定角定边解三角形题的“轮回转世”

三角形的三条边a,b,c和三个角A,B,C叫作三角形的元素.已知三角形的几个元素求其他元素的过程叫作解三角形.解三角形的主要工具是正弦、余弦定理.解三角形问题,或注重考查＂双基＂即基本知识和基本方法,或注重考查与三角函数知识、不等式知识、平面向量知识、解析几何知识等综合运用.解三角形问题,要注意三角形的隐含条件,如三个内角和为180°、大边对大角、任意两边之和大于第三边、角的正弦值为正数等.

Dynamics of Nonlinear Waves in(2+1)-Dimensional Extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli Equation

Based on the Hirota bilinear method,this study derived N-soliton solutions,breather solutions,lump solutions and interaction solutions for the(2+1)-dimensional extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation.The dynamical characteristics of these solutions were displayed through graphical,particularly revealing fusion and ssion phenomena in the interaction of lump and the one-stripe soliton.

Local existence and uniqueness of the incompressible Navier-Stokes-Landau-Lifshitz equations with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and V-flow term

In this paper,we prove that there exists a unique local solution for the Cauchy problem of a system of the incompressible Navier-Stokes-Landau-Lifshitz equations with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and V-flow term inR^(2) and R^(3).Our methods rely upon approximating the system with a perturbed parabolic system and parallel transport.

Mirror neuron system as the joint from action to language

Mirror neuron system （MNS） represents one past decade, and it has been found to involve in multiple of the most important discoveries of cognitive neuroscience in the aspects of brain functions including action understanding, imitation, language understanding, empathy, action prediction and speech evolution. This manuscript reviewed the function of MNS in action understanding as well as language evolution, and specifically assessed its roles as the bridge from body language to fluent speeches. Then we discussed the speech defects of autism patients due to the disruption of MNS. Finally, given that MNS is plastic in adult brain, we proposed MNS targeted therapy provides an efficient rehabilitation approach for brain damages conditions as well as autism patients.

Electro-flotation and collision-attachment mechanism of fine cassiterite

In order to discuss the particle-bubble interaction during the electro-flotation of cassiterite,the recovery of cassiterite with different particle sizes was investigated,and the collision mechanism between the cassiterite particles and H2 bubbles was explored.The flotation tests were carried out in a single bubble flotation cell.The results show that cassiterite particles 10 μm,10-20 μm,20？38 μm and 38-74 μm match with bubbles with size of 50-150 μm,about 250 μm,74 μm and 74 μm,respectively,and a better recovery can be obtained.It is demonstrated that the recovery of cassiterite is influenced by the size of cassiterite particles and bubbles.Furthermore,the probabilities of collision,adhesion,detachment and collection were calculated using the collision,attachment and collection models.Theoretical calculation results show that the collision probability decreases sharply with decreasing particle size and increasing bubble size（below 150 μm）.The attachment probability would increase from the effective collision,leading to the increase of recovery.

Infeasibility test algorithm and fast repair algorithm of job shop scheduling problem

To diagnose the feasibility of the solution of a job-shop scheduling problem（JSSP）,a test algorithm based on diagraph and heuristic search is developed and verified through a case study.Meanwhile,a new repair algorithm for modifying an infeasible solution of the JSSP to become a feasible solution is proposed for the general JSSP.The computational complexity of the test algorithm and the repair algorithm is both O（n） under the worst-case scenario,and O（2J＋M） for the repair algorithm under the best-case scenario.The repair algorithm is not limited to specific optimization methods,such as local tabu search,genetic algorithms and shifting bottleneck procedures for job shop scheduling,but applicable to generic infeasible solutions for the JSSP to achieve feasibility.

Calculation of hydrogen solubility in molten alloys

A thermodynamic model was developed to calculate the hydrogen solubility in molten alloys based on the hydrogen solubility in constitutional pure liquid metals and their interaction parameters. The calculated results have a good agreement with the documented experimental results. The closer the molten alloy to an ideal liquid is, the more accurate the calculated results are. The compound forming ability and molar mixing heat of the constitutional elements take important roles in influencing the hydrogen solubility in molten alloys.

