Policy implications for community-managed forestry in Cambodia from experts＇ assessments and case studies of community forestry practice

Over the last 40 years, it has been shown at the global level that sustainable forestry can be achieved through comprehensive forest management,with the decentralized institutional arrangements of community-managed forestry coordinated by effective policy implementation. However, there is still a shortage of evidence regarding whether communitybased forestry is well characterized by forest policies,assessing what action is most needed and how best to address the challenges faced by community-based forestry in halting deforestation and promoting rural livelihoods. The study analyzed experts' assessments of the characteristics and success of communitymanaged forestry in Cambodia and explored three case studies of community-managed forestry practice to identify priorities for addressing forest policy implementation inadequacies in halting deforestation and promoting rural livelihoods. There were two methods of data collection. Firstly, this study used a survey of 27 experts to analyze perceptions about how far forest policy supported community-managed forestry effectively, the major challenges faced by the national community-managed forestry program, and the community-managed forestry contribution to halting deforestation and reducing rural poverty.Secondly, data was collected by content analysis of three case studies to explore the knowledge and practical experience of local experts about community-managed forestry practice at local level.The study employed Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance to analyze the level of concordance of experts on related forest policies(n=15) considering community-managed forestry, the challenges faced by the national community-managed forestry program,and the actions required to enable communitymanaged forestry to support communities. Analysis revealed that experts were in moderate agreement,denoted by Kendall's W=0.152, on how well forest policies articulate and implement the characteristics of community-managed forestry. Ranking of the major challenges faced by the national communitymanaged forestry program yielded Kendall's W of0.104, indicating the confidence in the ranking among experts was fair. There was only low confidence in the ranking of the action needed, with Kendall's W of0.055. Content analysis of the three case studies examining local experts' opinions on the attributes of community-managed forestry concerning the access,local participation and protection of the sustainable forestry revealed that Attribute one ‘Local people have access to the forest land and forest resources', and Attribute three ‘Local people begin by protecting and restoring the forests', received high attention from local experts. Of lesser importance or agreement was attributing two: local participation in decision-making concerning the forest.

Application of different clustering approaches to hydroclimatological catchment regionalization in mountainous regions, a case study in Utah State

With respect to the different hydrological responses of catchments, even the adjacent ones, in mountainous regions, there are a great number of motivations for classifying them into homogeneous clusters. These motivations include prediction in ungauged basins(PUB), model parameterization, understanding the potential impact of environmental changes, transferring information from gauged catchments to the ungauged ones. The present study investigated the similarity of catchments through the hydro-climatological pure time-series of a 14-year period from 2001 to 2015. Data sets encompass more than 13,000 month-station streamflow, rainfall, and temperature data obtained from 27 catchments in Utah State as one of the eight mountainous states of the USA. The identification, analysis, and interpretation of homogeneous catchments were investigated by applying the four approaches ofclustering, K-means, Ward, and SOM(Self-Organized Map) and a newly proposed Wavelet-Entropy-based(WE-SOM) clustering method. By using two clustering evaluation criteria, 3, 5, and 6 clusters were determined as the best numbers of clusters, depending on the method employed, where each cluster represents different hydro-climatological behaviors. Despite the absence of geographic characteristics in input data matrix, the results indicated a regionalization in agreement with topographic characteristics. Considering the dependency of the hydrological behavior of catchments on the physiographic field aspects and characteristics, WE-SOM method demonstrated a more acceptable performance, compared to the other three conventional clustering methods, by providing more clusters. WE-SOM appears to be a promising approach in catchment clustering. It preserves the topological structure of data which can, as a result, be proofed in a greater number of clusters by dividing data into higher numbers of distinct clusters withsimilar altitudes of catchments in each cluster. The results showed the aptitude of wavelets to quantify the time-based variability of temperature, rainfall and streamflow, in the way contributing to the regionalization of diverse catchments.

Toward Sharia Rural Tourism Model Case Study of Sleman District, Yogyakarta

Concomitant increase in the Muslim population of the world and the Muslims significant expenditure for the purpose of travel, the village halal travel is now becoming one of the most alternatives appeal to invite people to visit.This paper is intended to illustrate the potential and the readiness of people to hold lawful tourist village in Sleman Yogyakarta. To obtain a picture in question, some variables are included in this study. It needs some steps in data collection, including the use of collective engagement process involving some＇, stakeholders to provide guidance on the development of rural tourism. Based on the results, this research aL,;o is expected to provide information and approval about sharia-based rural tourism to stakeholders. Respondents of this study are the locals particularly those involved in the business of conventional in the whole tourist villages in the area. Results of the research indicate that most of the villages have infrastructure that badly needs to be improved, lack of human resources skill （technologically backward, not able to communicate through internet, etc.）, and limited understanding of both the people and stakeholders of the villages about the conception of sharia-based tourist village. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Diminutive Usage of Internet Banking： A Malaysian Case Study

As the opportunities offered, most individuals and businesses feel that E-banking energies are great. Thus, threats are unavoidable to banks if they fail to identify consequences and vulnerabilities accompanying e-banking practices. The usage rate of e-banking in a top international commercial bank in Malaysia is rather diminutive compare to its other bases in countries like Singapore, China and India. Interestingly, it is on decreasing mode year by year. This study aimed to offer a good set of information of the factors influencing low usage and possibilities to suggest ways to increase the usage among the bank customers. In this study, a comprehensive survey data gathering were used to collect and analyze the respondents and results indicate that ease of use is the most significant contributor to the low usage. 204 valid feedbacks were obtained from the SCM bank＇s customers, with the research indicating that e-banking still has a gap to fill between customers, the bank and the e-system in maximizing the desire of existing clients to go over the net.

Mapping and Its Importance to Supply Chains： A Case Study

A strategic supply chain map will offer a basis for redesign or modification of the supply chain. It helps one to visualize the supply chain and identify areas for further analysis, or to reveal inefficiencies which are not as readily visible when one examines only a small segment of the supply chain. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of mapping in the supply chain context while calling attention to the lack of universal symbols or conventions in the mapping procedure. Accordingly, a case study methodology is used in discussion of the Portuguese automotive supply chain. Based on this case study, it will be possible to conclude that there is an automotive industrial cluster located in two specific regions with an organisational agglomeration. Moreover, it has been possible to identify the main echoes which constitute the research supply chain as well as the dependent relationships which exist between different sectors in the Portuguese economy.

清代刑部说帖的撰写及司法权威的生成

法律建议书含义上的“说帖”出现于明代中叶后。清乾隆四十九年刑部开启了汇辑编纂刑部说帖文献的先河。刑部说帖是清代刑部内伴随案牍流转程序,由刑部长于刑名的司员所撰写的案件办理意见,是律例馆修例时的储备素材。到了清后期,律例馆官员直接撰写说帖也渐成常制,因此惯称“律例馆说帖”。刑部说帖在乾、嘉朝汇辑时多按时间先后编排,至道光朝后,编纂体例发展为按律例次序,以方便检览。刑部说帖虽不能在案件拟判中直接援用,但由于它辨惑析疑,有助于开拓心思、扩展识见,同时也由于它出自刑部精英之手,因人生权,地方希望在办案时与中央意见保持一致,减少来自上级的批驳,因此各级司法工作者无不重视说帖,也由此形成了刑部说帖在例案文献中的权威性。