < 0.01) over the control, with the green manure treatments proving more economical than the others; while they decreased pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil. Saturation percentage and available water of the soil were raised for all treatments due to an increase in organic matter content of the soil.展开更多
Three types of new high-efficiency phosphate fertilizers were made when pillared clays at certain proportions were added into ground phosphate rock. Chemical analyses showed that their soluble phosphorus content decre...Three types of new high-efficiency phosphate fertilizers were made when pillared clays at certain proportions were added into ground phosphate rock. Chemical analyses showed that their soluble phosphorus content decreased more than that of superphosphate. Pot experiment showed that, under equal weights, the new fertilizers increased their efficiency by a large margin over that of superphosphate. Researches on their structures by means of XRD, IR and EPR spectrum revealed that their crystal structures changed considerably, improving their activity and preventing the fixation of available phosphorus in the soil, and consequently, greatly improved the bioavailability and became the main cause of the increase of biomass.展开更多
The effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer, made from oyster shell proteins, on the absorption of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops were studied. It has been found that the enhancer c...The effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer, made from oyster shell proteins, on the absorption of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops were studied. It has been found that the enhancer contributes 30%, 50% and 50% augmentation of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K) absorption respectively and about 20% of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme activities of crops. These results show that polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer could improve significantly the absorption and utilization efficiencies of soil nutrition and the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme of crops, thus elevating the utilization rates of chemical fertilizers to a certain extent.展开更多
Ginger yields in the NorthEastern region of India are low because the extremely poor farmers of the region can not afford to apply any chemical fertilizers and hence apply only the locally-available farmyard manures t...Ginger yields in the NorthEastern region of India are low because the extremely poor farmers of the region can not afford to apply any chemical fertilizers and hence apply only the locally-available farmyard manures to ginger fields. Biofertilizers may be a cheap source of fertilizers for ginger cultivation as they can increase nutrient availability and improve rhizome quality and are required in small quantity. An investigation was thus undertaken to study the effect of different biofenilizers on growth, productivity, quality and economics of organic ginger grown under rainfed condition in NorthEastern region of India. Seed treatment with biofertilizers enhanced growth, increased rhizome yield by 19.0% and resulted in 32.4% higher net profit over control. Among the seed treatments, Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha＂l, Azospirillum 3.75 kg hal and Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 were found optimum in improving most of the growth attributes, increasing yield components and yield of rhizome by 5.6%-13.5%. They also improved rhizome quality by increasing specific gravity, oleoresin and dry matter content and by decreasing crude fibre in rhizome. They resulted in higher net return by 4.0%-12.0% as compared to their other levels. Combined use of Azotobacter 5.0 kg hal along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha＂l was found to be the best treatment combination which greatly improved growth and yield attributes of ginger and ultimately recorded markedly higher productivity （2.0%-23.5%） over other combinations. This treatment combination improved the quality of the produce and resulted in the highest gross return （$4,905 hal）, net return （$3,525 hal） and return per dollar （3.55） invested in ginger cultivation. It appears that growing organic ginger by treating the seed rhizome with Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha-~ along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 can result in good growth and high productivity of improved quality rhizome and ultimately result in maximum net profit and thus can be recommended for the NorthEastern region of India.展开更多