Activities of lipoxygenase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in poplar leaves induced by insect herbivory and volatiles

A study was conducted to explore the defense response in woody plants after insect herbivory. The activities of two enzymes, lipoxygenase （LOX）, a key enzyme ofjasmonate （JA） pathway, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, a rate-limiting enzyme of phenyl- propanoid pathway, were measured in the leaves of one-year-old poplar （Populus simonii × P. pyramidalis ＇Opera 8277＇） cuttings after Clostera anachoreta larvae attack. The results show that the increased activities of LOX and PAL were found not only in the leaves wounded by C. anachoreta larvae but also in their tipper systemic leaves, indicating that JA and phenylpropanoid pathways were activated, and the defense response was stimulated systemically. The increase in LOX and PAL activities in neighboring intact poplar cuttings sug- gested that there exists the interplant communication between poplar plants mediated by the herbivore-induced volatiles. Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） was also proved to be an airborne signal to induce defense response in P simonii × P pyramidalis ＇Opera 8277＇ cuttings.

Combined effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and media pH on the solubility of prostaglandin E_1

Aim To investigate the combined effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin （HP-β-CD） and media pH on the solubility of prostaglandin E1 （PGE1） and construct a theoretical equation for the drug solubility as a function of HP-β-CD concentration and media pH. Methods The solubility of PGE1 under different pH conditions was determined. Then, the drug solubility in different concentrations of HP-β-CD acidic or pH neutral solutions was measured, respectively. Finally, a theoretical solubility equation for the drug as a function of HP-β-CD concentration and media pH was deduced and confirmed in experiment. Results PGEs was solubilized by HP-β-CD or by increasing media pH. The drug solubility as a function of HP-β-CD concentration was found to follow the AL-type complexation model in acidic or neutral pH media, suggesting that both the ionized and neutral drugs form 1：1 molecular ratio complexes. Conclusions The solubility of PGE1 may be improved by increasing media pH or by using HP-β-CD as a solubilizer. HP-β-CD and media pH can produce combined effect on the solubility of PGE1. The deduced equation for the drug solubility in this study effectively characterizes the roles of HP-β-CD and media pH in determining total solubility of the drug.

Effect of Chitosan-Cysteine Conjugate on Enzymatic Degradation and Hypoglycemic effect of Insulin

Aim To evaluate the inhibitory effect of chitosan-cysteine conjugate onenzymatic degradation and hypogly-cemic enhancement effect of insulin. Methods Chitosan-cysteineconjugate was synthesized. The protective effect of the conjugate against degradation of insulin byα-chymotrypsin and trypsin was evaluated in vitro. Insulin enteric- microspheres were prepared byusing O_1 /Q_2 emulsion solvent evaporation method. The hypoglycemic enhancement effect of theconjugate was studied by oral administration of insulin solution or enteric-microspheres to rats.Results The thiol group content of the synthesized conjugate was about 200 μmol·g^(-1) polymer,which showed a strong protective effect on insulin from enzymatic degradation in vitro. Almost allthe insulin incubated in a-chymotrypsin solution or trypsin solution without chitosan-cysteineconjugate was degraded entirely within 1 h and 5 h respectively, whereas above 75% of insulinremained in the same content of the enzymatic solution containing 4 mg·mL^(-1) conjugate. The drugloading of insulin enteric-microspheres was about 7% . In vivo experiment, chitosan-cysteineconjugate (85 μg·kg^(-1)) prolonged the hypoglycemic time of insulin solution orenteric-microspheres when administered simultaneously with the absorption enhancer SNAC. ConclusionChitosan-cysteine conjugate has a marked inhibitory effect on the enzymatic degradation of insulinin vitro, and it displays a significant hypoglycemic enhancement effect on insulin oral formulationin vivo.

Dissolution and Fractionatoon of Calcium-Bound and Iron-and Aluminum-Bound Humus in Soils

This paper deals with the development of a sequential extraction method to separate the Ca-bound and Fe-and Al-bound humus from soils.First,comparative analyses were carried out on dissolution of synthetic organo-mineral complexes by different extractants,i.e.0.1M Na4P2O7,0.1M NaOH+0.1M Na4P2O7 mixture,0.1M NaOH,0.5M (NaPO3)6 and 0.5M neutral Na2SO4.Among the five extractants,0.1M NaOH+0.1M Na4P2O7 mixture was the most efficient in extracting humus from various complexes.0.5M Na2SO4 had a better specificity to Ca than 0.5M (NaPO3)6,by only extracting Ca-bound humus without destorying Fe-and Al-bound organo-mineral complexes.Then sequential extractions first with 0.5M Na2SO4 and then with 0.1M NaOH+0.1M Na4P2O7 mixture were applied to a series of soil samples with different degrees of base saturation.The cations were dominated by Ca in the 0.5M Na2SO4 extract and by Al in the 0.1M NaOH+0.1M Na4P2O7 mixture.The sequential extraction method can efficiently separate or isolate Ca-bound and Fe-and Al-bound humus from each other.

