寇准“好刚使气”的个性与宋朝“祖宗家法”的冲突

北宋名臣寇准,胸有大志,才冠其时,但他的政治命运却与其志向和才能相去甚远。该文通过对他的个性的研究以及对宋朝"祖宗家法"的剖析,发现二者之间的冲突是造成寇准政治命途多舛的重要原因。文章进一步揭示了寇准的命运从一个侧面反映了宋朝的政风以及专制政体强化对臣僚心态的影响。

论毗陵七子尚奇使气的诗歌风貌

毗陵七子的尚奇使气主要体现为两个层面:一是个性特征,一是诗歌风貌。他们狂放不羁、刻意别俗、豪侠放浪的个性是奇思独造、气势凌厉、瑰杰奇丽、豪情激越的诗歌风貌形成的基础;而这种个性和诗风的形成又与常州地域及其家族文化环境影响密切相关。

逍遥游与师心使气——论阮籍、嵇康对庄子思想的继承与实践

阮籍、嵇康的哲学思想深受庄子影响,在"任自然"与追求精神的绝对自由方面是相通的。更重要的是他们在现实生活中实践了这一思想,阮籍和嵇康作为庄子思想和后世文人之间的桥梁,对后世文人的心态产生了重要影响。

论元杂剧作家的使气为戏

使气为戏既是指在特定历史与文化环境中,元杂剧作家个体心中充盈着"苍莽雄宕之气",并自觉、自发地将其作为一种内在的驱动显现于作品之中;也是指元杂剧作家在特定的群体之中,或同气相应,或以气相激,形成了一种特别的精神场,推动着元杂剧的创作。使气为戏因为充沛的内在精神的发散,使许多作品呈现气势浩荡的阅读直感,也影响了元杂剧关目设置的粗率和结构谋划的随意性,并与元杂剧语言的朴拙自然相互为因,相得益彰。

使气命诗与师心遣论——阮籍和嵇康艺术风格之辨

在文学史上,阮籍和嵇康二人都因放达而不拘礼法的狂放行为,越名教而任自然的文学作品著称于世,被公认为正始文学的典型代表。从文学作品出发对他们作详细比较,会发现存于二者之间的诸多差异:阮诗情感丰富,内涵深刻而表现含蓄;嵇论则以思想叛逆,论辩深刻和表现直白晓畅著称。本文将结合其具体作品详细论证存在于阮嵇二人艺术风格中的差异性并就其产生原因,二者对待政治的迥异态度,对待自然的不同理解,以及解决矛盾的不同方式三方面做一简略探讨。

“使气为戏”与晚明曲学的嬗变

从元代向明代过渡的过程中,剧坛发生了深刻的变化,大致经历了“苍莽雄宕之气——理学之气——个体生命之气”的演进过程,对“气”的认识也从无意识状态转变为有意识的、积极的体认。而在整个转变过程中,徐渭“使气为戏”的观念产生了重要作用,他的戏曲创作和评点使明代剧坛从前期的“理学之气”慢慢向“个体生命之气”演进,在求“真”的道路上与“尊情”思潮相契合,共同成就了晚明剧坛的高峰。

论赵贞吉的政治品格

赵贞吉的政治品格是两方面的,既有正直敢言的优点,也有“好刚使气”“、动与物迕”的缺陷,这也是其政治主张难以实现的重要原因。

栖居自然如何可能——《老子》哲学的存在论解读

本文对老子的解读,首先认为老子自知依人之有限,对于道与宇宙之无限永不可企及,故而解决人的存在问题,须将视角回收至人自身,由法道及天地之自然变而为法人之自然。其次认为老子以纯粹的天然欲望是不可批判的,人的存在难题根源于"心使气曰强",即由于人的认知、分判之心导致欲望滋长、强作妄为而争夺侵伐,从而破坏了人的自然状态。故而第三,老子所开出的处方,一是"涤除玄鉴",在源头处消除分判之知;二是"为而不争",以之作为人的存在总原则;三是提出"小国寡民"的理想图景,以实现人对自然的终极栖居。