We evaluated several organic fertilizers associated or not to mineral fertilizers, in the cane yield and theoretical sugarcane brandy in plant cane. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with nine treatments ...We evaluated several organic fertilizers associated or not to mineral fertilizers, in the cane yield and theoretical sugarcane brandy in plant cane. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with nine treatments and four replications, constituted of： TI： Liming （ 1 ） ＋ reactive rock phosphate （2） ＋ chemical fertilizer （3）; T2：2 ＋ 3; T3：1 ＋ 3 （control）; T4：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 3 ＋ cattle manure （4）; T5： 1 ＋ 2 ＋ 4; T6：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 3 ＋ chicken manure （5）; T7：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 5; T8：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 3 ＋ cane bagasse （6）; T9：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 6. It was applied the fertilizers in the following doses： cattle manure, 30 t hal; chicken manure, 3.5 t hal; cane bagasse, 24 t ha-1; reactive rock phosphate, 400 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 of K20 and P205, in the planting furrow. The limestone was distributed in the dose of 2.5 t ha-1 The variety was used SP 79-1011. The cattle manure substituted the chemical fertilization of plant cane. The cane bagasse, when used as organic source should always be complemented with the chemical fertilization; there were no effect of treatments in the principal technological characteristics of the cane.展开更多
To determine the best combinations of organic and mineral fertilizer applications under resource-limited conditions in the Sahel, West Africa, on-farm experiments for two years in the Fakara region of western Niger is...To determine the best combinations of organic and mineral fertilizer applications under resource-limited conditions in the Sahel, West Africa, on-farm experiments for two years in the Fakara region of western Niger is conducted. Ten treatments were tested; six of them received one of three organic fertilizers （none, millet husks, or manure）, with or without mineral fertilizer; two grew millet/（dual-purpose） cowpea intercrops with mineral fertilizer in 1：1 or 4：4 row arrangement; one grew a millet/（spreading） cowpea intercrop with manure; and one grew a millet/hibiscus intercrop with millet husks. Manure increased total biomass by 127%- 147% （P 〈 0.001 ） and millet yield by 130%- 184% （P 〈 0.01 ）. Mineral fertilizer increased total biomass by 27% （P 〈 0.01 ） and millet yield by 24% （P 〈 0.05） in 2008. The N balance was greatest and positive in the manure treatment （P 〈 0.001）, followed by millet husks. Mineral fertilizer on the intercropped dual-purpose cowpea increased the agronomic N use efficiency of millet by 329%-483% （P 〈 0.01） compared with manure. The use of small quantities of mineral fertilizer on the intercropped dual-purpose cowpea, therefore, is a best combination for limited N-resources-farmers. Single manure, millet husks plus mineral fertilizer, or year-alternative-application are also recommendable depends on farmers accessibility to the resources.展开更多
Soybean （Glycine max （L.）） is one of the most important legume crops being introduced in the CHK （Central Highlands of Kenya） expected to increase yields. However, low levels of soil N （nitrogen） and other pla...Soybean （Glycine max （L.）） is one of the most important legume crops being introduced in the CHK （Central Highlands of Kenya） expected to increase yields. However, low levels of soil N （nitrogen） and other plant nutrients and soil acidity are seen as the major causes impairing goal achievement. To evaluate the influence of manure, lime, P （phosphorus） fertilizer and their combination on N uptake and soybean performance, an experiment was conducted in Embu ATC （Agricultural Training College） comprising 9 treatments, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replicates in plots of 4 m×4.5 m. The study included manure （0, 5 and 10 t-ha-1）, lime （0 and 2 t.ha-1） and P fertilizer （0, 30 and 60 kg.P.hal）. The treatments significantly influenced N uptake and soybean yields. Both parameters responded well to application of manure both alone or combined to lime and TSP （triple super phosphate）. From these it was concluded that organic and inorganic resources have potential to enhance N uptake and soybean and other crops yields in CHK.展开更多
The study was undertaken to assess the inorganic fertilizer production and consumption, export and import trends in Nigeria, assess the effect of food legume technology on farmers＇output, income, household inventorie...The study was undertaken to assess the inorganic fertilizer production and consumption, export and import trends in Nigeria, assess the effect of food legume technology on farmers＇output, income, household inventories and inorganic fertilizer usage. Multi-stage sampling technique procedure was adopted in obtaining 300 respondents. Primary and secondary data were used. Simple descriptive statistics, t-test and correlation were used to analyse the data. Both the trend analysis result and test of mean differences showed a wide gap. The result revealed a significant increase in the yields of maize, millet, cocoyam, sweet potato, okro, tomato and overall aggregate crop yield of farmers after the adoption of the food legume technology （t = 2.78, 2.23, 3.70, 3.30, 2.20, 3.5 and 2.297; P 〈 0.05）, hence improves food security. Similarly, the result revealed significant positive change in terms of farmers＇ownership of house, increase in the number of rooms, improvement in water source, possession of radio, television/tape recorders and cell phone. Major constraints to production as revealed by the study include pests and diseases, low soil fertility, inadequate finance, storage problem and poor market for products. The study recommends adequate and regular supply of food legume production inputs to farmers and intensive control of pests and diseases.展开更多
Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1 may not r...Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1 may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased the yield of green pepper （11.33-11.47 t ha-l）, compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser （9.72 t ha-l）. The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.展开更多
文摘ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals from organic fertilizer in soil and plant. MethodThree plots were chosen in Shanghai suburb to measure the heavy metal accumulation by monitoring their concentrations in soil and plant after organic fertilizer was applied. We also analyzed the correlations of the heavy metals in soil and plants. Single-factor pollution index and Nemerow’s synthetical pollution index were adopted to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in soils. Moreover, how many years before the heavy metal accumulation will exceed the environmental capability if 45 t/hm 2 organic fertilizer is applied every year was also estimated in the present study. ResultThe rules of heavy metals’ accumulation in soil changed with the various soil characters and pH. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd and As in the tested plants exceeded the limits. The average concentration of Cu in the tested soil shared positive correlation with that in the tested plants. The average concentration of Pb in the tested soil was negatively correlated with that in the tested plant while the other heavy metals didn’t show the rule like that. Organic fertilizer application caused no obvious pollution to the soils. Cu would exceed the standard environmental capacity within 15 years if 45 t/hm 2 organic fertilizer is applied every year, while for Hg, it will be 2 000 years. ConclusionWhen the excessive organic fertilizer is put into the land, the heavy metals from organic fertilizer would accumulate in soil and plant. With continued excessive fertilization, the heavy metals especially Cu would exceed the stan- dard environmental capacity. More attention should be paid to the inputting amount of the organic fertilizer.
基金Project supported by the Canadian International Development Agency, Canada and the Chinese Academy of Sciences,China (No. KZCX2-413).
文摘China is now the world’s largest producer and user of industrial fertilizers and manures. Consequently China plays a substantial role in global N cycle dynamics and in man’s disruption of the nitrogen cycle though there are still significant uncertainties about the size and importance of emission and leaching rates. A major cause of China’s global role is the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers, which is most serious with intensive vegetable production where application rates can be up to 50% greater than crop needs, but is also a problem with wheat, rice and maize. China’s overuse of nitrogen fertiliser over the past 10-20 years has resulted in non-point source (NPS) pollution from crop production becoming a major cause of water pollution, and the situation is projected to get worse. In contrast, water pollution from point sources such as intensive livestock production and urban or industrial development is being brought more under control. The consequences for air pollution are equally serious. Emissions of nitrous oxide from fertilizers and manures may be so large that China could be responsible for 25-30% of global emissions of this damaging greenhouse gas and of the global warming resulting from it. The main national and local issues relate particularly to low fertilizer use efficiency and the losses of ammonia and NOx that lead to acid precipitation, and leaching and run-off losses that result in high nitrate levels in groundwater and eutrophication of rivers and lakes. The reasons why farmers overuse nitrogen fertilizer are complex and not fully understood. They involve agro-climate differences between provinces and counties, farming systems and farm income structures. Although there is a wide range of institutional and technological improvements that can greatly reduce this overuse rapid progress in reducing NPS is unlikely.
文摘A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in a farmer's field at Haji Mora Village, Dera Ismail Khan (D.I. Khan) in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWPP) of Pakistan to compare various management practices, such as the effect of various organic manures and gypsum in a rice-wheat cropping system on a saline-sodic Entisol (Zindani soil series). The treatments consisted of 1) a control (rice-wheat), 2) gypsum, 3) farmyard manure (FYM), 4) berseem (Trifolium alexzndrinum L.) as green manure (GM), and 5) dhancha (Sesbania sp.) as GM. All treatments increased yields of both rice and wheat significantly (P < 0.01) over the control, with the green manure treatments proving more economical than the others; while they decreased pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil. Saturation percentage and available water of the soil were raised for all treatments due to an increase in organic matter content of the soil.
