近代北京供会研究

合会是一种民间合作互助组织,不仅在近代中国农村较为盛行,而且在像北京这样的大都市也普遍存在。北京合会多而复杂,本文主要以供会为例,对其运作程序与基本构成、存在原因与生存状况、利弊及特点等进行探讨。北京供会的功能主要是解急救困,并与商铺有密切联系,在某种程度上实现了市民与商铺的双赢。当然,北京供会也存在诸如与会人员携款逃跑、起会商铺服务质量降低等积弊。

论祆神与火神的融合——以山东曹县花供会为例

山东曹县花供会是桃源集一带民众为祭祀火神而举行的传统庙会活动,因供品形式多样,造型生动而形成一种独具特色的摆供习俗。考察花供会上所供火神之三眼六臂、手执火器的形象,发现其与粟特祆教神祇的形象十分相似。同时,将火神的祭祀时间、摆供习俗等方面与祆教节俗相比较,证明了两者之间存在密切的联系。而活跃在山东及其周边地区的粟特人也为这种联系的发生创造了条件。通过对曹县火神庙会的考察,证明了宋代以降,祆神作为一个外来神祇,在民间崇祀和国家运次的共同作用下,与中国传统火神信仰逐渐融合。

曹县花供会及其渊源初探

花供会是山东曹县桃源集一带民众为供奉火神而兴起的民间传统庙会,正日子在正月初七.因供品用白面、鸡蛋、萝卜等雕刻或捏塑成人物、动物、建筑物及瓜果、花卉等,造型生动,花样繁多,故有花供会之称.公历2002年2月16、17两日,即农历壬午年正月初六和初七,是三年一度的大会,笔者到现场做了尽可能详尽的调查采录,现整理并结合相关资料对花供会来历做初步探讨如下,以备同志者参考.

会供羯磨仪轨:建立人与神之间的情感联结——对觉域派会供羯磨仪轨的文化解读

藏传佛教觉域派羯磨会供仪轨,在觉域派教法仪轨中处在十分重要的位置,乃修持法不可或缺的一个重要环节和有机组成部分。本文尝试着从宗教人类学的视角,将其作为文化时空中的人的宗教实践活动和过程,来解读和阐明会供羯磨仪轨的象征意义及其文化意蕴和功能的同时,还关注羯磨会供仪轨在觉域派教法中的运用及其变迁。

The Spirit of Craftsmanship and Industrial Civilization

The spirit of craftsmanship applies to every trade. In the context of opportunities arising from the new industrial revolution and China＇s transition towards high-end manufacturing, Premier Li Keqiang put forward the concept of the spirit of craftsmanship. This paper reckons that the spirit of craftsmanship can be defined from six dimensions including dedication, standard, precision, innovation, perfection and human care. In fact, the spirit of craftsmanship abounds in China, as illustrated by the examples of Tongrentang and Haier. In comparing the three manufacturing powers of Germany, Japan and the United States, this paper reveals the differences in the connotations of the spirit of craftsmanship across these countries. According to specific national conditions and development stage, China must achieve structural re-engineering of corporate organizations at the level of firms, products, divisions and modules. In a nutshell, the spirit of craftsmanship is a core component of corporate and industrial civilization and it holds an important historic position in industrial and social civilization.

Improving Security and Sharing in Online Social Efficiency for Encrypted Data Networks

Despite that existing data sharing systems in online social networks （OSNs） propose to encrypt data before sharing, the multiparty access control of encrypted data has become a challenging issue. In this paper, we propose a secure data sharing scheme in 0SNs based on ciphertext-policy attribute- based proxy re-encryption and secret sharing. In order to protect users＇ sensitive data, our scheme allows users to customize access policies of their data and then outsource encrypted data to the OSNs service provider. Our scheme presents a multiparty access control model, which enables the disseminator to update the access policy of ciphertext if their attributes satisfy the existing access policy. Further, we present a partial decryption construction in which the computation overhead of user is largely reduced by delegating most of the decryption operations to the OSNs service provider. We also provide checkability on the results returned from the OSNs service provider to guarantee the correctness of partial decrypted ciphertext. Moreover, our scheme presents an efficient attribute revocation method that achieves both forward and backward secrecy. The security and performance analysis results indicate that the proposed scheme is secure and efficient in OSNs.

Behaviour of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) under defensible and indefensible patterns of food delivery

The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was defensible while that of t2 was indefensible.Fish in both raceways were subjected to restricted feeding(RF) for 25 days.Food was available in the morning(09:00-10:00) in the downstream area and in the afternoon(16:00-17:00) in the upstream area of the raceways.The results showed that the behaviour of rainbow trout was significantly different under interference competition(T2) for food compared with that under scramble competition(t2).RF in T2 fish limited food availability to meal times when feeding rewards were available while t2 fish only responded to the location of food delivery.The aggressive fish in T2 were dominant,and t2 fish at high densities showed intense social interactions under the indefensible pattern of food distribution;these interactions did not dampen to a minimum level to suppress the development of dominance hierarchies.Further,the stocking density did not break down the dominance hierarchies between the T2 fish.This suggests that decreased efficiency in the search for food or inefficient foraging,induced by interference competition at high densities,affected the behaviour of rainbow trout.

