“三象一作”认知方法下的数学概念教学——以“认识平均分”为例

“三象一作”(现象、心象、抽象、操作)的数学认知过程(方法)对于小学数学教学具有理论指导意义及可操作性。教师可以遵循这一认知过程,有意识地鼓励、引导学生搜集、观察身边的数学现象,再通过多种策略帮助学生在头脑中形成科学规范的心智图像,最后通过层层抽象帮助学生完成知识的建构。教学“认识平均分”时,注意创设现象情境,着力于多种分法形象的积累;激活心智图像,着力于平均分内涵的清晰;进行数学抽象,着力于平均分概念的形成;开展操作活动,着力于平均分本质的深化。

象一只风筝

象一只风筝梦冰象一只风筝我高飞远走越过山脉越过河流是什么令我夜夜难眠是什么令我心痛难受啊．是乡愁乡愁如一根长长的线把我苦涩的心系在故乡青青的枝头象一只风筝我历尽坎坷也有辉煌也有失落是谁在倾听我的叹息是谁夜夜在梦里给我安慰啊，是妈妈妈妈用慈爱的目光擦拭...

操作延展性练习教学——在两种推理交互作用中发展数学新知识

在宏观背景和教育大环境相对不变的情况下,改进教学方法是提高教学质量的根本措施.各种教学方法层出不穷,其种类和定义也更加具体确切,更加专业.延展性教学就是一种.延展性是源于物质的一种物理属性,指可锤炼可压延的程度,这里把它拟人化地用于数学教学,以锤炼一个人的数学品质与能力,借以高标准地提高学生的数学核心素养.在回顾与分析这种教学方法的特点与模式之后,把它纳入到认知心理学及教育学研究的“三象一作”数学认知过程,由无锡市新洲小学等学校展开延展性练习教学.教师精心设计教学过程,通过一些典型教例,把“语言传递、直接感知、实际训练、引导探究、活动欣赏”等几种常用方法融为一体,在合情推理与演绎推理交互作用中延伸与拓展数学思维活动,发展数学知识.通过统计分析,学生数学推理能力有显著提高.实践证明数学课堂的延展性教学这种教学方法在小学数学教学中是可行的和有效的.其努力方向是:针对不同学生的认知基础和认识方式的差异,教学设计中还必须为学生提供和呈现多样化策略的应用与选择.延展性教学的进一步诠释过程中,对数学教学的终极目标也作了一点思考.

Embodied Meaning in Comprehending Abstract Chinese Counterfactuals

Embodied cognition theories propose that language comprehension triggers a sensorimotor system in the brain.However,most previous research has paid much attention to concrete and factual sentences,and little emphasis has been put on the research of abstract and counterfactual sentences.The primary challenges for embodied theories lie in elucidating the meanings of abstract and counterfactual sentences.The most prevalent explanation is that abstract and counterfactual sentences are grounded in the activation of a sensorimotor system,in exactly the same way as concrete and factual ones.The present research employed a dual-task experimental paradigm to investigate whether the embodied meaning is activated in comprehending action-related abstract Chinese counterfactual sentences through the presence or absence of action-sentence compatibility effect(ACE).Participants were instructed to read and listen to the action-related abstract Chinese factual or counterfactual sentences describing an abstract transfer word towards or away from them,and then move their fingers towards or away from them to press the buttons in the same direction as the motion cue of the transfer verb.The action-sentence compatibility effect was observed in both abstract factual and counterfactual sentences,in line with the embodied cognition theories,which indicated that the embodied meanings were activated in both action-related abstract factuals and counterfactuals.