基金Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.40202007) and the Provincial National Science Foundation ofGuangdong, China (Nos. 000623, 020938, 04020017)
文摘Three types of new high-efficiency phosphate fertilizers were made when pillared clays at certain proportions were added into ground phosphate rock. Chemical analyses showed that their soluble phosphorus content decreased more than that of superphosphate. Pot experiment showed that, under equal weights, the new fertilizers increased their efficiency by a large margin over that of superphosphate. Researches on their structures by means of XRD, IR and EPR spectrum revealed that their crystal structures changed considerably, improving their activity and preventing the fixation of available phosphorus in the soil, and consequently, greatly improved the bioavailability and became the main cause of the increase of biomass.
文摘The effects of polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer, made from oyster shell proteins, on the absorption of soil nutrition and the enzymatic activities of crops were studied. It has been found that the enhancer contributes 30%, 50% and 50% augmentation of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K) absorption respectively and about 20% of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme activities of crops. These results show that polyaspartate protease fertilizer enhancer could improve significantly the absorption and utilization efficiencies of soil nutrition and the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxide enzyme of crops, thus elevating the utilization rates of chemical fertilizers to a certain extent.
文摘Ginger yields in the NorthEastern region of India are low because the extremely poor farmers of the region can not afford to apply any chemical fertilizers and hence apply only the locally-available farmyard manures to ginger fields. Biofertilizers may be a cheap source of fertilizers for ginger cultivation as they can increase nutrient availability and improve rhizome quality and are required in small quantity. An investigation was thus undertaken to study the effect of different biofenilizers on growth, productivity, quality and economics of organic ginger grown under rainfed condition in NorthEastern region of India. Seed treatment with biofertilizers enhanced growth, increased rhizome yield by 19.0% and resulted in 32.4% higher net profit over control. Among the seed treatments, Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha＂l, Azospirillum 3.75 kg hal and Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 were found optimum in improving most of the growth attributes, increasing yield components and yield of rhizome by 5.6%-13.5%. They also improved rhizome quality by increasing specific gravity, oleoresin and dry matter content and by decreasing crude fibre in rhizome. They resulted in higher net return by 4.0%-12.0% as compared to their other levels. Combined use of Azotobacter 5.0 kg hal along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha＂l was found to be the best treatment combination which greatly improved growth and yield attributes of ginger and ultimately recorded markedly higher productivity （2.0%-23.5%） over other combinations. This treatment combination improved the quality of the produce and resulted in the highest gross return （$4,905 hal）, net return （$3,525 hal） and return per dollar （3.55） invested in ginger cultivation. It appears that growing organic ginger by treating the seed rhizome with Azotobacter 5.0 kg ha-~ along with Phosphotica 3.75 kg ha-1 can result in good growth and high productivity of improved quality rhizome and ultimately result in maximum net profit and thus can be recommended for the NorthEastern region of India.
文摘We evaluated several organic fertilizers associated or not to mineral fertilizers, in the cane yield and theoretical sugarcane brandy in plant cane. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with nine treatments and four replications, constituted of： TI： Liming （ 1 ） ＋ reactive rock phosphate （2） ＋ chemical fertilizer （3）; T2：2 ＋ 3; T3：1 ＋ 3 （control）; T4：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 3 ＋ cattle manure （4）; T5： 1 ＋ 2 ＋ 4; T6：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 3 ＋ chicken manure （5）; T7：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 5; T8：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 3 ＋ cane bagasse （6）; T9：1 ＋ 2 ＋ 6. It was applied the fertilizers in the following doses： cattle manure, 30 t hal; chicken manure, 3.5 t hal; cane bagasse, 24 t ha-1; reactive rock phosphate, 400 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 of K20 and P205, in the planting furrow. The limestone was distributed in the dose of 2.5 t ha-1 The variety was used SP 79-1011. The cattle manure substituted the chemical fertilization of plant cane. The cane bagasse, when used as organic source should always be complemented with the chemical fertilization; there were no effect of treatments in the principal technological characteristics of the cane.