竹林七贤简论

本文简要论述了竹林七贤名称的由来、活动、地位和影响，指出竹林七贤最初是以“名士”而不是以“文士”（文学之士）称述于世，竹林之游的活动主要是清谈而不是吟诗作赋。但是，这并不排斥竹林七贤同时从事文学创作活动和以文学家的面目出现。竹林文学的特点是“师心”、“使气”，流露出内心的真实情感。它上承建安七子梗概多气，下启陶渊明的和平简易，在汉末、晋末的文学发展轨迹中，处于承上启下的地位。

Artificial Neural Networks Application to Predict Wheat Yield Using Climatic Data

The goal of this study was to apply artificial neural networks to predict rain-fed wheat yield using meteorological data a few days to few months before harvesting. The climatic observation data used; were mean of daily minimum and maximum temperature, extreme of daily minimum and maximum temperature, sum of daily rainfall, number of rainy days, sum of daily sun hours, mean of daily wind speed, extreme of daily wind speed, mean of daily relative humidity, and sum of daily water requirements that were collected during 1990-1999 in Sararood Station for wheat phenological stages consisting; sowing, germination, emergence, 3rd leaves, tillering, stem formation, heading, flowering, milk maturity, wax maturity, full maturity, separately for each growing season. Then, they arranged in a matrix whose rows form each of the statistical years and the columns are meteorological factors at each phenological stage. Finally, the obtained model had the following capabilities： Prediction of wheat yield with maximum errors of 45-60 kg/ha at least two months before full maturity stage, determination of the sensitivity of each phenological stage with respect to meteorological factors, and determination of the priority order and importance of each meteorological factor effective in plant growth and crop yield.

Sky luminance distribution types in China

According to Chinese daylighting climate data,combined with the standard of Commission Inernationale de l'Eclairgae(CIE) general sky luminance distribution(SLD),the sky luminance distribution of typical daylighting climate zones in China was studied.Through the research on reference SLD of overcast,intermediate and clear types,the standards of clear and overcast SLD are consistent with CIE general sky,and the intermediate SLD has greater error with CIE general sky.The main types of Chinese sky luminance in different daylighting climate zones were obtained,which provide the basic data for simulation and forecast of China natural light,and provide reference for using the standard amendments of China future natural light.

Changes in Air Temperatures and Atmosphere Circulation in High Mountainous Parts of Bulgaria for the Period 1941-2008

Changes of air temperatures and atmosphere circulation at three high mountainous stations in Bulgaria are investigated for the period of 1941-2008.The three stations are located on peaks Musala,Cherni vrah and Botev,where air temperature data have good quality.Some missing data were recovered using the method of differences. A significant mean annual air temperature rise happened in high mountainous parts of Bulgaria- the warming is in the order of 0.7°C for the entire period.The increase is very prominent particularly in the last 30 years.Main contributors to this overall tendency are summer months-June,July and August.To some degree,January also could be included in this group.November trend shows temperature rise at the beginning of the investigated period.One of the causes for such a tendency is atmosphere circulation in respective months.It also shows signs of considerable reorganization in both winter and summer.There is an increase of the cases of warm atmosphere patterns typical for winter, summer and autumn seasons in Bulgaria.Meridional circulation has essential significance for air temperatures during the cold half of the year.In January and June atmosphere circulation has a substantial influence on the thermal regime of air in high mountains of Bulgaria.In July,August and November this influence is reduced.There are no cycles in air temperatures for the investigated period.