Isolation and Characterization of a Dichlorvos-Degrading Strain DDV-1 of Ochrobactrum sp.

The objective of this research was to isolate a dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate)-degrading strain of Ochrobactrum sp., and determine its effectiveness in remediation of a dichlorvos-contaminated soil. A dichlorvos-degrading bacterium (strain DDV-1) was successfully isolated and identified as an Ochrobactrumsp. based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Strain DDV-1 was able to utilize dichlorvos as a sole carbon source, and the optimal pH and temperature for its cell growth and degradation were 7.0 and 30 ℃, respectively. Also, the growth and degradation of strain DDV-1 showed the same response to dissolved oxygen. In addition, the soil degradation test indicated that in soil spiked with 100 mg L-1 or 500 mg L-1 dichlorvos and inoculated with 0.5% or 1.0% (v/v) strain DDV-1, complete degradation of dichlorvos could be achieved in 24 h. The present study showed that strain DDV-1 was a fast dichlorvos-degrading bacterium in soil. However, further research will be needed to clarify the degradation pathway and the properties of the key enzymes involved in its biodegradation.

Zinc adsorption and desorption characteristics in root cell wall involving zinc hyperaccumulation in Sedum alfredii Hance

Radiotracer techniques were employed to characterize 65Zn adsorption and desorption in root-cell-wall of hyperac-cumulating ecotype (HE) and non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NHE) species of Sedum alfredii Hance. The results indicated that at the end of a 30 min short time radioisotope loading period, comparable amounts of 65Zn were accumulated in the roots of the two ecotypes Sedum alfredii, whereas 2.1-fold more 65Zn remains in NHE root after 45-min desorption. At the end of 60 min uptake period, no difference of 65Zn accumulation was observed in undesorbed root-cell-wall of Sedum alfredii. However, 3.0-fold more 65Zn accumulated in desorbed root-cell-wall of NHE. Zn2+ binding in root-cell-wall preparations of NHE was greater than that in HE under high Zn2+ concentration. All these results suggested that root-cell-wall of the two ecotypes Sedum alfredii had the same ability to adsorb Zn2+, whereas the desorption characteristics were different, and with most of 65Zn binding on root of HE being available for loading into the xylem, as a result, more 65Zn was translocated to the shoot.

Design Energy Efficient Water Utilization Systems Allowing Operation Split

This article deals with the design of energy efficient water utilization systems allowing operation split. Practical features such as operating flexibility and capital cost have made the number of sub operations an important parameter of the problem. By treating the direct and indirect heat transfers separately, target freshwater and energy consumption as well as the operation split conditions are first obtained. Subsequently, a mixed integer non-linear programming （MINLP） model is established for the design of water network and the heat exchanger network （HEN）. The proposed systematic approach is limited to a single contaminant. Example from literature is used to illustrate the applicability of the approach.

Organic Matter Decomposition in Red Soil as Affected by Earthworms

The earthworms Pheretima carnosaf Drawida gisti and Eisenia foetida were studied to compare theircontributions to the decomposition of various organic materials surface-applied on red soil in a 165-daygreenhouse experiment. The native species Pheretima caruosa and Drawida gisti were equally effective inaccelerating the decomposition of maize residue, according to fresh body weight, while commercial speciesEisenia foetida had no significant influence on dry mass loss of maize residue. Liming with CaCO3 or CaOshowed little effect on maize residue breakdown involved by Pheretima carnosal but it inhibited this processinvolved by Drawida gisti. The capability of Pheretima carnosa to the decomposition of five kinds of organicmaterials was thoroughly examined. The dry mass losses in worm treatments were in the order of soybeanresidue > maize residue > pig manure > semi-decayed maize > ryegrass. However, the relative contributionsof the earthworm to dry mass loss were in the order of pig manure (89.8%) > semi-decayed maize residue(49.1%) > maize residue (29.4%) > soybean residue (20.9%) > ryegrass residue (16.5%). Pheretima carnosaconsumed 20~120 mg dry weight of organic material per gram fresh weight of biomass per day.