文摘To determine the best combinations of organic and mineral fertilizer applications under resource-limited conditions in the Sahel, West Africa, on-farm experiments for two years in the Fakara region of western Niger is conducted. Ten treatments were tested; six of them received one of three organic fertilizers （none, millet husks, or manure）, with or without mineral fertilizer; two grew millet/（dual-purpose） cowpea intercrops with mineral fertilizer in 1：1 or 4：4 row arrangement; one grew a millet/（spreading） cowpea intercrop with manure; and one grew a millet/hibiscus intercrop with millet husks. Manure increased total biomass by 127%- 147% （P 〈 0.001 ） and millet yield by 130%- 184% （P 〈 0.01 ）. Mineral fertilizer increased total biomass by 27% （P 〈 0.01 ） and millet yield by 24% （P 〈 0.05） in 2008. The N balance was greatest and positive in the manure treatment （P 〈 0.001）, followed by millet husks. Mineral fertilizer on the intercropped dual-purpose cowpea increased the agronomic N use efficiency of millet by 329%-483% （P 〈 0.01） compared with manure. The use of small quantities of mineral fertilizer on the intercropped dual-purpose cowpea, therefore, is a best combination for limited N-resources-farmers. Single manure, millet husks plus mineral fertilizer, or year-alternative-application are also recommendable depends on farmers accessibility to the resources.
文摘Soybean （Glycine max （L.）） is one of the most important legume crops being introduced in the CHK （Central Highlands of Kenya） expected to increase yields. However, low levels of soil N （nitrogen） and other plant nutrients and soil acidity are seen as the major causes impairing goal achievement. To evaluate the influence of manure, lime, P （phosphorus） fertilizer and their combination on N uptake and soybean performance, an experiment was conducted in Embu ATC （Agricultural Training College） comprising 9 treatments, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replicates in plots of 4 m×4.5 m. The study included manure （0, 5 and 10 t-ha-1）, lime （0 and 2 t.ha-1） and P fertilizer （0, 30 and 60 kg.P.hal）. The treatments significantly influenced N uptake and soybean yields. Both parameters responded well to application of manure both alone or combined to lime and TSP （triple super phosphate）. From these it was concluded that organic and inorganic resources have potential to enhance N uptake and soybean and other crops yields in CHK.
文摘The study was undertaken to assess the inorganic fertilizer production and consumption, export and import trends in Nigeria, assess the effect of food legume technology on farmers＇output, income, household inventories and inorganic fertilizer usage. Multi-stage sampling technique procedure was adopted in obtaining 300 respondents. Primary and secondary data were used. Simple descriptive statistics, t-test and correlation were used to analyse the data. Both the trend analysis result and test of mean differences showed a wide gap. The result revealed a significant increase in the yields of maize, millet, cocoyam, sweet potato, okro, tomato and overall aggregate crop yield of farmers after the adoption of the food legume technology （t = 2.78, 2.23, 3.70, 3.30, 2.20, 3.5 and 2.297; P 〈 0.05）, hence improves food security. Similarly, the result revealed significant positive change in terms of farmers＇ownership of house, increase in the number of rooms, improvement in water source, possession of radio, television/tape recorders and cell phone. Major constraints to production as revealed by the study include pests and diseases, low soil fertility, inadequate finance, storage problem and poor market for products. The study recommends adequate and regular supply of food legume production inputs to farmers and intensive control of pests and diseases.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Nos.2013GB23600666 and 2013BAD11B00)funded by the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization,China+1 种基金supported by the grant of the Australian Research Council (No.LP120200418)Renewed Carbon Pty Ltd.,Australia and the project of DAFF Carbon Farming Futures-Filling the Research Gap,Australia (No.RG134978)
文摘Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1 may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased the yield of green pepper （11.33-11.47 t ha-l）, compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser （9.72 t ha-l）. The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.