Performance evaluation of a diesel engine by using producer gas from some under-utilized biomass on dual-fuel mode of diesel cum producer gas

Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(four stroke,single cylinder,5.25 kW) with respect to its thermal efficiency,specific fuel consumption and diesel substitution by use of diesel alone and producer gas-cum-diesel(dual fuel mode).Three types of biomass,i.e.wood chips,pigeon pea stalks and corn cobs were used for generation of producer gas.A producer gas system consisting of a downdraft gasifier,a cooling cum cleaning unit,a filtering unit and a gas air mixing device was designed,fabricated and used to power a 5.25 kW diesel engine on dual fuel mode.Performance of the engine was reported by keeping biomass moisture contents as 8%,12%,16%,and 21%,engine speed as 1 600 r/min and with variable engine loads.The average value of thermal efficiency on dual fuel mode was found slightly lower than that of diesel mode.The specific diesel consumption was found to be 60%-64% less in dual fuel mode than that in diesel mode for the same amount of energy output.The average diesel substitution of 74% was observed with wood chips followed by corn cobs(78%) and pigeon pea stalks(82%).Based on the performance studied,the producer gas may be used as a substitute or as supplementary fuel for diesel conservation,particularly for stationary engines in agricultural operations in the farm.

Evaluation of pneumatic inclined deck separator for high-ash Indian coals

Application of pneumatic separators in coal beneficiation is increasing rapidly over the last decade primarily due to their low capital and operating costs, and waste handling problems associated with traditional wet processing methods. Large amount of shale/rock that is extracted in coal production can be removed prior to transportation at the mine face by using this methodology. Due to the limited washing facilities in India, most of the thermal power plants burn raw coal from run-of-mine （ROM） to generate electricity. This practice causes poor utilization efficiency, high operating and maintenance costs, and high emission rates for the power plants. One potential method that can be utilized is the air-fluidized inclined vibrating deck technology. The technology was demonstrated on a pilot-scale at different coal washeries in India at a feed rate of 5-ton per hour. The pilot-scale evaluation showed that 20 %-25 % high-ash incombustible material can be eliminated from ROM feed with only minor losses in energy content （〈10 %） from respective ROM coal. Furthermore, a feasibility analysis showed significant economic gains in terms of transportation cost, improving power-plant efficiency, and reducing emissions rates by using the technology.

Biogas Perspectives in Livestock Sector in Brazil and the United States： Electric, Thermal and Vehicular Energy Use

The demand for energy, water and food will continuously increase, as the prediction states that 2.5 billion people will be added to the world population by 2050, representing not only an increase in the consumption but also more waste production, greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions and depletion of natural resources. Taking into account that renewable sources of energy can help to overcome these challenges and diversify the energy matrix in the countries, this paper aims at analyzing the biogas potential in Brazil and the United States, especially in the livestock sector, and its benefits in the environmental, social and economic aspects. Both countries are among the top five countries globally in terms of water availability, energy consumption and food production. Until 2050, the world consumption of meat will have a significant increase： 206% of poultry meat, 56% of pork meat and 47% of beef meat, augmenting the need for sustainable management of waste and manure. This scenario can become a sustainable opportunity for biogas implementation, which provides multiple economic, environmental and social benefits for farmers, businesses and communities, including production of electrical, thermal and vehicular energy, production of high-quality biofertilizer, reduction of ground and surface water pollution and reduction of GHG emissions, and foments new income for the farmers, among others. A new concept is presented in this article to make biogas systems feasible, i.e., biogas condominiums, as small and medium-scale farms by themselves usually would not be able to afford the investments. This arrangement can bring benefits for the whole biogas supply chain that includes farmers, agroindustry, providers and local community.

Statistically Downscaled Temperature Scenarios over China

Monthly mean temperatures at 562 stations in China are estimated using a statistical downscaling technique. The technique used is multiple linear regressions （MLRs） of principal components （PCs）. A stepwise screening procedure is used for selecting the skilful PCs as predictors used in the regression equation. The predictors include temperature at 850 hPa （7）, the combination of sea-level pressure and temperature at 850 hPa （P＋T） and the combination of geo-potential height and temperature at 850 hPa （H＋T）. The downscaling procedure is tested with the three predictors over three predictor domains. The optimum statistical model is obtained for each station and month by finding the predictor and predictor domain corresponding to the highest correlation. Finally, the optimum statistical downscaling models are applied to the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 （HadCM3） outputs under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios （SRES） A2 and B2 scenarios to construct local future temperature change scenarios for each station and month, The results show that （1） statistical downscaling produces less warming than the HadCM3 output itself; （2） the downscaled annual cycles of temperature differ from the HadCM3 output, but are similar to the observation; （3） the downscaled temperature scenarios show more warming in the north than in the south; （4） the downscaled temperature scenarios vary with emission scenarios, and the A2 scenario produces more warming than the B2, especially in the north of China.