A Hybrid Approach for Selection in Service Community

Although there have been existing competitions among web service （WS） providers, they still have opportunities to cooperate together for common profits. WS community as a mean to provide an ontological organization of WSs that share the same domain of interest has realized this kind of fancy in the sense that providers can work together to compete against others outside the community. Service selection in WS community is different from the traditional service selection, since WS community should take into account its own benefits. Therefore, we propose a hybrid approach to make service selection in WS community. The approach considers the profits of both WS community and the services within it. The experimental evaluation shows that the approach has a great advantage over other approach without consideration of community＇s benefits.

Motivations of Individuals Participating in Social Media： A Cultural Perspective

Social media is an information technology that allows users to communicate and share information. With steadily rising number of users across the globe, individuals participate in various activities, like connecting with friends and community members, sharing information, posting political messages, disaster recovery activities, reading daily news, learning, and entertainment, each driven by different sets of motivations. Culture has an influence on the kind of motivation―pro-social and personal needs oriented―that drives social media usage by individuals. Using Hofstede’s （1984b） cultural dimensions, the paper suggests that each of the dimensions will have influences on the social media behaviors differently. Such a cultural perspective helps future social media users to plan the kind of activity and information sharing based on the kind of motivation driving the target audience and the platform providers to design and market accordingly.

CNPC Becomes a Partner of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

The Beijing Organizing Committee for the 2008 Olympic Games （BOCOG） signed an agreement with China National Petroleum Corporation （CNPC） at Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in the afternoon of May 30, making CNPC an official partner of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. It means that CNPC, China＇s largest producer and supplier of oil and gas,

Ranking Potential Reply-Providers in Community Question Answering System

Community Question Answering （CQA） websites have greatly facilitated users＇ lives, with an increasing number of people seeking help and exchanging ideas on the Internet. This newlymerged community features two characteristics： social relations and an ask-reply mechanism. As users＇ behaviours and social statuses play a more important role in CQA services than traditional answer retrieving websites, researchers＇ concerns have shifted from the need to passively find existing answers to actively seeking potential reply providers that may give answers in the near future. We analyse datasets derived from an online CQA system named ＂Quora＂, and observed that compared with traditional question answering services, users tend to contribute replies rather than questions for help in the CQA system. Inspired by the findings, we seek ways to evaluate the users＇ ability to offer prompt and reliable help, taking into account activity, authority and social reputation char- acteristics. We propose a hybrid method that is based on a Question-User network and social network using optimised PageRank algorithm. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed method for ranking potential answer-providers.

The Research on the negative impact of the efficiency of the generalization performance in privatization of public utilities

Since the last century, China has carried out the reform of public utilities in the ninety time, and has achieved many positive results. The quality and efficiency of public goods supply is greatly improved. The government has changed the role of producer and provider from the past to the role of provider and regulator, which effectively promoted the development of the privatization of public utilities. However, in the achievements there has also been some problems, such as too much emphasis on efficiency to the neglect of social justice and the government＇s public responsibility ＂efficiency generalization＂ problem that requires our attention.

Lean Construction in Supply Chain Management： Supplier and Buyer Relationship in Social Housing

To the accomplishment of this article, we have chosen, as a case study, a small Goiana construction company that acted in the market of social housing. The main goal of this work is to analyze the fundamental aspects related to the management of the flow of supplies in civil construction to achieve a greater streamlining of logistic processes involved in supplying material. A checklist was developed for the purpose of data collection, and it was applied by means of an interview with the person in charge of the purchase department of the enterprise. In addition, this person is the engineer of the site. Taking into account the exploratory feature of this research, the construction site was visited so that some issues, such as quality aspects, losses, cleanliness and organization, could be observed. This on-site data collection visit was carried out through visual analyses and photographs. The obtained results were subdivided into a quantitative and a qualitative analysis. In this way, it was possible to see that the production process still has many phases to be improved. What is more, it was possible to see that the construction company knows its flaws and necessities to improve its processes although the final result does not have the expected quality. Being aware of this need for improvement, the construction company aims at having an affordable price product to the target public, especially when it is associated to an image that shows quality.

Research on the relationship between Pension Finance and the Supply-Side Structural Reform in China

The development of pension finance is of great significance to China. first of all, the development of pension finance is conducive to improving China＇s multi-level and multi-pillar pension system, promote the sustainable development of the social security system; secondly, the development of pension finance will create a new ＂blue ocean＂ in the financial markets, which is conducive to the improvement of China＇s financial system and capital market;finally, the development of pension finance will help supply-side reforms,which is conducive to the healthy development of the national economy of china. But now there are many difficulties： first, the top-design of China＇s social security system is not perfect; secondly, the current development model of pension finance in China is unclear, the return on investment mechanism is not perfect, the attractiveness of these projects needs to be improved; finally, under the background of Interact finance, mixed supervision is imminent. Therefore, under the new economic conditions must be structured from the supply side of the reform, the development of pension funds to seek the right ideas.