自由主题在兰·斯顿·休斯诗中的体现及其对后人的影响

休斯的诗中经常出现理想、梦———自由这一主题。它体现了黑人要求自由、民主的强烈呼声,他的诗作对美国的黑人作品及美国五、六十年代的黑人民权运动起了深远的影响。

论一种缘自认知心理学及教育学研究的数学认知过程

“数学现象-心象-抽象-操作”过程，简称为“三象一作过程”．这是一种可应用于中学数学教学的“数学认知过程”．这种过程缘自认知心理学与教育研究，基本上体现反映论观点．强调“数学现象”的概念和观点，对数学教育与教学具有重要意义．

山药蛋派

“山药蛋”派是我国当代文学史上唯一的真正成熟的流派,有一批成熟的作家,如赵树理、马烽、孙谦、西戎、胡正、束为。该派孕育于四十年代,五十年代至六十年代初达到鼎盛期。“山药蛋”以“写农民”,“农民看”为创作宗旨,追求小说的“新、短、通”,不少作家担任过农村干部。

Pesticidal character of phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga multiflora Bunge (Labiatae) on larvae of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Eight kinds of phytoecdysteroids extracted from different parts of Ajuga multiflora Bunge (Labiatae) that were collected from different places at different time were tested for killing effects on the 2-instar larvae of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi L by adding them to the artificial diet of larvae. The experimental results indicated that adding 1-3-mL phytoecdysteroids to the artificial diet could lead 58%-100% of 2-instar larvae of C. lapathi to death within 24 days. The phytoecdysteroids extracted from the whole plant of A. multiflora which was collected before flowering time were much more effective than those extracted from the plants collected at flowering and after flowering periods, and the modified mortality rate of larvae reached 65.22%, 85.07%, and 98.11% at the dosage level of 1-mL, 2-mL, and 3-mL extracts, respectively. The extract made from root of A. multiflora plant was more effective in killing efficiency than those from stem and leaves, and the average death rates of larvae were up to 100%, 98.20% and 98.32% at dosage levels of 1-mL, 2-mL, and 3-mL extracts, respectively. The killing speed of the extracted phytoecdysteroids was slower than that of triflumuron, hexaflumuron or deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate. The mortality rate of larvae is closely related to the feeding duration on the diets containing phytoecdysteroids. Feeding on the diets with addition of phytoecdysteroids for 16 days, more than 80% of treated 2-instar larvae of C. lapathi were led to death. The killing effect of the extracts was little affected by the growth areas of A. multiflora plant and the adding way to artificial diet.

APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR WATERMARK TECHNIQUES IN DIGITAL LIBRARIES

A digital watermark is an invisible mark embedded in a digital image that may be used for a number of different purposes including copyright protection. Due to the urgent need for protecting the copyright of digital products in digital library, digital watermarking has been proposed as a solution to this problem. This letter describes potential situations that nonlinear theory can be used to enhance robustness and security of the watermark in digital library. Some nonlinear watermark techniques have been enumerated. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is superior to the general watermark scheme both in security and robustness in digital library.

Forms of Rare Earth Elements in Soils: Ⅱ. Differentiation of Rare Earth Elements

The present paper deals mainly with the relationships between the distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in different forms in soils and the atomic number and with the odd-even phenomenon in the distribution of ionic lanthanides in soils.The enrichment tendency of light REE relative to heavy REE in soils was pointed out on the experimental results about the proportions of Ce-group and Y-group elements in different REE forms in soils.Meanwhile,the differentiation of Tm in different soil REE forms was compared and the reasons why Tm is enriched in soils were preliminarily discussed.

Construction of new bornological quantum groups based on Galois objects

Let A be a bornological quantum group and R a bornological algebra. If R is an essential A-module, then there is a unique extension to M（A）-module with 1x = x. There is a one-to-one corresponding relationship between the actions of A and the coactions of . If R is a Galois object for A, then there exists a faithful δ-invariant functional on R. Moreover,the Galois objects also have modular properties such as algebraic quantum groups. By constructing the comultiplication Δ,counit ε, antipode S and invariant functional φ onR×R, R×R can be considered as a bornological quantum group.

The Bird Coming out of the Cage： Edna＇s Awakening in The Awakening

The Awakening was Kate Chopin＇s masterpiece, describing a wealthy businessman＇s wife--Edna＇s confusion, awakening, pursuit, and suffocation of self-awareness in the South of America in the late 19th century. With the method of close reading in new criticism, this paper reinterprets Edna＇s awakening process. Her awakening process is accompanied by the symbolic image of ＂bird＂, representing women＇s situation in the patriarchal society and carrying Edna＇s hope for freedom, love, and self-realization. The application of bird＇s symbolic image reflects Kate Chopin＇s compassion for women in the patriarchal society, making the novel more appealing with its profound humanitarian connotations.