A review of chemical absorption of carbon dioxide for biogas upgrading

Significant attention has been given to biogas production, purification and upgrading as a renewable and clean fuel supplement. Biogas is a product of an anaerobic digestion process comprising methane, carbon dioxide,and trace amounts of other gases. Biogas purification removes trace gases in biogas for safe utilisation. Biogas upgrading produces methane-rich biogas by removing bulk carbon dioxide from the gas mixture. Several carbon dioxide removal techniques can be applied for biogas upgrading. However, chemical absorption of carbon dioxide for biogas upgrading is of special significance due to its operation at ambient or near ambient temperature and pressure, thus reducing energy consumption. This paper reviews the chemical absorption of carbon dioxide using amine scrubbing, caustic solvent scrubbing, and amino acid salt solution scrubbing. Each of these techniques for biogas upgrading is discussed. The paper concludes that an optimised implementation of the chemical absorption techniques for biogas upgrading requires further research.

De-polymerization of Waste Polymers to Produce Hydrocarbon Fuel Utilizing Thermal Degradation

Waste plastics are one of the biggest environmental concerns the world faces today. Waste plastics exposure to the environment is very hazardous. Over time waste plastics photo-degrade and become very tiny dust particles. These dust particles contain very harmful compounds including benzene, sulfur, carbon and many others. According to studies, waste plastic pollutions are one of the biggest reasons for the depletion of the ozone layer and contributor of global warming. Many scientists have been trying to figure out how to utilize these waste plastics and convert them into useful energy sources. It is possible to convert waste plastics into energy because they are made from petroleum. Scientists have succeeded in developing many methods including pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, thermal degrading and others. The purpose of this experiment is to convert these environmentally harmful waste materials into useful energy source using simple and viable methods. A particular thermal degradation process was successful in extracting fuel from waste plastics at 370-420 ~C. In this paper we will discuss our performed experiment and provide detailed analysis of the produced fuel. Thorough instrumental analysis of the produced fuel showed very considerable results including high energy contents, low levels of harmful emissions and compatibility with various types of existing appliances.

Integration of a Gas Fired Steam Power Plant with a Total Site Utility Using a New Cogeneration Targeting Procedure

A steam power plant can work as a dual purpose plant for simultaneous production of steam and elec-trical power. In this paper we seek the optimum integration of a steam power plant as a source and a site utility sys-tem as a sink of steam and power. Estimation for the cogeneration potential prior to the design of a central utility system for site utility systems is vital to the targets for site fuel demand as well as heat and power production. In this regard, a new cogeneration targeting procedure is proposed for integration of a steam power plant and a site utility consisting of a process plant. The new methodology seeks the optimal integration based on a new cogenera-tion targeting scheme. In addition, a modified site utility grand composite curve(SUGCC) diagram is proposed and compared to the original SUGCC. A gas fired steam power plant and a process site utility is considered in a case study. The applicability of the developed procedure is tested against other design methods(STAR? and Thermoflex software) through a case study. The proposed method gives comparable results, and the targeting method is used for optimal integration of steam levels. Identifying optimal conditions of steam levels for integration is important in the design of utility systems, as the selection of steam levels in a steam power plant and site utility for integration greatly influences the potential for cogeneration and energy recovery. The integration of steam levels of the steam power plant and the site utility system in the case study demonstrates the usefulness of the method for reducing the overall energy consumption for the site.