高活力农作物种子培育技术和保持研究

高活力农作物种子培育技术和维持是现代农业生产中非常重要环节,其结合生物学、化学、工程和信息学等多个领域研究成果,随着现代农业生产发展和进步,高活力农作物种子培育技术和保持成为农业生产中重要组成部分,其涉及许多学科、技术和实践领域。高质量、高产量和高萌发率种子,可以帮助农民获得更大收成,增加效益,提高经济效益,提高农业可持续发展水平。本文针对高活力农作物种子培育技术和保持研究进展进行全面分析。

高粗茎秆作物收割技术的研究进展

系统分析了几种典型高粗茎秆作物的田间生长特性、收获期茎秆的物理机械特性及其收割现状;阐述了国内外高粗茎秆作物收割技术的研究进展;比较分析了现有高粗茎秆作物收割机械的特点;展望了未来高粗茎秆作物收割技术的研究与发展趋势。由此对提高高粗茎秆作物收获机的通用性、开发出能够适用于主要高粗茎秆作物收获切割的技术和装置以及高粗茎秆作物收获切割技术研究做一个有益的尝试。

基于标尺图像识别的作物株高测量

作物株高的测量是农作物自动观测中的重要环节,能直接反映作物的生长情况。针对人工测量作物株高成本较高且个人的主观影响较大的问题,文中提出了一种通过图像处理来测量株高的方法。将标尺置于作物主茎秆后方并拍摄标尺的照片,在MATLAB上将图像转换到HSV颜色空间分割标尺色块并进行滤波。采用连通域分析法计算标尺色块的像素高度,通过标尺像素高度和实际高度的比例关系计算株高。以灌木丛为实验对象拍摄照片并进行测量,然后对比实验测得的株高数据与人工测量数据,结果显示测量误差小于0.0173 m,满足自动观测株高的标准。

高株农作物喷药机设计及研究

随着高株农作物的发展,我国的高株农作物喷药机需求也在逐步地提升,进行高株农作物喷药机的设计优化也显得愈发重要。基于此,文章将针对高株农作物喷药机的设计及其优势进行分析,进而提出了高株农作物喷药机的实施方法以及使用过程中需要注意的问题,希望可以对高株农作物喷药机的推广应用有所帮助。

高地隙喷杆喷雾机发展现状与应用普及趋势分析

随着我国农业机械化水平不断提高,应用与普及适合于高秆农作物病虫害防治的农业植保机械是解决高秆类作物中后期施药难、施药效果差的重要发展趋势。通过高地隙喷杆喷雾机的国内外发展现状,提出了高地隙喷杆喷雾机发展的必要性,分析了高地隙喷杆喷雾机应用普及趋势,对应用普及高地隙喷杆喷雾机,促进高地隙植保机械发展具有一定的参考。

不同药剂应用自走式高杆作物喷杆喷雾机防治玉米螟药效试验

为筛选出适合绥化市防治玉米螟的最佳药剂,通过采用新型喷药机械进行了几种不同药剂防治玉米螟的防效试验,结果表明,2%阿维·高氯氟防治玉米螟效果最好,其次为苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂。建议大面积推广2%阿维·高氯氟和苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂防治玉米螟。

稻麦系统产量与多类型高光谱特征变量的相关分析

为了解稻麦系统作物冠层高光谱特征与其系统产量的关系,进而实时动态监测作物长势与产量情况,分析水稻和小麦系统产量与多类型高光谱特征变量之间的关系.选择相关性较好的光谱波谱与变量参数,并分别建立最佳回归预测模型.结果表明,水稻系统产量的估测以多变量回归模型为最优,红边内一阶导数的总和(Sr)与蓝边内一阶导数的总和(Sb)的归一化值(Sr-Sb)/(Sr+Sb)、Sr和红边位置(λr)3个变量对水稻系统产量有较大的影响(R2=0.739),估测精度为88.24%;小麦系统产量的估测以Sr的指数模型为最优(R2=0.780),估测精度为66.43%.红边光谱区域的高光谱变量与光谱指数用于估算稻麦系统作物长势与产量较为有效,可用于定量、准确监测稻麦系统产量.

基于网络摄像机的株高远程无损测量系统

作物株高是体现作物长势的重要指标。为此,针对现有基于图像分析测量方法需设置标定物、图像分割困难、精度不高的问题,提出一种基于网络摄像机的株高远程无损测量方法。利用三角测量原理,通过控制网络摄像机云台运动,计算光轴旋转角度,实现了株高的远程无损测量。以玉米为研究对象,在喇叭口期,通过焦距固定和焦距可变两组实验,测试了焦距变化对测量数据的影响。在三叶期、拔节期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期,随机选取10株作物,进行远程无损测量和人工测量,并生成株高数据连续变化曲线。实验结果表明:使用该方法,测量结果不受作物与摄像机距离远近和摄像机焦距变化的影响,鲁棒性强,对于无倾斜或倾斜度较小的作物,测量平均相对误差为3.66%,最大相对误差为6.71%,可满足农业生产的要求。