Sprinkler Irrigation and Soil Tillage Practices in Sugarcane Plantations as Influenced by Soil Texture and Water Storage in Northern Ivory Coast

Soil survey investigations were carried out in Ferk6 1 as well as Ferk6 2 sugar mills of northern Ivory Coast to determine soil texture and water storage capacity for sprinkler irrigation and tillage management. A 5-year term observation experiment on reduced tillage compared with conventional tillage was also conducted in Ferk6 1 over an irrigated cane crop of 28 ha for yield optimization purpose. Soil sampling was achieved after harvest or prior to re-plantation at five different spots along two transects over 30 cm depth in every farmland which covers about 30-40 ha with 432 m long cane rows as to get an average soil sample of 1.5-2 kg. Soil physical properties like texture and water retention curves were determined locally in the sugar company＇s soil laboratory. It came out that the majority of soils investigated was coarse-textured for about 64% in Ferk6 1 and 85% in Ferk6 2, with a lower to medium water storage capacity （70-89 mm） over 60 cm depth which corresponds to a readily available moisture less than 60 mm. Except for the sugarcane plant crop, no significant difference in cane yields resulting from tillage practices was observed over four consecutive cropping seasons. The yield decline from plant cane to first ratoon was very high under conventional tillage （-16 t/ha） compared with the reduced tillage （＋3 t/ha）. Even higher cane yield was obtained on the second ratoon （89 t/ha） compared with the conventional tillage （83 t/ha）.

＂The Man Was Dead and so He Had to Kill the Things He Loved＂： ＂Medusation＂ as Metatheatre in Eugene O＇Neill＇s Mature Plays

This study is about Eugene O＇Neill＇s use of ＂medusation＂ as an effective metatheatrical device and foremost achievement in his art. Occurring onstage as an unexpected ＂anagnorisis＂, the medusation is a traumatic experience that engenders ritual death. This author argues that the medusation is a quintessentially metatheatrical act, insomuch as here O＇Neill carries out a commentary on the function and functioning of theatre, through the consciously fictitious events that unfold on the stage. In the ＂Introduction＂, the author reviews its development in O＇Neill＇s plays, from the more traditional melodramatic situations of the early works to the subsequent portrayal of a self-defeating pattern calling for psychological violence and symbolic death. In the section called ＂Medusation＂, the author addresses the concept of medusation in order to account for the process whereby O＇Neill＇s people, annihilated by their sudden glimpses into the other within themselves, undergo major physical and spiritual change In ＂Case Studies＂, the author analyzes the chief correlatives of medusation： the dead-in-life, the death mask and the dead double. The author＇s point in this paper is, thus, to show how extensively and pervasively O＇Neill deploys medusation in order to signify a rite of passage that engenders metatheatrical death. Its outcome may either be the perpetuation of an endless spiral of violence and self-defeat, or a premise for rebirth arising from the characters＇ assumption of responsibility as to their share of guilt in the evil of the world, together with the renewed human sympathy and understanding that this awareness brings along

Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene in Chinese familial hirschsprung's disease

AIM: To investigate the relationship between mutations of rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene and Chinese patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD), and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of familial HD patient at the molecular level.METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood of probands and their relatives in two genealogies.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, which were amplified using specific primers (RET, exons 11, 13, 15and 17), were electrophoresed to analyze the single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) patterns. The positive amplified products were sequenced. Forty-eight sporadic HD patients and 30 normal children were screened for mutations of RET proto-oncogene simultaneously.RESULTS: Three cases with HD in one family were found to have a G heterozygous insertion at nucleotide 18 974 in exon 13 of RET cDNA (18 974insG), which resulted in a frameshift mutation. In another family, a heterozygosity for T to G transition at nucleotide 18 888 in the same exon which resulted in a synonymous mutation of Leu at codon 745 was detected in the proband and his father. Eight RET mutations were confirmed in 48 sporadic HD patients.CONCLUSION: Mutations of RET proto-oncogene may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Chinese patients with HD. Detection of mutated RET proto-oncogene carriers may be used for genetic counseling of potential risk for HD in the affected families.

