Since 1865, the scholars from different countries have been studying the Genoese Massari＇s ledger of 1340. The authors have used a fundamentally new approach when studying this famous register. The authors have also ...Since 1865, the scholars from different countries have been studying the Genoese Massari＇s ledger of 1340. The authors have used a fundamentally new approach when studying this famous register. The authors have also analyzed the full-scale financial processes （from registering the expenses of the commune to their coverage by revenue） instead of analyzing some separate transactions which could prove the presence of the double-entry when registering each economic fact. This becomes possible as a result of the reconstruction of medieval entries and registers in the form of a modem account and the construction of the computer model of the whole ledger of 1340. The model of the system is formed according to seven summits of the revenue of the commune, which are distributed upon many factors of registered expenses and united into 17 reporting points. The special attention is paid to the date of the transaction. The authors have found many answers to some questions which were mysteries before. The explanation is given to the sales of goods below the purchasing price and to the exchange of money with significant losses.展开更多
《科普兰1900至1942》(Copland,1900 Through 1942),A·科普兰、V·帕丽斯合著,纽约,圣·马丁和马雷克出版社,1984年。这是一部新颖的自传。在它问世以前,有关科普兰传记的材料,最常引用的,是科普兰1939年在《艺术杂志》上...《科普兰1900至1942》(Copland,1900 Through 1942),A·科普兰、V·帕丽斯合著,纽约,圣·马丁和马雷克出版社,1984年。这是一部新颖的自传。在它问世以前,有关科普兰传记的材料,最常引用的,是科普兰1939年在《艺术杂志》上发表的短文《来自布鲁克林的作曲家——一个自传性素描》,该文后来被作者收入1968年出版的《新音乐,1900—1960》一书时,作了几处微小的修改。那是一篇生动、亲切,但是写得太早又十分简要的自传短文,总共才十八页。现在我们看到的,却是一本近四百页的详尽的传记。展开更多
文摘Since 1865, the scholars from different countries have been studying the Genoese Massari＇s ledger of 1340. The authors have used a fundamentally new approach when studying this famous register. The authors have also analyzed the full-scale financial processes （from registering the expenses of the commune to their coverage by revenue） instead of analyzing some separate transactions which could prove the presence of the double-entry when registering each economic fact. This becomes possible as a result of the reconstruction of medieval entries and registers in the form of a modem account and the construction of the computer model of the whole ledger of 1340. The model of the system is formed according to seven summits of the revenue of the commune, which are distributed upon many factors of registered expenses and united into 17 reporting points. The special attention is paid to the date of the transaction. The authors have found many answers to some questions which were mysteries before. The explanation is given to the sales of goods below the purchasing price and to the exchange of money with significant losses.
文摘《科普兰1900至1942》(Copland,1900 Through 1942),A·科普兰、V·帕丽斯合著,纽约,圣·马丁和马雷克出版社,1984年。这是一部新颖的自传。在它问世以前,有关科普兰传记的材料,最常引用的,是科普兰1939年在《艺术杂志》上发表的短文《来自布鲁克林的作曲家——一个自传性素描》,该文后来被作者收入1968年出版的《新音乐,1900—1960》一书时,作了几处微小的修改。那是一篇生动、亲切,但是写得太早又十分简要的自传短文,总共才十八页。现在我们看到的,却是一本近四百页的详尽的传记。