非生物胁迫对能源作物糖分产量影响的研究进展

利用受环境因子胁迫不利于生产粮食的农田种植能源作物,不仅能保证农业的可持续发展,还可为生产生物质能源提供原料,缓解能源危机。由于能源作物中的糖分是生产生物质燃料乙醇的基础,所以本文综述了水分、盐碱、温度、NPK(氮、磷、钾)养分、种植密度、植物激素和重金属等因子对能源作物糖分积累的影响,发现干旱、盐碱、适宜低温等非生物胁迫及适量的施用NPK肥、稀土元素或ABA(脱落酸)有利于促进作物糖分的积累,表明合适的非生物胁迫及适量的补施肥料或叶面微肥可极大促进乙醇产量,这将为更好地利用受环境胁迫不适宜生产粮食的农田种植能源作物提供理论依据和技术支撑。

Study on Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation from Pea Crops of Platean

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to discuss the effect of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation from pea crops of plateau. [ Method] SOD enzyme liquid from pea crops of plateau was extracted by means of protein concentration assay, enzyme activity assay and antioxidant activity determination by DPPH method, peroxide activity inhibition of in vitro tissues from mice by homogenate MDA colorimetry method and lipid peroxidation assay of in vitro tissues. [ Result ] IC50 of the crude enzyme liquid extracted from pea on DPPH was 55.16 mg/L, while the scavenging rate of the crude enzyme liquid was lower than that of ascorbic acid, tea polyphenol and citric acid with the same concentration. The synergistic effect was found in ascorbic acid and crude enzyme liquid, but the synergism of ascorbic acid was better than that of citric acid. IC50 of SOD enzyme liquid extracted from pea on DPPH was 11.1 mg/L, which was better than that of tea polyphenol and closely similar to that of ascorbic acid. SOD enzyme liquid extracted from pea had an inhibitory effect on MDA production from in vitro tissues such as liver, kidney and heart, especially for a significantly inhibitory effect on MDA from liver in vitro. When the concentration was 0.25 mg/ml, the inhibition rate reached 78.3%, and then the inhibition rate increased little with the concentration incresas, while its effect on heart and kidney were inferior. [ Conclusion] SOD crude enzyme liquid and SOD enzyme liquid extracted from pea all have certain DPPH scavenging capacity, while SOD enzyme liquid extracted from pea has an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation.

Difference between Responses of Potato Plant Height to Corrected FAO-56-recommended Crop Coefficient and Measured Crop Coefficient

This study was conducted to establish a simple convenient method for calculating crop coefficient, and provide a certain basis for the research of the empirical formula for calculating crop coefficient with plant height which could be measured conveniently with regional differences, especially for the establishment of accurate irrigation schedule of potato in Yunnan. By the field experiment on potato under the condition of drip irrigation, it was found that the models of plant height with corrected FAO-56-recommended K and measured K were a quartic polynomial and a cubic polynomial, respectively, and the polynomial of potato plant height with measured crop coefficient was simpler with higher degree of fitting; and the differences between the period with the highest change rate of potato plant height and the periods with the greatest FAO-56-recommended K and measured K exhibited a differences of 3 d. In conclusion： In the future study of simple or empirical formula calculation of crop coefficient, plant height should be considered as a main dependent variable in that the calculation result would be closer to the measured crop coefficient with the problem of regional difference existing in the FAO method solved and the formula might be simpler; and the irrigation time of potato should be 3 d earlier than the irrigation time determined according to the corrected FAO-56-recommended crop coefficient, especially in the key water requirement stages of potato.

Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in Food Crops Planted Along the Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway

To understand the effect of the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway on food crops planted along the sides, we determined the heavy metal contents(Zn, Pb, Cu and Cb) in the digestion solutions of the root, stem and leaf from rice and corn. The results showed that highway promoted the accumulation of heavy metal elements in corn and rice. Compared with the CKs(crops produced where no highway extend), contents of heavy metal elements in two crops tested from two sampling sites were both over standard. This indicates that food crops planted within 100 m away from the highway are been polluted by heavy metals, which is directly related with the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway. Based on this, the areas within 100 m away from the highway are not suggested to cultivate food crops.

云南冷泉蚕区2010-2015年蚕桑生产状况统计分析

收集了2010-2015年云南冷泉蚕区309户农户的蚕茧生产数据,通过实地调查或问卷形式对蚕农户数变化、新栽桑情况,以及主要农副产品的产值效益进行了统计。结果表明,养蚕水平在2013年波动最为明显,同年各片区间养蚕水平差异显著;2013年蚕农数量骤减,同年三七、生姜等经济作物价格飙升。因此2010-2015年6年间养蚕水平波动、蚕农骤减同当年高产值经济作物三七、生姜影响关系最为密切,并且经济条件相对落后的地区是今后蚕桑发展的重点地区。