Discussion on the Role and Application of Imagination in the Vocal Music Teaching

Imagination should always exist in any artistic creation, and the art can be more flawless. Similarly, vocal music teaching also needs imagination. The power of the sound production lies in breathing, and the singers can control excellent sound production only if longterm and large trainings are undergone. Imagination is one of the indispensable important means in vocal music teaching. Therefore, it should be reasonably used in the vocal music teaching. In this paper, imagination is first reviewed, and then the role and application of imagination in the vocal music teaching is analyzed and discussed, so that some references provided for the better application of imagination in the vocal music teaching.

Imagination and Emotion in William Blake＇s Poems

Writer＇s imagination does not only provide inspiration for literary creation, but also contribute literature works with more dazzling brilliance. As a representative of the British Romantic Poetry--William Blake, whose poems are full of imagination, always concedes his emotion and thoughts in a variety of imageries, exposing the reality of his times within his poetry writing. However. William Blake＇s imagination is no castles in the air, but based on the religious mythology, historical background, and the poet＇s life experience and dream pursuit. Only with in-depth understanding of the imagination in William Blake＇s poems can those hidden emotions and thoughts be grasped and appreciated.

Imagological Topoi in Balkan Literatures

The purpose of this text is to research dominant/typical images which have been constructed in the process of the perception and representation of the stranger in Balkan literatures, and reciprocally, the images that strangers constructs for the Balkan in the same literary context. Under conditions where Balkan literatures have been treated as an alternative history of the Balkan, the author intends to see the role and power of literary work in creation, in changing or rejecting the image for/of the Other/stranger. The analysis covers several areas： the dominant position of image constructions; acts of invention an in（ter）vention; forming and transforming the images of the stranger; the role of stereotypes and prejudice in constructing images; the role of the discursive communities in creating images; and the role of the projective ideology in creating images.

Combination of telomerase antisense oligonucleotides simultaneously targeting hTR and hTERT produces synergism of inhibition of telomerase activity and growth in human colon cancer cell line

AIM: To investigate synergism of inhibition of telomerase activity and proliferation of human colon cancer cells by combination of telomerase antisense oligonucleotides (ASODNs) simultaneously targeting human telomerase RNA (hTR) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in vitro. METHODS: ASODN of hTR and ASODN of hTERT were transfected into human colon cancer SW480 cells by liposomal transfection reagents. Telomerase activity of SW480 cells was examined using telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA). Proliferation activity of SW480 cells was tested by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The telomerase activity and cell survival rate in SW480 cells transfected with 0.2 μmol/L of ASODN of hTR or ASODN of hTERT for 24-72 h were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner compared with those after treatment with sense oligonucleotides and untreated (telomerase activity: 24 h, 73%, 74% vs99%, 98%; 48 h, 61%, 55% vs98%, 99%; 72 h, 41%, 37% vs 99%, 97%; P<0.01; cell survival rate: 24 h, 88%, 86% vs594%, 98%; 48 h, 49%, 47% vs94%, 97%; 72 h, 44%, 42% vs92%, 96%; P<0.01). Moreover, the telomerase activity and the cell survival rate in SW480 cells treated by the combination of telomerase anti-hTR and anti-hTERT were more significantly suppressed than single anti-hTR or anti-hTERT (telomerase activity: 24 h, 59% vs 73%, 74%; 48 h, 43% vs61%, 55%; 72 h, 18% vs41%, 37%; P<0.01; cell survival rate: 24 h, 64% vs88%, 86%; 48 h, 37% vs49%, 47%; 72 h, 25% vs44%, 42%; P<0.01). Meanwhile, the apoptosis rates in the combination group were markedly increased compared with those in the single group (24 h, 18.0% vs7.2%, 7.4%; 48 h, 23.0% vs13.0%, 14.0%; 72 h, 28.6% vs 13.2%, 13.75; P<0.01). Cells in combination group were arrested at G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSION: Telomerase anti-hRT and anti-hTERT suppress telomerase activity, and inhibit growth of human colon cancer cells probably via induction of apoptosis and retardation of cell cycle. Additionally, combined use of telomerase ASODNs targeting both hTR and hTERT yields synergistic action selective for human colon cancer.