Adsorption and Desorption of Exogenous Rare Earth Elements in Soils:Ⅰ. Rate and Forms of Rare Earth Elements Sorbed

Adsorption and desorption of exogenous rare earth elements (REE) in soils were studied.Results showed that soils had strong adsorbability for REE and the rate of adsorption of REE was over 95% of the added REE in these tests.The characteristics of adsorption isotherms corresponded well with the both Freundlich and Temkin equations,but deviated from the Langmuir equation.The adsorption of REE tended to increase with the rising of soil pH.A sequential extraction method used for studing the desorption and distribution of REE sorbed in soils are also discussed.

Distinct synergetic effects in the ozone enhanced photocatalytic degradation of phenol and oxalic acid with Fe^(3+)/TiO_2 catalyst

In this work. phenol and oxalic acid （OA） degradation in an ozone and photocatalysis integrated process was intensively conducted with Fe3 ＋/TiO2 catalyst. The ferrioxalate complex formed between Fe3＋ and oxalate accelerated the removal of OA in the ozonation, photolysis and photocatalytic ozonation process, for its high reactivity with ozone and UV. Phenol was degraded in ozonation and photolysis with limited TOC removal rates, but much higher TOC removal was achieved in photocatalytic ozonation due to the generation of-OH. The sequence of UV light and ozone in the sequential process also influences the TOC removal, and ozone is very powerful to oxidize intermediates catechol and hydroquinone to maleic acid. Fenton or photo-Fenton reactions only played a small part in Fe3＋/TiO2 catalyzed processes, because Fe＋ was greatly reduced but not regenerated in many cases. The synergetic effect was found to be highly related with the property of the target pollutants. Fe3 ＋/TiO2 catalyzed system showed the highest ability to destroy organics, but the TiO2 catalyzed system showed little higher synergy.

Purification of chlorogenic acid in Flos Lonicerae with system of polar ordered resins

A system of polar ordered resins was established for purification of chlorogenic acid in Flos Lonicerae. It was composed of three reversed phase resins, AB-8, DM-130 and NKA-9, representative for their gradually increased polarity and selectivity. A method of RP-HPLC was used for determination of chlorogenic acid. And the performance of adsorption and desorption for chlorogenic acid with the system of polar ordered resins was studied. Furthermore, the effects of concentration, pH and flow rate of the adsorbate on adsorption ability were researched. It is indicated that the optimum parameters for chlorogenic acid are as follows: pH 3.5 with a flow rate of 2.5 BVh, the concentration of extract solution at 0.50, 0.40, 0.30 gL respectively for the adsorptive operation twice, and 6.93, 8.66, 10.39 molL ethanol used as gradient eluants. The purity of resulted product of chlorogenic acid arrives 70.20% with yield of 89.79%. With simple procedures, low costs and high purity product, the method of system of polar ordered resins followed by sequential reversed phase separations can be used to refine the chlorogenic acid in the extraction of Flos Lonicerae.

Photochemical degradation of crude oil in seawater

Photochemical degradation of crude oil in seawater is an important issue in marine environ- mental protection and is studied in this work. Results showed that petroleum hydrocarbons could be ef- fectively degraded by the irradiation of high-pressure mercury light or natural sunlight. Photochemical reaction was controlled by various factors including light source, aquatic medium, heavy metal ion and photo-sensitizer. The rate of photo-degradation was fast at the initial stage of exposure, exhibiting a first-order reaction kinetic behavior. However, after irradiation for a few hours, the concentration of wa- ter-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum hydrocarbons stabilized. For all experimental conditions, the range of the photo-degradation rate is from 0.001 3 to 0.005 7/min.

Biosorption and desorption of Cd^(2+) from wastewater by dehydrated shreds of Cladophora fascicularis

The adsorption and desorption of algae Cladophora fascicularis and their relation with initial Cd2+ concentration, initial pH, and co-existing ions were studied. Adsorption equilibrium and biosorption kinetics were established from batch experiments. The adsorption equilibrium was adequately described by the Langmuir isotherm, and biosorption kinetics was in pseudo-second order model. The experiment on co-existing ions showed that the biosorption capacity of biomass decreased with an increasing concentration of competing ions. Desorption experiments indicated that EDTA was efficient desorbent for recovery from Cd2+. With high capacities of metal biosorption and desorption, the biomass of Cladophora fascicularis is promising as a cost-effective biosorbent for the removal of Cd2+ from wastewater.