植物生长参数检测系统设计

为了实现对植物生长状况的基本检测,本文使用Opencv与MATLAB等工具,设计了基于图像处理的绿色植物覆盖率和株高的自动测量系统,并介绍其软、硬件设计方案。

生物技术与能源开发

简述了人们开发利用能源的转变历程,着重阐述了运用生物技术开发新能源取得的研究成果,包括运用生物技术将植物及其废弃物转化为能源、运用生物技术培育高能源作物、利用基因工程改良微生物以催化H2的释放、运用基因重组技术培育出能产油的植物以及产石油细菌的发现等,对这些成果进行了评述,并对其未来发展进行了展望。

大庆市三代粘虫发生概况及其防控措施

粘虫是一种全国大区迁飞性的突发性重大害虫,具有集中、隐蔽、暴发、迁移等特点。大庆市今年迎来了20多年的三代粘虫首次大爆发。本文详细介绍了三代粘虫在大庆地区大发生原因及防治措施。

Nutritive Equilibrium in Rice Plant Populations for High Yield

The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application level, seed rate and transplanting density on the growth and development of rice plants were studied to find out nutrient status in high-yielding rice plants and to increase grain yield by adequate fertilization. There was an equilibrium relationship among nutrient elements for high-yielding rice plant populations. The equilibrium index of nutrient amount, content and distribution in high-yielding rice plants should be generally greater than-2 but less than 2. The optimum nutritive proportion of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium assimilated by the plants was about 10: 2: 9 at the ripening stage. But the content and the proportion varied with the growth stages. Therefore, the nutrient in rice plant populations should be in a dynamic equilibrium, so as to achieve high yield.

Use of Sorghum Crops for in Situ Phytoremediation of Polluted Soils

There has been carried out a comparative research, which allow us to determine the quantities and the central points of accumulation ofPb, Cu, Zn and Cd in the vegetative and reproductive organs of the four sorghum varieties （technical sorghtan, sugar sorghum, sudan grass and grain sorghnm）, as well as to ascertain the possibilities for their growth in soils contaminated with heavy metals and their application for phytoremediation purposes. The experimental plots were situated at different distances （0.1 and 15.0 kin） from the source of pollution-the Non-Ferrous Metal Works near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. On reaching commercial ripeness, the crops were gathered and the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in their different parts-roots, stems, leaves and gains-were determined through dry mineralization. To determine the heavy metal content in the samples, ICP was used. A clearly distinguished trend exists which describes the accumulation of heavy metals within the vegetative and reproductive organs of the studied crops. Sudan grass and technical sorghum accumulated larger heavy metal quantities compared to sugar sorghum and grain sorghum, as the majority of the heavy metals was retained by the roots and a very small amount was translocated to epigeous parts. The depots for accumulation were in the following order： roots 〉 leaves 〉 stems 〉 grains. The studied crops can be related to metal-tolerant crops and can be cultivated on softs which are of low, medium or high contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium, as they do not exhibit a tendency of accumulating these elements in grains at levels above the maximum permissible concentrations for fodder. The selective accumulation of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in the roots and the possibility to remove the root-remains makes technical sorghum, sugar sorghum and Sudan grass extremely suitable for phytoremediation purposes. The possible use of grains for animal food guarantees the economic expedience upon the selection of these crops.

Effects of Contour Hedgerow Intercropping on Nutrient Losses from the Sloping Farmland in the Three Gorges Area,China

Eutrophication is recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Contour hedgerows have been used as a major soil and water conservation measure in this area.Accordingly,a two-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of contour hedgerow intercropping on nutrient loss from sloping farmland in this area.Four treatments were applied:(1) Maize + Soybean,(2) Maize,(3) Maize + Alfalfa,and(4) Maize + Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.Results indicated that nutrient loss in the control treatment(Maize) was serious,especially the average loss flux of total nitrogen(2245.8 mg) and total phosphate(2434.2 mg) in a typical rainfall event.However,the nutrient losses by runoff in the other three treatments with contour hedgerow intercropping showed significant reduction.Compared with the control treatment,the total nitrogen loss in the Alfalfa and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni decreased by 80.9% and 85.0%,respectively,and the total phosphorus loss in the two treatments decreased by 91.2% and 92.5%,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that nutrient losses could be reduced by using contour hedgerows in the Three Gorges Region.Reducing runoff volume and sediment loss was the main mechanisms of contour hedgerow intercropping to reduce nutrient loss.

STUDY ON THE DESALINATION BEHAVIORS OF PA/PSF THIN FILM COMPOSITE

A polypiperazine amide （PA）/polysulfone （PSF） thin film composite （TFC） was prepared by interracial polymerization （IP） using a trimesoyl chloride hexane solution as the oil phase and a piperazine aqueous solution as the water phase on a porous polysulfone hollow fiber substrate. Its separating behaviors were investigated systematically to various salts such as NaCl KCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, CaCl2 and MgSO4, showing the highest rejection rate to Na2SO4, the second to MgSO4 the third to MgCl2 and CaCl2, and the lowest to KCI, NaCl, being 99%, 98%, 70%, 60%, 15% and 10% respectively. Under an increasing pressure or with time, the rejection rate of the TFC rises to a plateau. To various concentration of the feed, the rejection rate reduced gradually with the higher concentration.