Key Success for Registered Nurses to Be Entrepreneur in Senior Healthcare Business in Thailand

Senior Healthcare Business in Thailand tends to be great success since Thailand is now moving towards aging society and will be a full completed aging society by 2025. The best candidates for healthcare business entrepreneur are registered nurses since they have sill and knowledge to provide cares for senior citizens. The regular customers often emphasize on choosing the healthcare providers from the entrepreneurs that have the expert knowledge in their professional career. The key factors to make this kind of business to be successful are education, investment plan, place, entrepreneur, supporters, and strategy. In addition, the 4P analyses for preparing of market are products, price, place, and promotion. The success of senior healthcare business depends on the entrepreneurs who possess skill, knowledge, and ability to manage stability and sustainability.

Application of Control Technology Based on PLC in Power Supply and Distribution System

With the rapid development of China＇s economy, the entire social requires the safety, reliability and automation of power supply and distribution system must be improved. Therefore, extensive application of PLC technology in power supply and distribution system has great significance to ensure normal social life and production, so as to realize the entire national economy sustained and healthy development. This paper briefly introduces the PLC technology, and with practice elaborates the applications of control technology based on PLC in power supply and distribution system fi：om the reform of low-voltage distribution system, automation management and relay protection of power supply and distribution system etc.

Forecasting China's Labor Supply and Demand and the Unemployment Structure in the 13th Five-Year-Plan Period

The changes in labor supply and demand are important factors affecting economic growth.The purpose of this paper is to predict and analyze the trends in China's labor supply and demand during the 13 th Five-Year Plan period and the longer period in the future.The scale and structure of the annual new entrants of labor force are predicted by accounting the numbers who are leaving from various stages of education.while trends of labor demand are predicted according to employment elasticity from the experience of industrialization of developed countries. The results show that, during the 13 th FiveYear Plan period.the scale of the new added labor would decrease slightly, with an average annual increment of around 15.68 million. At the same time.labor demand would increase steadily, with annually 15.42 million employment opportunities. Labor supply and demand would be roughly balanced; however,there would be increasing structural contradictions of the labor market.Based on the analysis of labor supply and demand,we provide an estimation of the unemployment scale of the 40's and 50's generations,migrant workers and college graduates,and discuss policy suggestions on promoting employment of college graduates.

A Empirical Study on Impact Factors of Employee＇s Knowledge Capital in Supply Chain： Social NetworkPerspective

In contrast to the previous studies of knowledge capital from the perspective of enterprises, this study discusses the employee knowledge capital formation mechanism in the supply chain using social network method from the perspective of social capital s~＇ucture, taking individual employees as the study objects. 150 effective questionnaires of three groups were returned by multistage cluster sampling, and then they were analyzed through regression and the structural equation model. The results are as follows： （1） the acquisition of social capital and knowledge capital is affected by the network structure position of the employees in the supply chain; （2） the knowledge capital is affected by how much social capital the employees obtained in the supply chain; （3） social capital is an intermediary variable to affect the knowledge capital in the network structure. Finally, related suggestions for the supply chain management and the subsequent studies are proposed. 1

The Development of the Generation Expansion Planning System Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Rule

The power expansion planning is large and capital intensive capacity planning. In the past, the expansion planning was established with the proper supply reliability in order to minimize social cost. However, such planning cannot be used in the power markets with many market participants. This paper proposed the power expansion planning process in the power markets. This system is composed of Regulator and Generation Company （GENCO）＇s model. Multi-criteria decision making rule is used for regulator model and several scenarios for GENCO model are applied.

From Top-Down to “Community-Centric” Approaches to Early Warning Systems: Exploring Pathways to Improve Disaster Risk Reduction Through Community Participation

Natural hazards and their related impacts can have powerful implications for humanity, particularly communities with deep reliance on natural resources. The development of effective early warning systems(EWS) can contribute to reducing natural hazard impacts on communities by improving risk reduction strategies and activities.However, current shortcomings in the conception and applications of EWS undermine risk reduction at the grassroots level. This article explores various pathways to involve local communities in EWS from top-down to more participatory approaches. Based on a literature review and three case studies that outline various levels of participation in EWS in Kenya, Hawai'i, and Sri Lanka, the article suggests a need to review the way EWS are designed and applied, promoting a shift from the traditional expert-driven approach to one that is embedded at the grassroots level and driven by the vulnerable communities. Such a community-centric approach also raises multiple challenges linked to a necessary shift of conception of EWS and highlights the need for more research on pathways for sustainable community engagement.